Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3539
R. Sri Siva, M. Shunmuga Priyan
Cryogenic treatment is the process of cooling a material to extremely low temperatures to generate enhanced mechanical and physical properties. The present investigation examines the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the enhancement of mechanical properties, such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, tensile strength and impact strength of the plunger material 100Cr6 bearing steel. The improvement in the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, tensile strength and impact strength of the deep cryogenically treated samples over the conventionally heat treated ones,is 50%, 26%, 13% and 27% respectively. This study suggests that the formation of very small carbides dispersed in the tempered martensite structure, can be the main reason for the enhancement of certain mechanical properties, along with the retained austenite transformations.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on 100 Cr6 Bearing Steel","authors":"R. Sri Siva, M. Shunmuga Priyan","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3539","url":null,"abstract":"Cryogenic treatment is the process of cooling a material to extremely low temperatures to generate enhanced mechanical and physical properties. The present investigation examines the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the enhancement of mechanical properties, such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, tensile strength and impact strength of the plunger material 100Cr6 bearing steel. The improvement in the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, tensile strength and impact strength of the deep cryogenically treated samples over the conventionally heat treated ones,is 50%, 26%, 13% and 27% respectively. This study suggests that the formation of very small carbides dispersed in the tempered martensite structure, can be the main reason for the enhancement of certain mechanical properties, along with the retained austenite transformations.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129155761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3442
S. Rajeev
The proposed research work is with the aim of analyzing the sources of energy for EV with the intention to reduce dependency on battery pack. EV needs no introduction for the automobile world. Almost all vehicle manufacturers in the car segment are looking for alternate ways to propel the vehicle ever since fossil fuel operated vehicles have become a cause of concern by the spiraling cost of fuel and pollutants. The paper through descriptive research methodology intends to identify opportunities to reduce the dependency on battery pack. Consideration of utilizing the kinetic energy of the car, wind energy by using vested funnels and solar energy using flexible solar array is made. These findings may serve as input in improving efficiency, ensuring clean energy for EV and further research on the subject.
{"title":"Methods to Reduce Dependency on Conventional Battery in Electric Vehicles","authors":"S. Rajeev","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3442","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed research work is with the aim of analyzing the sources of energy for EV with the intention to reduce dependency on battery pack. EV needs no introduction for the automobile world. Almost all vehicle manufacturers in the car segment are looking for alternate ways to propel the vehicle ever since fossil fuel operated vehicles have become a cause of concern by the spiraling cost of fuel and pollutants. The paper through descriptive research methodology intends to identify opportunities to reduce the dependency on battery pack. Consideration of utilizing the kinetic energy of the car, wind energy by using vested funnels and solar energy using flexible solar array is made. These findings may serve as input in improving efficiency, ensuring clean energy for EV and further research on the subject.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132330465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3436
Pankaj B. Gavali, Sujit S. Patil, Sanjaykumar M. Ingale
The cricket and tennis are one of the popular games in the world. Nowadays the players are trained with the help of practice machine. To simulate different varieties of motions, speeds, and trajectories accurately and repeatedly, practice machine is designed by iterative design processes (manual calculations) with solid works. Two counter rotating wheel mechanism imparts both translational and rotational motions with spin. It is portable, flexible, run-on AC source, operated at various horizontal and vertical planes and desired combinations of both planes. This ball machine was constructed utilizing readily accessible components from the market. Because lowering manufacturing costs is one of the project’s goals, the materials were chosen based on their reduced cost. Furthermore, the machine’s parts are made of recycled and locally sourced materials. Therefore, after building is complete, this machine will be useful to many individuals, especially active gamers. The mathematical analysis for the design of a new tennis ball launcher in order to assess the possibilities for its technical implementation. First, traditional launchers are described. The motion equation of the flying tennis and cricket ball is formulated and numerically solved. This makes it possible to analyze the trajectories of the ball for different initial conditions: elevation angles, velocity of ball. Then, the mathematical analysis of the launcher with two counter rotating rollers is presented.
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Thrower Mechanism for Multipurpose Ball Throwing Machine","authors":"Pankaj B. Gavali, Sujit S. Patil, Sanjaykumar M. Ingale","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3436","url":null,"abstract":"The cricket and tennis are one of the popular games in the world. Nowadays the players are trained with the help of practice machine. To simulate different varieties of motions, speeds, and trajectories accurately and repeatedly, practice machine is designed by iterative design processes (manual calculations) with solid works. Two counter rotating wheel mechanism imparts both translational and rotational motions with spin. It is portable, flexible, run-on AC source, operated at various horizontal and vertical planes and desired combinations of both planes. This ball machine was constructed utilizing readily accessible components from the market. Because lowering manufacturing costs is one of the project’s goals, the materials were chosen based on their reduced cost. Furthermore, the machine’s parts are made of recycled and locally sourced materials. Therefore, after building is complete, this machine will be useful to many individuals, especially active gamers. The mathematical analysis for the design of a new tennis ball launcher in order to assess the possibilities for its technical implementation. First, traditional launchers are described. The motion equation of the flying tennis and cricket ball is formulated and numerically solved. This makes it possible to analyze the trajectories of the ball for different initial conditions: elevation angles, velocity of ball. Then, the mathematical analysis of the launcher with two counter rotating rollers is presented.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133047203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3581
Gabriel Dominic Baygan, V. Abellana
Binaliw clay, considered to be local waste from crushing and quarrying operations, was utilized to produce fireclay bricks. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the raw material were determined through various tests. Clay samples were prepared by milling, sieving, molding, drying, and sintering from 8000C to 11000C at 1000C intervals for 2 hours. Mechanical properties such as cold crushing strength, volume firing shrinkage, apparent porosity, and bulk density were identified through the appropriate ASTM standards. It was found out that the aforementioned properties, except apparent porosity, increased with increasing temperature- apparent porosity decreased on the contrary. The polymorphic transformations of kaolin and quartz to mullite and cristobalite supported the trends of the mechanical properties at increasing temperatures. However, the values attained in this study were ineligible for classification according to ASTM C27-98 due to the values being lower than the stipulated requirement. Nevertheless, the researchers believe that through a refinement of the manufacturing processes and an addition of additives, Binaliw clay could be a feasible raw material for the production of fireclay bricks.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Fireclay Bricks from Binaliw Clay","authors":"Gabriel Dominic Baygan, V. Abellana","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.2.3581","url":null,"abstract":"Binaliw clay, considered to be local waste from crushing and quarrying operations, was utilized to produce fireclay bricks. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the raw material were determined through various tests. Clay samples were prepared by milling, sieving, molding, drying, and sintering from 8000C to 11000C at 1000C intervals for 2 hours. Mechanical properties such as cold crushing strength, volume firing shrinkage, apparent porosity, and bulk density were identified through the appropriate ASTM standards. It was found out that the aforementioned properties, except apparent porosity, increased with increasing temperature- apparent porosity decreased on the contrary. The polymorphic transformations of kaolin and quartz to mullite and cristobalite supported the trends of the mechanical properties at increasing temperatures. However, the values attained in this study were ineligible for classification according to ASTM C27-98 due to the values being lower than the stipulated requirement. Nevertheless, the researchers believe that through a refinement of the manufacturing processes and an addition of additives, Binaliw clay could be a feasible raw material for the production of fireclay bricks.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116919008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3346
Z. Zaludin
This paper firstly, presents an autopilot strategy for a Hypersonic Transport Aircraft (HST) using a Stability Augmentation System (SAS) with a Luenberger estimator. The SAS is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory which, for HST, benefits the guaranteed robust dynamic stability provided three theoretical requirements are met. The Luenberger estimator is incorporated into the autopilot design to estimate the state variables of the aircraft for the SAS. In the dynamic response simulation, sensor and process noises are inserted into the mathematical model. However, to date, knowledge of the sensor and process noises at the speeds and heights where the aircraft will be flying is limited. The simulation shows that the Luenberger estimator significantly filters the noise. This is an advantage for the HST as prior knowledge of the noises is not necessary when designing the Luenberger estimator.
{"title":"Sensor and Process Noises Reduction using a Luenberger State Estimator with a Stability Augmentation System for a Hypersonic Transport Aircraft","authors":"Z. Zaludin","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3346","url":null,"abstract":"This paper firstly, presents an autopilot strategy for a Hypersonic Transport Aircraft (HST) using a Stability Augmentation System (SAS) with a Luenberger estimator. The SAS is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) theory which, for HST, benefits the guaranteed robust dynamic stability provided three theoretical requirements are met. The Luenberger estimator is incorporated into the autopilot design to estimate the state variables of the aircraft for the SAS. In the dynamic response simulation, sensor and process noises are inserted into the mathematical model. However, to date, knowledge of the sensor and process noises at the speeds and heights where the aircraft will be flying is limited. The simulation shows that the Luenberger estimator significantly filters the noise. This is an advantage for the HST as prior knowledge of the noises is not necessary when designing the Luenberger estimator.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116337400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3330
G. Darshan, Karpagavalli Gurusamy
In the small-scale manufacturing industry, making the best use of existing financial and human resources is critical. The focus in MSMEs is on core operational areas such as manufacturing, maintenance, logistics, and so on. Because marketing is often the last thing on people's minds, this study recommends a cost-effective digital marketing strategy that requires little upfront investment. There isn’t much scope given to marketing in the machine tool manufacturing industry, even though it can bring a computable difference in lead generation and sales. This project focuses on understanding the client’s perspective on marketing activities specifically the digital part and also tries to understand different strategies that can be employed on its way. This study tries to understand a suitable digital marketing strategy to attract potential customers. The study is carried out in a small-scale machine tool manufacturing company having more than 100 employees and a global footprint. The project envisages Identifying a novel comprehensive digital marketing strategy to increase the inbound and outbound leads. The planned strategy includes the use of different platforms for maximizing the company’s outreach to the potential customer base.
{"title":"A Study on Client’s Perception on Digital Marketing Strategy at a Machine Tool Manufacturing Company","authors":"G. Darshan, Karpagavalli Gurusamy","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3330","url":null,"abstract":"In the small-scale manufacturing industry, making the best use of existing financial and human resources is critical. The focus in MSMEs is on core operational areas such as manufacturing, maintenance, logistics, and so on. Because marketing is often the last thing on people's minds, this study recommends a cost-effective digital marketing strategy that requires little upfront investment. There isn’t much scope given to marketing in the machine tool manufacturing industry, even though it can bring a computable difference in lead generation and sales. This project focuses on understanding the client’s perspective on marketing activities specifically the digital part and also tries to understand different strategies that can be employed on its way. This study tries to understand a suitable digital marketing strategy to attract potential customers. The study is carried out in a small-scale machine tool manufacturing company having more than 100 employees and a global footprint. The project envisages Identifying a novel comprehensive digital marketing strategy to increase the inbound and outbound leads. The planned strategy includes the use of different platforms for maximizing the company’s outreach to the potential customer base.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114578228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3331
S. Thikane, S. Mashyal
This research study provides a comprehensive review of various heat transfer enhancement techniques that are being used by various researchers for enhancing heat transfer rate and overall thermal performance factor of the heat exchangers. Based on the present review study, it can be concluded that intensive study has been carried out by various researchers to determine the effect of various rib geometries on the heat transfer enhancement and friction factor characteristics of rectangular duct. The enhancement in the heat transfer rate is obtained by introducing the blockages or restrictions in the fluid flow path by providing various rib turbulator configurations. This research paper puts highlights on the various heat transfer enhancement techniques are used for increasing overall thermal performance factor in the heat exchangers. Introduction of ribs as flow disturber results not only into increase in heat transfer surface area but also into increased turbulence, recirculation of working media, viscous effect and secondary flow that results into swirl. The interruptions or blockages created by ribs provided in the flow channel results into increased pressure drop and disruptions in boundary layer development. Provision of ribs also causes secondary flow which ensures enhanced thermal contact between working fluid and surfaces of the flow channel. This results into increase in heat transfer coefficient and thermal performance of heat exchanger respectively.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review and Comparative Study of Various Rib Configurations Used in Rectangular Duct for Heat Transfer Enhancement","authors":"S. Thikane, S. Mashyal","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3331","url":null,"abstract":"This research study provides a comprehensive review of various heat transfer enhancement techniques that are being used by various researchers for enhancing heat transfer rate and overall thermal performance factor of the heat exchangers. Based on the present review study, it can be concluded that intensive study has been carried out by various researchers to determine the effect of various rib geometries on the heat transfer enhancement and friction factor characteristics of rectangular duct. The enhancement in the heat transfer rate is obtained by introducing the blockages or restrictions in the fluid flow path by providing various rib turbulator configurations. This research paper puts highlights on the various heat transfer enhancement techniques are used for increasing overall thermal performance factor in the heat exchangers. Introduction of ribs as flow disturber results not only into increase in heat transfer surface area but also into increased turbulence, recirculation of working media, viscous effect and secondary flow that results into swirl. The interruptions or blockages created by ribs provided in the flow channel results into increased pressure drop and disruptions in boundary layer development. Provision of ribs also causes secondary flow which ensures enhanced thermal contact between working fluid and surfaces of the flow channel. This results into increase in heat transfer coefficient and thermal performance of heat exchanger respectively.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123383962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3285
J. Keerthana, R. Harish Krishna, M. Krishnamoorthy, R. Hariharan, R. Kumaresan
Assistive Exoskeleton is a type of ergonomic product that is based on exoskeleton support and is a chair. Standing for five hours or more each day, according to a small study, increases the risk of considerable and prolonged lower-limb muscular fatigue. Long-term back pain and musculoskeletal problems may be increased as a result of this. Meanwhile, the researchers discovered that persons who primarily stand at work are several percent more likely than "predominantly sitting populations" to suffer heart disease. Because of its big size, high weight (5 to 7 kg), and hard frame, the traditional chair is inconvenient to transport to different working locations. As a result, they are unsuited for workplaces with limited space. Because lightweight members are used, the flexible wearable chair may have a gross weight of 3 kg. It has to be constructed in such a way that workers may be comfortable while performing their activities and can adjust their sitting posture to any angle between 90 and 160 degrees. This exoskeleton can be used as an extra pair of legs to allow a person to sit without using a chair or to adopt a more comfortable position for certain occupations. Workers can walk around normally, but they must adjust and secure the supporting structure in the proper position if they want to sit or lean. The weight is then balanced on the floor by their movable frames. It's designed for factory workers who must stand for extended periods of time in work and occasionally bend into unusual positions to build a product. Spatial management is a critical aspect in every industry. By optimizing the utilization of an Assistive Exoskeleton, superfluous chairs and resting areas can be avoided.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Lower Limb Assistive Exoskeleton","authors":"J. Keerthana, R. Harish Krishna, M. Krishnamoorthy, R. Hariharan, R. Kumaresan","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3285","url":null,"abstract":"Assistive Exoskeleton is a type of ergonomic product that is based on exoskeleton support and is a chair. Standing for five hours or more each day, according to a small study, increases the risk of considerable and prolonged lower-limb muscular fatigue. Long-term back pain and musculoskeletal problems may be increased as a result of this. Meanwhile, the researchers discovered that persons who primarily stand at work are several percent more likely than \"predominantly sitting populations\" to suffer heart disease. Because of its big size, high weight (5 to 7 kg), and hard frame, the traditional chair is inconvenient to transport to different working locations. As a result, they are unsuited for workplaces with limited space. Because lightweight members are used, the flexible wearable chair may have a gross weight of 3 kg. It has to be constructed in such a way that workers may be comfortable while performing their activities and can adjust their sitting posture to any angle between 90 and 160 degrees. This exoskeleton can be used as an extra pair of legs to allow a person to sit without using a chair or to adopt a more comfortable position for certain occupations. Workers can walk around normally, but they must adjust and secure the supporting structure in the proper position if they want to sit or lean. The weight is then balanced on the floor by their movable frames. It's designed for factory workers who must stand for extended periods of time in work and occasionally bend into unusual positions to build a product. Spatial management is a critical aspect in every industry. By optimizing the utilization of an Assistive Exoskeleton, superfluous chairs and resting areas can be avoided.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127624423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-10DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3287
R. Sri Siva, M. Shunmuga Priyan
Investigate of precipitation carbides transformation of the retained austenite and corrosion properties on EN-31 steel by cryogenic treatment method. In this work to identify the percentage of retained austenite and corrosion rate, was presented on EN 31 bearing steel by which cryogenic treatment process. Further, the hardness values of CHT and DCT were compared by using the microstructure view of the CHT and DCT samples. The optimized cryotreated samples were prepared for metallographic examination as per ASTM E3-01. Then the specimen was subjected to factor level setting like cooling rate, soaking period, soaking temperature and tempering temperature at various conditions. Moreover, the precipitation of fine carbides and the transformation of retained austenite to martensite showed considerable variations in the hardness of the optimized DCT samples compared to the CHT samples. The mean hardness value of this sample is 861HV and 19.20%, 847HV and 17.25%, 838HV and 17.10%, 857HV and 18.40%, 790HV and 13.45% improvement in the hardness compared to CHT.
{"title":"Precipitation of Fine Carbides, Transformation of the Retained Austenite and Corrosion Properties on EN-31 Steel by Cryogenic Treatment Process","authors":"R. Sri Siva, M. Shunmuga Priyan","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3287","url":null,"abstract":"Investigate of precipitation carbides transformation of the retained austenite and corrosion properties on EN-31 steel by cryogenic treatment method. In this work to identify the percentage of retained austenite and corrosion rate, was presented on EN 31 bearing steel by which cryogenic treatment process. Further, the hardness values of CHT and DCT were compared by using the microstructure view of the CHT and DCT samples. The optimized cryotreated samples were prepared for metallographic examination as per ASTM E3-01. Then the specimen was subjected to factor level setting like cooling rate, soaking period, soaking temperature and tempering temperature at various conditions. Moreover, the precipitation of fine carbides and the transformation of retained austenite to martensite showed considerable variations in the hardness of the optimized DCT samples compared to the CHT samples. The mean hardness value of this sample is 861HV and 19.20%, 847HV and 17.25%, 838HV and 17.10%, 857HV and 18.40%, 790HV and 13.45% improvement in the hardness compared to CHT.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127996635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3244
J. Keerthana
In comparison to green sand moulds, chemically bonded resin sand moulds have better dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and sand mould qualities. To survive sand drops when pouring molten metal, the mould cavity formed using a chemically bonded sand mould technique must have appropriate permeability, strength, and hardness. The desire for better permeability, strength, and mould hardness is based on a thorough investigation and analysis of the affecting parameters, such as resin percentage, hardener, and catalyst. The influence of binder content on the moulding qualities of silica sand bound with Alkyd oil urethane binder was investigated. Using a sieve shaker, the experimental materials were sieved and manually blended with the binders. AFS standard test specimens (50 mm diameter by 50 mm height) were prepared using a sand rammer, and four key moulding parameters were determined using a universal sand strength machine, permeability meter, and mould hardness tester: green compression strength (GCS), green shear strength (GSS), permeability, and mould hardness. For the minimal experiments, Box-Behnken experimental matrices were used, and the statistical significance of influencing factors and their interactions will be identified to manage the process. To statistically validate the model, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed using Minitab. Mold hardness, strength, and permeability will each have their own mathematical equation, which was stated as a nonlinear function of input factors based on experimental input-output data. To optimize the process parameters, a response optimizer (using Minitab) has been used. The results revealed that increasing the resin concentration from 1% to 2% enhances permeability and GSS while decreasing GCS and mould hardness. Hardener was increased from 18 to 20%, which resulted in a drop in permeability and GSS but an increase in GCS and mould hardness. Similarly, increasing the catalyst concentration from 2% to 10% reduces permeability and mould hardness while increasing GCS and GSS.
与绿砂模相比，化学键合树脂砂模具有更好的尺寸精度、表面质量和砂模质量。为了在浇注熔融金属时经受住砂粒的冲击，使用化学键合砂型技术形成的型腔必须具有适当的渗透性、强度和硬度。对更好的渗透性、强度和模具硬度的期望是基于对影响参数(如树脂百分比、硬化剂和催化剂)的彻底调查和分析。研究了粘结剂含量对醇酸油聚氨酯粘结剂粘结硅砂成型质量的影响。实验物料采用振动筛进行筛分，并与粘结剂人工混合。采用冲砂机制备AFS标准试件(直径50 mm ×高50 mm)，采用通用砂强机、渗透仪和模具硬度计确定4个关键成型参数:绿色抗压强度(GCS)、绿色抗剪强度(GSS)、渗透性和模具硬度。对于最小实验，使用Box-Behnken实验矩阵，并确定影响因素及其相互作用的统计显著性，以管理过程。为了统计验证模型，使用Minitab进行方差分析(ANOVA)检验。模具硬度、强度和渗透率都有自己的数学方程，根据实验的投入产出数据，将其表述为输入因素的非线性函数。为了优化工艺参数，使用了响应优化器(使用Minitab)。结果表明，树脂浓度从1%增加到2%，提高了透气性和GSS，降低了GCS和模具硬度。硬化剂从18%增加到20%，导致透气性和GSS下降，但GCS和结晶器硬度增加。同样，将催化剂浓度从2%增加到10%，可以降低渗透性和模具硬度，同时提高GCS和GSS。
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Sand and Binder Composition on the Mold Properties of Alkyd Type No-Bake Chemically Bonded Sand-Casting System","authors":"J. Keerthana","doi":"10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51983/arme-2022.11.1.3244","url":null,"abstract":"In comparison to green sand moulds, chemically bonded resin sand moulds have better dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and sand mould qualities. To survive sand drops when pouring molten metal, the mould cavity formed using a chemically bonded sand mould technique must have appropriate permeability, strength, and hardness. The desire for better permeability, strength, and mould hardness is based on a thorough investigation and analysis of the affecting parameters, such as resin percentage, hardener, and catalyst. The influence of binder content on the moulding qualities of silica sand bound with Alkyd oil urethane binder was investigated. Using a sieve shaker, the experimental materials were sieved and manually blended with the binders. AFS standard test specimens (50 mm diameter by 50 mm height) were prepared using a sand rammer, and four key moulding parameters were determined using a universal sand strength machine, permeability meter, and mould hardness tester: green compression strength (GCS), green shear strength (GSS), permeability, and mould hardness. For the minimal experiments, Box-Behnken experimental matrices were used, and the statistical significance of influencing factors and their interactions will be identified to manage the process. To statistically validate the model, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed using Minitab. Mold hardness, strength, and permeability will each have their own mathematical equation, which was stated as a nonlinear function of input factors based on experimental input-output data. To optimize the process parameters, a response optimizer (using Minitab) has been used. The results revealed that increasing the resin concentration from 1% to 2% enhances permeability and GSS while decreasing GCS and mould hardness. Hardener was increased from 18 to 20%, which resulted in a drop in permeability and GSS but an increase in GCS and mould hardness. Similarly, increasing the catalyst concentration from 2% to 10% reduces permeability and mould hardness while increasing GCS and GSS.","PeriodicalId":340179,"journal":{"name":"Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125886891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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