Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.003
Ziyi Guan, Nanxi Yu, Ruhan Yi, Ling Gao
Radiation exposure from medical exposure, occupational exposure, or accidental incidents, increases significant risks to cardiovascular health. Small molecule metabolites have attracted widespread attention owing to the role in cardiovascular cell metabolism, immune response and inflammatory injury. This article reviews the classification and characteristics of small molecule metabolites and their multiple roles in radiation-induced cardiovascular inflammatory injury. This article explored the potential of small molecule metabolites as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, and the potential as therapeutic targets. Based on the relevant research in recent years, this article summarizes the relationship between small molecule metabolites and cardiovascular inflammatory injury, as well as the mechanisms on the cardiovascular system under radiation, aiming to understand the potential mechanism of small molecule metabolites in radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases to develop new prevention and treatment strategies.
{"title":"The role of small molecule metabolites in radiation-induced cardiovascular injury","authors":"Ziyi Guan, Nanxi Yu, Ruhan Yi, Ling Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiation exposure from medical exposure, occupational exposure, or accidental incidents, increases significant risks to cardiovascular health. Small molecule metabolites have attracted widespread attention owing to the role in cardiovascular cell metabolism, immune response and inflammatory injury. This article reviews the classification and characteristics of small molecule metabolites and their multiple roles in radiation-induced cardiovascular inflammatory injury. This article explored the potential of small molecule metabolites as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, and the potential as therapeutic targets. Based on the relevant research in recent years, this article summarizes the relationship between small molecule metabolites and cardiovascular inflammatory injury, as well as the mechanisms on the cardiovascular system under radiation, aiming to understand the potential mechanism of small molecule metabolites in radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases to develop new prevention and treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 205-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.005
Cairong Hu , Yanming Cheng , Kai Wang , Kaiqiang Chen , Feibao Guo , Liwan Shi , Xiaobo Li , Xiuchun Zhang , Jinyong Lin
Objective
To perform a multicenter evaluation of planning quality and dosimetric accuracy for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), using both standardized American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 119 (TG-119) test cases and complex real-world clinical scenarios. The goal is to comprehensively assess the overall implementation accuracy of IMRT systems across multiple institutions.
Methods
Four TG-119 test cases and five clinical cases—including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (T2/T4), esophageal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and cervical carcinoma—were selected. Five radiotherapy centers in Fujian Province independently generated IMRT and VMAT plans using their respective treatment planning systems and linear accelerator models, adhering to the prescription guidelines from both TG-119 report and Fujian Cancer Hospital. Then the plan quality scores (QS) across multicenters were compared. Meanwhile the dosimetric delivery accuracy of these plans were evaluated through point dose measurements, 2D planar and 3D volumetric dose verification. Subsequently, inter-center comparisons were performed for point dose deviations (DD) and γ passing rates based on the 3%/2 mm criteria. Finally, confidence limits (CLs) were calculated for QS, DD and γ passing rates to quantify the consistency in plan quality and dosimetric performance.
Results
In TG-119 test cases, CL values of plan quality score, point dose deviation, 3D γ passing rate were 0.6, 0.037, 9.09 for IMRT, and 0.66, 0.032 and 8.20 for VMAT, respectively. In clinical cases, they were 2.74, 0.031 and 8.85 for IMRT, 2.86, 0.033 and 7.62 for VMAT, respectively. All results met established quality assurance (QA) thresholds, with increased variability observed in more complex clinical scenarios.
Conclusion
This multicenter study validated the clinical feasibility and dosimetric reliability of IMRT and VMAT systems by integrating standardized benchmarks with real-world clinical cases. The derived regional CL provide practical reference values for evaluating the performance of existing or newly implemented IMRT/VMAT systems, thereby supporting standardization and enhancing confidence in clinical application.
{"title":"Multicenter dosimetric consistency evaluation of IMRT and VMAT techniques based on AAPM TG119 Report and clinical cases","authors":"Cairong Hu , Yanming Cheng , Kai Wang , Kaiqiang Chen , Feibao Guo , Liwan Shi , Xiaobo Li , Xiuchun Zhang , Jinyong Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To perform a multicenter evaluation of planning quality and dosimetric accuracy for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), using both standardized American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 119 (TG-119) test cases and complex real-world clinical scenarios. The goal is to comprehensively assess the overall implementation accuracy of IMRT systems across multiple institutions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Four TG-119 test cases and five clinical cases—including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (T2/T4), esophageal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and cervical carcinoma—were selected. Five radiotherapy centers in Fujian Province independently generated IMRT and VMAT plans using their respective treatment planning systems and linear accelerator models, adhering to the prescription guidelines from both TG-119 report and Fujian Cancer Hospital. Then the plan quality scores (QS) across multicenters were compared. Meanwhile the dosimetric delivery accuracy of these plans were evaluated through point dose measurements, 2D planar and 3D volumetric dose verification. Subsequently, inter-center comparisons were performed for point dose deviations (DD) and γ passing rates based on the 3%/2 mm criteria. Finally, confidence limits (CLs) were calculated for QS, DD and γ passing rates to quantify the consistency in plan quality and dosimetric performance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In TG-119 test cases, CL values of plan quality score, point dose deviation, 3D γ passing rate were 0.6, 0.037, 9.09 for IMRT, and 0.66, 0.032 and 8.20 for VMAT, respectively. In clinical cases, they were 2.74, 0.031 and 8.85 for IMRT, 2.86, 0.033 and 7.62 for VMAT, respectively. All results met established quality assurance (QA) thresholds, with increased variability observed in more complex clinical scenarios.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This multicenter study validated the clinical feasibility and dosimetric reliability of IMRT and VMAT systems by integrating standardized benchmarks with real-world clinical cases. The derived regional CL provide practical reference values for evaluating the performance of existing or newly implemented IMRT/VMAT systems, thereby supporting standardization and enhancing confidence in clinical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 218-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To analyze the acceptance testing items of the CyberKnife® S7™ system and evaluate its technical performance and quality assurance (QA).
Methods
A comprehensive test was conducted on the CyberKnife® S7™ system, which is equipped with a linear accelerator, X-ray imaging, a fixed collimator, an Iris™ collimator, an InCise2™ multileaf collimator (MLC), iDMS® data management system, and the Accuray Precision® treatment planning system (TPS) and safety mechanisms. End-to-end (E2E) testing was conducted to assess the overall projection accuracy of the CyberKnife S7 system, with relevant parameters recorded. In addition, quality control during clinical application was analyzed, including the verification results of 72 patients obtained using SRS MapCHECK®.
Results
The 6 MV X-ray beam exhibited radiation quality and off-axis ratio curves within normal ranges, dose stability and linearity deviations both were below 1.0%. The transmission factors of the fixed and Iris collimators were <0.2%. Repeatability tests for the 5 mm and 60 mm apertures of the Iris collimator met acceptance criteria. The alignment deviation between the laser and radiation beam centers fell within the standard of <1 mm. The maximum leakage of the MLC complied with the ≤0.5% standard. All three criteria for the leaf positioning accuracy tests were satisfied. The maximum deviation in overall projection accuracy for the fixed, Iris, and MLC collimators was 0.90 mm. Across 83 automated quality assurance (AQA) tests, the average deviation was 0.42 mm. Regarding tracking methods, E2E testing for Xsight lung tracking using fixed and Iris collimators showed the maximum deviations, with averages of 0.59 mm and 0.74 mm, respectively. In contrast, the MLC system showed the highest deviation for Xsight spine tracking, with an average of 0.7 mm. Based on the 2%/2 mm γ analysis criteria with a threshold of 10%, the γ pass rate for quality control results of 72 patients was 97.65% ± 2.36%.
Conclusion
All acceptance testing results of the CyberKnife® S7™ system met the established standards, confirming its reliability and readiness for clinical deployment. Rigorous quality control during clinical application is importance to ensuring the system's ability to deliver precise and effective treatments. This will safeguard patient outcomes and advance the standardization of patients care in radiotherapy.
{"title":"Technical performance and quality assurance of the CyberKnife® S7™ system","authors":"Hanshun Gong, Shaojuan Wu, Jinglin Sun, Shanshan Gu, Pengfei Xu, Xiangkun Dai, Zhongjian Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To analyze the acceptance testing items of the CyberKnife® S7™ system and evaluate its technical performance and quality assurance (QA).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive test was conducted on the CyberKnife® S7™ system, which is equipped with a linear accelerator, X-ray imaging, a fixed collimator, an Iris™ collimator, an InCise2™ multileaf collimator (MLC), iDMS® data management system, and the Accuray Precision® treatment planning system (TPS) and safety mechanisms. End-to-end (E2E) testing was conducted to assess the overall projection accuracy of the CyberKnife S7 system, with relevant parameters recorded. In addition, quality control during clinical application was analyzed, including the verification results of 72 patients obtained using SRS MapCHECK®.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 6 MV X-ray beam exhibited radiation quality and off-axis ratio curves within normal ranges, dose stability and linearity deviations both were below 1.0%. The transmission factors of the fixed and Iris collimators were <0.2%. Repeatability tests for the 5 mm and 60 mm apertures of the Iris collimator met acceptance criteria. The alignment deviation between the laser and radiation beam centers fell within the standard of <1 mm. The maximum leakage of the MLC complied with the ≤0.5% standard. All three criteria for the leaf positioning accuracy tests were satisfied. The maximum deviation in overall projection accuracy for the fixed, Iris, and MLC collimators was 0.90 mm. Across 83 automated quality assurance (AQA) tests, the average deviation was 0.42 mm. Regarding tracking methods, E2E testing for Xsight lung tracking using fixed and Iris collimators showed the maximum deviations, with averages of 0.59 mm and 0.74 mm, respectively. In contrast, the MLC system showed the highest deviation for Xsight spine tracking, with an average of 0.7 mm. Based on the 2%/2 mm γ analysis criteria with a threshold of 10%, the γ pass rate for quality control results of 72 patients was 97.65% ± 2.36%.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>All acceptance testing results of the CyberKnife® S7™ system met the established standards, confirming its reliability and readiness for clinical deployment. Rigorous quality control during clinical application is importance to ensuring the system's ability to deliver precise and effective treatments. This will safeguard patient outcomes and advance the standardization of patients care in radiotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 225-230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.002
Xinyi Yang, Wentao Hu, Guangming Zhou
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA molecules, play key roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in various biological processes such as cell differentiation, stress responses, and disease progression. Recent studies have highlighted the mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of miRNAs in modulating cellular responses to radiation, along with their potential for clinical applications. Radiation exposure alters the expression of miRNAs, depending on radiation dose, radiation type, and cell specificity. In contrast, miRNAs affect cellular radiosensitivity and the repair of radiation-induced damage by regulating DNA repair, oxidative stress responses, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis pathways. In the context of radiotherapy, specific miRNAs can enhance tumor radiosensitivity or mediate radioresistance by targeting specific genes, serving as new targets for optimizing the efficacy of radiotherapy. In addition, miRNAs, combined with metabolomics and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) analyses, hold multidimensional potential as biomarkers of radiation injury. However, it is necessary to address challenges posed by the multi-target nature, tissue specificity, and clinical translation bottlenecks of miRNAs using technologies such as single-cell sequencing and gene editing. This paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs involved in radiation responses and aims to provide a theoretical basis and propose research directions to enhance the understanding of miRNAs in radiation biology and to promote their clinical applications.
{"title":"Advances in research on the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in radiation responses","authors":"Xinyi Yang, Wentao Hu, Guangming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA molecules, play key roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in various biological processes such as cell differentiation, stress responses, and disease progression. Recent studies have highlighted the mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of miRNAs in modulating cellular responses to radiation, along with their potential for clinical applications. Radiation exposure alters the expression of miRNAs, depending on radiation dose, radiation type, and cell specificity. In contrast, miRNAs affect cellular radiosensitivity and the repair of radiation-induced damage by regulating DNA repair, oxidative stress responses, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis pathways. In the context of radiotherapy, specific miRNAs can enhance tumor radiosensitivity or mediate radioresistance by targeting specific genes, serving as new targets for optimizing the efficacy of radiotherapy. In addition, miRNAs, combined with metabolomics and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) analyses, hold multidimensional potential as biomarkers of radiation injury. However, it is necessary to address challenges posed by the multi-target nature, tissue specificity, and clinical translation bottlenecks of miRNAs using technologies such as single-cell sequencing and gene editing. This paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs involved in radiation responses and aims to provide a theoretical basis and propose research directions to enhance the understanding of miRNAs in radiation biology and to promote their clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 196-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.004
Wen Wei , Lei Li , Zhenzhen Liu , Xueqin Gao , Xueqing Wang , Jianrong Wang , Yixuan Fang , Na Yuan
Objective
To determine the role of the Beclin-1 (Becn1) protein in radiation-exposed mice.
Methods
A gene targeting strategy was employed to generate Becn1-floxed mice, which were then crossed with Ubc-iCre mice to create preconditional gene knockout mice (also referred to as Becn1f/f;Ubc-iCre mice). Then, tamoxifen (TMXF) induction was used to generate Becn1 knockout mice. Both Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice were euthanized a day before their respective median survival time. Their organs and tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and intestine were collected for examination. Furthermore, the Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice were compared through genetic, histological, and functional analyses.
Results
Mice subjected to systemic Becn1 gene knockout and those exposed to a lethal dose of γ-ray irradiation exhibited similar phenotypes, including reduced survival time (median survival: 8–9 d for KO vs. 8–11 d for irradiated), morphological and pathological changes in various tissues and organs, hematopoietic system disruptions, and DNA damage. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed analogous pathological changes in both the Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice, such as the disrupted splenic architecture with decreased white pulp, degenerating thymic follicles, significantly reduced nucleated cells within the femur, and extensively denuding intestinal villi. These mice demonstrated impaired proliferation and differentiation capacities of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), presenting similar DNA damage indicators, such as heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased γ-H2AX expression in the bone marrow, heart, spleen, and thymus. Notably, the Becn1 protein in the mice underwent rapid degradation within 6 h after radiation exposure.
Conclusion
Whole-body biallelic deletion of Becn1 in adult mice mimics the effects of lethal radiation, indicating that Becn1 is a hyperradiosensitive protein.
{"title":"A Beclin1 knockout mouse model mimicking acute radiation syndrome","authors":"Wen Wei , Lei Li , Zhenzhen Liu , Xueqin Gao , Xueqing Wang , Jianrong Wang , Yixuan Fang , Na Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the role of the Beclin-1 (Becn1) protein in radiation-exposed mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A gene targeting strategy was employed to generate Becn1-floxed mice, which were then crossed with Ubc-iCre mice to create preconditional gene knockout mice (also referred to as Becn1<sup>f/f</sup>;Ubc-iCre mice). Then, tamoxifen (TMXF) induction was used to generate Becn1 knockout mice. Both Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice were euthanized a day before their respective median survival time. Their organs and tissues including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and intestine were collected for examination. Furthermore, the Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice were compared through genetic, histological, and functional analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mice subjected to systemic Becn1 gene knockout and those exposed to a lethal dose of γ-ray irradiation exhibited similar phenotypes, including reduced survival time (median survival: 8–9 d for KO <em>vs.</em> 8–11 d for irradiated), morphological and pathological changes in various tissues and organs, hematopoietic system disruptions, and DNA damage. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed analogous pathological changes in both the Becn1 knockout and lethally irradiated mice, such as the disrupted splenic architecture with decreased white pulp, degenerating thymic follicles, significantly reduced nucleated cells within the femur, and extensively denuding intestinal villi. These mice demonstrated impaired proliferation and differentiation capacities of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), presenting similar DNA damage indicators, such as heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased γ-H2AX expression in the bone marrow, heart, spleen, and thymus. Notably, the Becn1 protein in the mice underwent rapid degradation within 6 h after radiation exposure.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Whole-body biallelic deletion of Becn1 in adult mice mimics the effects of lethal radiation, indicating that Becn1 is a hyperradiosensitive protein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 210-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.07.001
Yanli Li , Lixing Wang , Xiao Sun , Zhiyun Wang , Feifei Xu , Hongying Wu , Bohai Lyu , Yiliang Li , Wenfeng Gou , Qian Zhao , Wenbin Hou
Objective
To investigate the protective effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) against radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) and its underlying mechanism by both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
Methods
Sixty male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: control group, whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI)+0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) group, WAI + DHM (50 mg/kg) group, WAI + DHM (100 mg/kg) group, WAI + DHM (200 mg/kg) group, and WAI + amifostine (100 mg/kg) group. An animal model of RIII was then established by administering 12 Gy abdominal local irradiation to all groups. The protective effects of DHM was evalauted by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), villin staining, and the FITC-dextran method. The in vitro radioprotective effects of DHM was further evaluated by colony formation assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Western blot assay was used to examine the expression of proteins related to apoptosis, ferroptosis, ROS, DNA damage, and autophagy. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect γ-H2AX foci formation as a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Finally, the effect of DHM on colon cancer radiosensitivity was tested by in vitro and in vivo colony formation and tumor-bearing experiments.
Results
In the RIII model, DHM showed radioprotective effects by increasing colon length, ameliorating villus injury, promoting crypt cell proliferation, and mitigating mucosal barrier damage (P < 0.05). In vitro experiment indicated that DHM significantly reduced radiation-induced apoptosis (control: 4.27 ± 0.61, DHM: 3.46 ± 1.31, IR: 23.46 ± 0.89, IR + DHM: 12.47 ± 0.36, P < 0.001), ROS accumulation (P < 0.05), and DNA damage (P < 0.001). The radioprotective effects of DHM might be closely associated with autophagy regulation and Nrf2 pathway activation. Moreover, DHM showed antitumor activity against colon cancer cells without conferring radioprotective effects on them.
Conclusions
DHM can effectively alleviate RIII indicated by both in vivo and in vitro experiments, suggesting its potential to be used as a radioprotective agent.
{"title":"Effect and mechanism of dihydromyricetin protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury","authors":"Yanli Li , Lixing Wang , Xiao Sun , Zhiyun Wang , Feifei Xu , Hongying Wu , Bohai Lyu , Yiliang Li , Wenfeng Gou , Qian Zhao , Wenbin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the protective effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) against radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) and its underlying mechanism by both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty male mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: control group, whole-abdominal irradiation (WAI)+0.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) group, WAI + DHM (50 mg/kg) group, WAI + DHM (100 mg/kg) group, WAI + DHM (200 mg/kg) group, and WAI + amifostine (100 mg/kg) group. An animal model of RIII was then established by administering 12 Gy abdominal local irradiation to all groups. The protective effects of DHM was evalauted by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), villin staining, and the FITC-dextran method. The <em>in vitro</em> radioprotective effects of DHM was further evaluated by colony formation assay. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Western blot assay was used to examine the expression of proteins related to apoptosis, ferroptosis, ROS, DNA damage, and autophagy. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect γ-H2AX foci formation as a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Finally, the effect of DHM on colon cancer radiosensitivity was tested by <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> colony formation and tumor-bearing experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the RIII model, DHM showed radioprotective effects by increasing colon length, ameliorating villus injury, promoting crypt cell proliferation, and mitigating mucosal barrier damage (<em>P</em> < 0.05). <em>In vitro</em> experiment indicated that DHM significantly reduced radiation-induced apoptosis (control: 4.27 ± 0.61, DHM: 3.46 ± 1.31, IR: 23.46 ± 0.89, IR + DHM: 12.47 ± 0.36, <em>P</em> < 0.001), ROS accumulation (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and DNA damage (<em>P</em> < 0.001). The radioprotective effects of DHM might be closely associated with autophagy regulation and Nrf2 pathway activation. Moreover, DHM showed antitumor activity against colon cancer cells without conferring radioprotective effects on them.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>DHM can effectively alleviate RIII indicated by both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em> experiments, suggesting its potential to be used as a radioprotective agent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 4","pages":"Pages 231-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.05.001
Radiation Oncology Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association , Radiation Oncology Branch, Chinese Medical Association, Professional Commitee of Radiation Oncology, China Anti-Cancer Association, Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer, Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance, Radiotherapy Sub-Committee, Professional Commitee of Elderly Oncology, Gerontological Society of China
Approximately 40% of esophageal cancer patients have metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Although immunotherapy has changed the treatment pattern of advanced, recurrent, or metastatic esophageal cancer, the options for systemic treatment for these patients are still limited, and the prognosis is poor. Oligometastasis is an intermediate stage between locoregional and widespread systemic metastasis. Some studies have shown that combining systemic treatment with local treatment, such as radiotherapy, may improve the survival of patients with oligometastasis in various solid tumors, including esophageal cancer. At present, there is still a lack of data support from large randomized clinical trials on the timing, dose, and technique of radiotherapy for oligometastatic esophageal cancer. Based on recent studies on oligometastatic esophageal cancer, this consensus was jointly developed after in-depth discussions and multiple revisions by experts from the following organizations: Radiation Oncology Treatment Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Branch of Radiation Oncology Therapy, Chinese Medical Association; Professional Committee of Radiotherapy for Cancer, Chinese Anti-cancer Association; Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer, Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance. This consensus provides a relatively clear definition and classification of oligometastatic esophageal cancer. It summarizes common problems in radiotherapy based on current medical evidence to provide reference and academic guidance for the clinical practice of radiotherapy for oligometastatic esophageal cancer.
{"title":"Expert consensus on radiotherapy for oligometastatic esophageal cancer (2025 edition)","authors":"Radiation Oncology Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association , Radiation Oncology Branch, Chinese Medical Association, Professional Commitee of Radiation Oncology, China Anti-Cancer Association, Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer, Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance, Radiotherapy Sub-Committee, Professional Commitee of Elderly Oncology, Gerontological Society of China","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Approximately 40% of esophageal cancer patients have metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Although immunotherapy has changed the treatment pattern of advanced, recurrent, or metastatic esophageal cancer, the options for systemic treatment for these patients are still limited, and the prognosis is poor. Oligometastasis is an intermediate stage between locoregional and widespread systemic metastasis. Some studies have shown that combining systemic treatment with local treatment, such as radiotherapy, may improve the survival of patients with oligometastasis in various solid tumors, including esophageal cancer. At present, there is still a lack of data support from large randomized clinical trials on the timing, dose, and technique of radiotherapy for oligometastatic esophageal cancer. Based on recent studies on oligometastatic esophageal cancer, this consensus was jointly developed after in-depth discussions and multiple revisions by experts from the following organizations: Radiation Oncology Treatment Physician Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Branch of Radiation Oncology Therapy, Chinese Medical Association; Professional Committee of Radiotherapy for Cancer, Chinese Anti-cancer Association; Expert Committee of Esophageal Cancer, Chinese Cancer Radiotherapy Alliance. This consensus provides a relatively clear definition and classification of oligometastatic esophageal cancer. It summarizes common problems in radiotherapy based on current medical evidence to provide reference and academic guidance for the clinical practice of radiotherapy for oligometastatic esophageal cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 119-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.004
Xiao Sun , Feifei Xu , Zhiyun Wang , Wenfeng Gou , Yanli Li , Hongying Wu , Yiliang Li , Wenbin Hou
<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the potential protective effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM), a primary bioactive compound derived from <em>Ampelopsis grossedentata</em>, against radiation-induced hematopoietic damage.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The <em>in virto</em> antioxidant capacity of DHM was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Survival rate and hematopoietic damage experiments were conducted on 130 mice. To assess the protective effects of DHM, a lethal dose of 7.5 Gy was delivered to 60 mice, and their 30-d survival rates were assessed and survival time were recorded. The mice were divided into 6 groups in survival analysis: DHM-only (200 mg/kg), IR, IR + low-dose DHM (50 mg/kg), IR + moderate-dose DHM (100 mg/kg), IR + high-dose DHM (200 mg/kg), and IR + amifostine (200 mg/kg). Subsequently, a hematopoietic injury model was established by subjecting 70 mice to whole-body irradiation (WBI) at a dose of 4 Gy. The mice were divided into 7 groups in the hematopoietic damage experiment: control, DHM-only (200 mg/kg), IR, IR + low-dose DHM (50 mg/kg), IR + moderate-dose DHM (100 mg/kg), IR + high-dose DHM (200 mg/kg), and IR + amifostine (200 mg/kg), with 10 mice in each group. The effects of DHM on body weights, blood routine indices, femoral nucleated cell counts, organ indices, and splenic nodules were analyzed. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, the effects of DHM on the spleen and bone marrow were examined. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of DHM were evaluated by measuring biochemical markers including glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DHM exhibited strong <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant activity (92.17 % in the ABTS assay and 90.75% in the DPPH assay). It significantly improved both the survival time and rates of mice exposed to irradiation at a lethal dose (20% for the IR + low-dose DHM group, 40% for the IR + moderate-dose DHM group, and 50% for the IR + high-dose DHM group; <em>P</em> < 0.05). In the hematopoietic injury experiment, DHM greatly improved blood routine indices, including the white blood cell count and the lymphocyte percentage (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Moreover, DHM considerably increased organ indices, the number of splenic nodules, and the nucleated cell count in the femoral bone marrow. H&E staining revealed that DHM significantly alleviated radiation-induced damage to the spleen and bone marrow. Additionally, DHM treatment greatly enhanced the hepatic GSH and SOD levels of the irradiated mice, reaching 219.01 μmol/g prot and 199.53 U/mg prot, respectively (<em>P</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Owing to its free radical scavenging potential, DHM can enhance the survival rates of mice exposed to radiation at a lethal dose and mitigate radiation-induced damage to the he
{"title":"Protective effects of dihydromyricetin against radiation-induced injury to the hematopoietic system","authors":"Xiao Sun , Feifei Xu , Zhiyun Wang , Wenfeng Gou , Yanli Li , Hongying Wu , Yiliang Li , Wenbin Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the potential protective effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM), a primary bioactive compound derived from <em>Ampelopsis grossedentata</em>, against radiation-induced hematopoietic damage.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The <em>in virto</em> antioxidant capacity of DHM was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Survival rate and hematopoietic damage experiments were conducted on 130 mice. To assess the protective effects of DHM, a lethal dose of 7.5 Gy was delivered to 60 mice, and their 30-d survival rates were assessed and survival time were recorded. The mice were divided into 6 groups in survival analysis: DHM-only (200 mg/kg), IR, IR + low-dose DHM (50 mg/kg), IR + moderate-dose DHM (100 mg/kg), IR + high-dose DHM (200 mg/kg), and IR + amifostine (200 mg/kg). Subsequently, a hematopoietic injury model was established by subjecting 70 mice to whole-body irradiation (WBI) at a dose of 4 Gy. The mice were divided into 7 groups in the hematopoietic damage experiment: control, DHM-only (200 mg/kg), IR, IR + low-dose DHM (50 mg/kg), IR + moderate-dose DHM (100 mg/kg), IR + high-dose DHM (200 mg/kg), and IR + amifostine (200 mg/kg), with 10 mice in each group. The effects of DHM on body weights, blood routine indices, femoral nucleated cell counts, organ indices, and splenic nodules were analyzed. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, the effects of DHM on the spleen and bone marrow were examined. Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of DHM were evaluated by measuring biochemical markers including glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DHM exhibited strong <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant activity (92.17 % in the ABTS assay and 90.75% in the DPPH assay). It significantly improved both the survival time and rates of mice exposed to irradiation at a lethal dose (20% for the IR + low-dose DHM group, 40% for the IR + moderate-dose DHM group, and 50% for the IR + high-dose DHM group; <em>P</em> < 0.05). In the hematopoietic injury experiment, DHM greatly improved blood routine indices, including the white blood cell count and the lymphocyte percentage (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Moreover, DHM considerably increased organ indices, the number of splenic nodules, and the nucleated cell count in the femoral bone marrow. H&E staining revealed that DHM significantly alleviated radiation-induced damage to the spleen and bone marrow. Additionally, DHM treatment greatly enhanced the hepatic GSH and SOD levels of the irradiated mice, reaching 219.01 μmol/g prot and 199.53 U/mg prot, respectively (<em>P</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Owing to its free radical scavenging potential, DHM can enhance the survival rates of mice exposed to radiation at a lethal dose and mitigate radiation-induced damage to the he","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 147-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.002
Hongtao Chen, Lijun Wang, Zhuangling Li, Shihai Wu, Zihuang Li
Objective
To assess the dosimetric performance of HyperArc and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) techniques, using either full or ipsilateral arcs, for the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor, in order to quantify and analyze differences among these planning approaches using various dosimetric parameters.
Methods
This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients with unilateral temporal lobe tumors treated with radiotherapy in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital from August 2020 to December 2023. Using the Eclipse treatment plan system with the Truebeam machine model, HyperArc and VMAT plans were designed with full or ipsilateral arcs, respectively Dosimetric parameters for the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were computed and analyzed. Additionally, the monitor units (MU) of four types of plans were calculated for consideration of rays utilization and delivery efficiency.
Results
HyperArc demonstrated superior dosimetric performance for PTV and OARs compared to VMAT (P < 0.05), with exceptions noted for the low dose volume (V5 Gy) of the healthy brain and mean dose of ipsilateral cochlea. Ipsilateral arcs and full arcs showed similar efficacy in sparing OARs adjacent to PTV. Furthermore, full arcs improved PTV conformity compared with ipsilateral arcs (P < 0.05), while ipsilateral arcs reduced the dose to contralateral OARs, mean dose and the middle-to-low dose volume of the healthy brain (P < 0.05). Regarding MU, HyperArc (full) plans exhibited the minimum values among the four plan types, with overall MU for HyperArc plans being less than those for VMAT.
Conclusions
This study not only highlights the outstanding performance of the HyperArc technique with respect to VMAT but also underscores the advantages of employing ipsilateral arcs over full arcs in the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor. Additionally, the HyperArc technique demonstrated higher efficiency of ray utilization and delivery. The findings of this study can aid in selecting appropriate techniques and guiding arcs arrangements for the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor.
{"title":"Dosimetric performance of HyperArc and VMAT techniques using full or ipsilateral arcs for unilateral temporal lobe tumor radiotherapy","authors":"Hongtao Chen, Lijun Wang, Zhuangling Li, Shihai Wu, Zihuang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the dosimetric performance of HyperArc and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) techniques, using either full or ipsilateral arcs, for the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor, in order to quantify and analyze differences among these planning approaches using various dosimetric parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study reviewed 30 patients with unilateral temporal lobe tumors treated with radiotherapy in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital from August 2020 to December 2023. Using the Eclipse treatment plan system with the Truebeam machine model, HyperArc and VMAT plans were designed with full or ipsilateral arcs, respectively Dosimetric parameters for the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were computed and analyzed. Additionally, the monitor units (MU) of four types of plans were calculated for consideration of rays utilization and delivery efficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HyperArc demonstrated superior dosimetric performance for PTV and OARs compared to VMAT (<em>P</em> < 0.05), with exceptions noted for the low dose volume (<em>V</em><sub>5 Gy</sub>) of the healthy brain and mean dose of ipsilateral cochlea. Ipsilateral arcs and full arcs showed similar efficacy in sparing OARs adjacent to PTV. Furthermore, full arcs improved PTV conformity compared with ipsilateral arcs (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while ipsilateral arcs reduced the dose to contralateral OARs, mean dose and the middle-to-low dose volume of the healthy brain (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Regarding MU, HyperArc (full) plans exhibited the minimum values among the four plan types, with overall MU for HyperArc plans being less than those for VMAT.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study not only highlights the outstanding performance of the HyperArc technique with respect to VMAT but also underscores the advantages of employing ipsilateral arcs over full arcs in the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor. Additionally, the HyperArc technique demonstrated higher efficiency of ray utilization and delivery. The findings of this study can aid in selecting appropriate techniques and guiding arcs arrangements for the radiotherapy of unilateral temporal lobe tumor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 163-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.006
Yan Zhang , Qibin Fu , Xiaorui Huang , Tuchen Huang
Objective
To systematically review the relevant literature on the effects of photons on the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells through a meta-analysis, in order to quantitatively evaluate the effects of radiation-related factors and cellular biological factors on the invasion and migration responses.
Methods
The type of radiation, energy, dose, and subtype of lung cancer cells were recorded, as well as biological endpoints, such as invasion and migration. Quantitative comparisons of various studies were conducted through the inclusion of effect size (ES) indicators. The influence of various physical and biological factors on the response to radiation-induced metastasis was clarified by subgroup analysis and One-way analysis of variance.
Results
In terms of radiation types, the promotion effect induced by γ-rays can reach as high as 90%, while X-rays exhibited both promotion (33%) and inhibition effects (55%). For X-rays, the probability of inhibition gradually increased with the increase in dose, ranging from 10% at low doses (0< D ≤ 0.5 Gy), to 52% at medium doses (0.5 Gy < D ≤ 6 Gy), and to 70% at high doses (6 Gy < D < 20 Gy). Additionally, from low energy (100–250 kV) to high energy (4–10 MV), the inhibition rate decreased from 58% to 48%, while the probability of promotion slightly increased from 27% to 31%. Low-energy X-rays with high linear energy transfer (LET) and high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) exhibited a higher proportion of their inhibitory effect than high-energy X-rays.
Conclusion
The γ-rays exhibited more consistent effects than X-rays, especially the promoting effects. However, X-rays showed diverse effects, such as inhibitory effects and promoting effects. Furthermore, for X-rays, the probability of inhibition was related to the dose and energy. These research findings indicated that the quantities related to radiation type, energy and dose, such as LET and RBE, may play a significant role in influencing the different responses of lung cancer cells to photons. This work can enhance the understanding of the impact of photons on cancer metastasis.
{"title":"A meta-analysis of the diverse invasion and migration responses of lung cancer cells to photon irradiation","authors":"Yan Zhang , Qibin Fu , Xiaorui Huang , Tuchen Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.radmp.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To systematically review the relevant literature on the effects of photons on the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells through a meta-analysis, in order to quantitatively evaluate the effects of radiation-related factors and cellular biological factors on the invasion and migration responses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The type of radiation, energy, dose, and subtype of lung cancer cells were recorded, as well as biological endpoints, such as invasion and migration. Quantitative comparisons of various studies were conducted through the inclusion of effect size (ES) indicators. The influence of various physical and biological factors on the response to radiation-induced metastasis was clarified by subgroup analysis and One-way analysis of variance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In terms of radiation types, the promotion effect induced by γ-rays can reach as high as 90%, while X-rays exhibited both promotion (33%) and inhibition effects (55%). For X-rays, the probability of inhibition gradually increased with the increase in dose, ranging from 10% at low doses (0< <em>D</em> ≤ 0.5 Gy), to 52% at medium doses (0.5 Gy < <em>D</em> ≤ 6 Gy), and to 70% at high doses (6 Gy < <em>D</em> < 20 Gy). Additionally, from low energy (100–250 kV) to high energy (4–10 MV), the inhibition rate decreased from 58% to 48%, while the probability of promotion slightly increased from 27% to 31%. Low-energy X-rays with high linear energy transfer (LET) and high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) exhibited a higher proportion of their inhibitory effect than high-energy X-rays.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The γ-rays exhibited more consistent effects than X-rays, especially the promoting effects. However, X-rays showed diverse effects, such as inhibitory effects and promoting effects. Furthermore, for X-rays, the probability of inhibition was related to the dose and energy. These research findings indicated that the quantities related to radiation type, energy and dose, such as LET and RBE, may play a significant role in influencing the different responses of lung cancer cells to photons. This work can enhance the understanding of the impact of photons on cancer metastasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34051,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Medicine and Protection","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 156-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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