International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Heat transfer enhancement in a tubular heat exchanger fitted with a novel baffle: A numerical study and experimental validation","authors":"Ramin Alipour ,&nbsp;Roozbeh Alipour ,&nbsp;Mohsen Rezaeimanesh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Tahan ,&nbsp;Mehdi Dehghan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspired by the turbulence structure in Savonius turbines, an innovative baffle called SSB (Savonius-shaped baffle) was developed to enhance the convective heat transfer in a tubular heat exchanger (THX). The geometrical parameters of the baffles, including rotational angle(-45°≤α ≤ 45°), pitch ratio (0.625≤P_R ≤ 2.5), and aspect ratio (0.5≤A_R≤1), have been extensively evaluated through 280 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>), friction factor (f), and thermal enhancement factor (TEF) at various Reynolds numbers (5000≤Re ≤ 25000). Air, under steady-state flow conditions, was considered the working fluid, flowing through the smooth wall of the THX. The turbulence behavior of the flow was predicted using the K-ε-Realizable model. Both the fabricated experimental setup and empirical correlations validated the results. It was found that, due to the nature of turbulence generation, the SSB can enhance <em>Nu</em> by approximately 345 % at Re = 15000/P_R = 0.625/α = 0° compared to plain tubes. It also revealed that <em>Nu</em> and f increase as A_R and Re increase, while P_R decreases and TEF decreases as A_R and Re decrease. The maximum TEF achieved was 1.35 at A_R = 0.5/Re = 5000/P_R = 1.75/α = - 45°. Finally, assuming smooth conditions, an empirical correlation has been developed to predict <em>Nu</em>, taking into account Prandtl number (Pr), opening ratio (OR), Re, and PR, with absolute average relative deviations (AARD%) approximately equal to 9.64 % and 4.32 % for A_R = 1 and A_R = 0.5, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicable scope of the Rosseland model in predicting the radiative thermal conductivity of silica aerogel","authors":"Hai-Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Chuan-Yong Zhu ,&nbsp;Lin Tian ,&nbsp;Zeng-Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silica aerogel, renowned for its exceptional insulation properties, exhibits extremely low thermal conductivity at room temperature, with radiative heat transfer contributing significantly to its overall thermal performance at higher temperature. Its radiative thermal conductivity is predicted by the extensively-employed Rosseland diffusion approximation model developed under the optically thick hypothesis. It is imperative to ascertain its applicability, as failing to determine the appropriate conditions for the Rosseland model can result in significant prediction discrepancy under varying optical thickness. A coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer model is developed in this study, where radiative heat transfer is solved by a spectral band method applicable at any optical thickness. The effects of temperature, Rosseland optical thickness, and boundary surface emissivity on the radiative thermal conductivity are systematically analyzed while comparing with predictions from the Rosseland model. Finally, the applicable scope of the Rosseland diffusion approximation model in silica aerogel is obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109953"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing latent heat storage dynamics with expanded graphite foam: Myth vs. reality check through numerical and experimental investigations","authors":"Narender Kumar ,&nbsp;Amit Shrivastava ,&nbsp;Sandip K. Saha ,&nbsp;Prodyut R. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solid–liquid phase transition, with its moderate latent heat absorption or release over a narrow temperature margin and minimal density difference, finds extensive use in various thermal engineering applications such as energy storage, electronics cooling, and personal cooling. Commonly used organic or inorganic phase change materials (PCM) suffer from low thermal conductivity, which can be addressed by composite PCMs (CPCM). CPCMs comprise highly porous compressed-expanded graphite (CEG) foam impregnated with PCM. While CPCM shows significantly improved thermal conductivity, porous CEG foam in CPCM suppresses free convection during the melting process, making the heat transfer mostly diffusion-dominated. Our study compares free convection-dominated melting of pure PCM with diffusion-dominated melting of CPCM, conducted through numerical and experimental analysis in a bottom-heated rectangular cavity. From this investigation, we find that CPCM offers significantly better temperature uniformity, leading to the eradication of potential hot spots, and is advantageous for heat sink applications. However, CEG volume fraction in CPCM above or below a specific range hampers the fast melting process in thermal storage applications in contrast to the conventional notion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 109929"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pressure on the oil shale convection heating in-situ conversion process","authors":"Tanen Jiang ,&nbsp;Lihong Yang ,&nbsp;Chaofan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ conversion technology represents the developmental trend for large-scale commercial exploitation of oil shale. High-pressure geological conditions significantly influence the pyrolysis kinetics of oil shale and the in-situ extraction process. This study conducted pyrolysis experiments on Qingshankou Formation oil shale from the Songliao Basin under varying nitrogen pressures, analyzing temperature fields, pressure fields, and oil production. Concurrently, CMG software was employed to simulate the in-situ extraction process through high-temperature nitrogen injection, evaluating the impact of pressure variations on extraction effectiveness from perspectives of reservoir properties, product yield, and energy utilization efficiency. Laboratory results indicated that increased pressure led to higher reaction temperatures and thermal losses, which would be expected to reduce the oil yield, but higher pressure reduced the risk of reservoir plugging, so that the observed oil yield was higher at higher pressure. Numerical simulations revealed distinct pyrolysis kinetics under high pressure compared to atmospheric conditions, showing elevated activation energy and reduced conversion rates with pressure increase. During high-temperature nitrogen injection, cumulative oil production and energy efficiency decreased under higher pressures. Consequently, the simulation indicates that excessive pressure inhibits the effectiveness of convection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of louver-perforated V-type baffles on thermal effectiveness and entropy in round tube","authors":"Pongjet Promvonge ,&nbsp;Somchai Sripattanapipat ,&nbsp;Maturose Suchatawat ,&nbsp;Mahdi Erfanian Nakhchi ,&nbsp;Sompol Skullong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the influence of insertion of a louver-perforated V-type baffle (LVB) vortex generator into a consistent heat-fluxed tube on thermal performance. This study aimed to optimize thermal effectiveness to boost energy savings and reduce the heat exchanger size. The experiments focused on investigating the thermal features, as well as estimating the entropy of turbulent flow at Reynolds numbers (Re) varying between 4750 and 29,290. The LVBs were positioned in two different arrays on a supporting tape during the present experiment: \"V-down\" and \"V-up,\" with the V-apex oriented upstream and downstream, respectively, at a fixed attack angle (<span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span> = 52°). At one relative baffle height (B_R = 0.3) and pitch (P_R = 1.0), the LVBs dealt with six louver flapped angles (<span><math><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow></math></span> = 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, and 90°) in addition to three louver-hole sizes and locations (<em>θ</em>₁, <em>θ</em>₂ and <em>θ</em>₁₂). Comparative analysis was also conducted on data obtained from the current smooth tube. According to the findings, the louver angle <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> = 20°, located on the baffle's trailing end, had the greatest relative Nusselt number (Nu_R), which was 5.9 times for V-down and 6.38 times for V-up. Furthermore, compared to the V-down and V-up solid baffles (<span><math><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow></math></span> = 0°), their friction losses were lessened. The V-up LVB reached its minimum value at <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> = 20°, corresponding to the lowest Re. At <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> = 20°, the V-up LVB attained its minimum entropy generation (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mover><mi>S</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mrow><mi>g</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) and maximum reduced entropy factor (<em>S</em>_R) around 20.3. At a comparable <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> = 20°, the maximal thermal effectiveness factor (TEF) of V-down and V-up were approximately 2.39 and 2.59, respectively. The estimation and documentation of correlations were also performed for the parameters under consideration, namely <em>Nu</em>, <em>f</em>, and TEF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109939"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143835200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of a novel composite microchannel for large-scale THz phased array antennas thermal management","authors":"Zhengpeng Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Yuan ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Zhuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuqi Tang ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Hansheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Yong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As terahertz (THz) phased arrays antennas (PAA) scale up, the accompanying increase in power density and heat generation poses significant challenges for thermal management. The aim of this work is to explore effective solutions for achieving an ideal uniform temperature distribution and lower peak temperature in the context of large-scale small heat sources. Considering the high-efficiency heat transfer and surface temperature uniformity of microchannel heat sinks, this paper proposes a novel composite microchannel heat sink structure based on traditional microchannel heat sinks. Using peak temperature, pressure drop, temperature uniformity, thermal stress, and thermal deformation as key indicators, a comprehensive numerical simulation analysis of the novel composite microchannel heat sink and traditional microchannel heat sinks under different Reynolds numbers (<span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>) were conducted based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and elasticity mechanics. The results show that the novel composite microchannel heat sink exhibits superior fluid flow and heat transfer performance with better temperature uniformity. At <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1500</mn></mrow></math></span>, it achieves improvements of 11.2 %, 9.2 %, 14.6 %, and 8.2 % compared to the traditional microchannel heat sinks. Moreover, it can achieve the same peak temperature as traditional microchannel heat sinks with lower pumping power. Furthermore, it was found that the novel composite microchannel heat sink can effectively reduce the pressure drop in microfluidic systems. At <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1500</mn></mrow></math></span>, the pressure drop is reduced by 37.5 %, 39 %, 31.9 %, and 35.6 % compared to the corresponding traditional microchannel heat sink. Overall, the novel composite microchannel heat sink outperforms traditional microchannel heat sinks in both flow characteristics and temperature uniformity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109924"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity analysis for reorientation and self-pressurization of cryogenic fluids in on-orbit propellant tanks","authors":"Zhongqi Zuo ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Rongrong Lv ,&nbsp;Lige Tong ,&nbsp;Li Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic propellants are identified as one of the most promising technologies due to their advantages in specific impulses. However, there still exist gaps in the available knowledge of microgravity cryogenic fluid management, particularly on a large scale. In this study, scaling laws for the interface reorientation and self-pressurization conditions are proposed and validated. Accurate scaling for stationary self-pressurization conditions was achieved by adopting <span><math><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mi>o</mi></mrow></math></span> as similarity criteria. For interface reorientation conditions, the pressure is influenced mainly by the rapid condensation on the interface. The time-factor is proposed to decouple the evolution of the interface and the characteristic length. A new scaling law, <span><math><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>∼</mo><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>65</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, is proposed to improve the interface similarity between the subscale and the prototype models. The new scaling law significantly improved the pressure prediction accuracy in the scaled models, with a maximum pressure deviation of less than 5%. The scaling methods for the on-orbit cryogenic propellant fluids were systematically proposed and examined by drop tower and ground-based experiments. The results provide a theoretical basis for further scaling experimental and numerical studies of on-orbit cryogenic storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersion relation and frequency-dependent thermal conductivity of the two-temperature systems","authors":"S.L. Sobolev ,&nbsp;I.V. Kudinov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate analytically the complex-valued dispersion relation for two-temperature systems with coupling. Based on this dispersion relation, we obtain and analyze the real and imaginary parts of the wave number as well as phase velocity and penetration depth. Furthermore, an effective apparent thermal conductivity is introduced, which depends on the frequency of external thermal disturbances due to coupling effects. It is shown that values of thermal conductivity at high frequencies are drastically reduced compared to low frequencies. The onset of the decrease occurs at a frequency threshold of the order of inverse of characteristic time for energy exchange between subsystems (coupling time). At this frequency, the energy exchange between the subsystems reaches its maximum value and the local nonequilibrium (non-Fourier) effects play the most important role. This work establishes a theoretical basis and opens possibilities for controlling and manipulating heat transfer in heterogeneous systems including composite and thermal metamaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of porous structure on the thermal and hydraulic features of combined heat sinks with open microchannels and pin-fins","authors":"Yifan Li ,&nbsp;Tianyu Wang ,&nbsp;Congzhe Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Wang ,&nbsp;Junlan Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid development of the computing power of data centers, has resulted in a sharp increase of heat generation on electronic chips. The traditional heat sinks cannot remove the ultra-high heat flux effectively. Novel heat sinks with porous structures are developed to cope with serious overtemperature issues to ensure the safe operation of electronic chips. The effect of the position, porosity, and permeability of porous configurations on the thermal and hydrodynamic features is explored and compared with the traditional smooth microchannel (SM) and the open microchannel with solid pin-fins (OM-SPF). Results manifest that the porous structure is conducive to increasing heat transfer area and enlarging flow space. However, its arrangement significantly influences the temperature control ability and thermal transport rate. For the open microchannel with porous pin-fins (OM-PPF), the friction loss is reduced by 57.1 %, but the perturbance effect is much weaker than the solid counterpart. For the open microchannel with porous sidewall ribs (OM-PSR), the Nusselt number is increased by 2.7, 2.2, and 1.6 times, the peak temperature is reduced by 9.5 °C, 5.6 °C, and 2.5 °C compared to the SM, OM-PPF, and OM-SPF at Re = 631. The friction factor of OM-PSR is 55.1 % smaller than the OM-SPF at Re = 131. The synergy effect of the heat transport enhancement by central solid fins and the drag reduction by porous sidewalls in OM-PSR brings a superior overall capability with a total performance index (<em>TPI</em>) of 2.0 at Re = 329. The small porosity and large permeability of porous sidewalls result in a higher Nusselt number, lower friction factor, and better overall efficiency. The OM-PSR with porosity of 0.2 and permeability of 1 × 10⁻⁸ m² obtains the highest <em>TPI</em> of 4.63 at Re = 131, which helps to balance the heat dissipation and pump consumption, demonstrates a great potential for improving the energy efficiency of the cooling system in high-power data centers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of arc and droplet dynamics in local dry underwater welding under varying ambient pressures","authors":"Xuefei Cui ,&nbsp;Ji Chen ,&nbsp;Jingheng Liang ,&nbsp;Hao Su ,&nbsp;Shengli Li ,&nbsp;Chuansong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of varying ambient pressures on arc and molten metal behaviors in local dry underwater welding (LDUW). The model accounted for the influence of ambient pressure on the thermophysical properties of plasma (mass density, specific enthalpy, specific heat, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity), ensuring high accuracy of simulation results. The results revealed that increasing ambient pressure significantly concentrated the arc shape and altered the spatial distribution of metal vapor. This constriction fundamentally modified the arc plasma properties by reducing the effective heat transfer area and intensifying the interactions between plasma and molten metal. Key parameters such as arc temperature, plasma velocity, current density, and electromagnetic force all decreased with increasing ambient pressure, leading to reduced energy input to the weld pool. Furthermore, the increased ambient pressure altered the droplet transfer behavior. Higher ambient pressures reduced the droplet detachment frequency, while increasing droplet size due to the enhanced constriction of the arc and the altered surface tension forces at the plasma-droplet interface. To validate the numerical model, experiments were conducted using high-speed imaging to capture the real-time droplet processes, and the arc temperature distribution wad measured using spectroscopic methods. The experiments results showed excellent agreement with the simulation data, confirming the reliability of the model. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of ambient pressure on LDUW, offering a solid foundation for optimizing welding parameters to improve process efficiency and weld quality under varying high ambient pressure conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109931"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}