International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the uneven distribution characteristics of sCO2 flow in vertically parallel double pipes with non-uniform heating","authors":"Wenxuan Cao ,&nbsp;Jinliang Xu ,&nbsp;Enhui Sun ,&nbsp;Yaru Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the matching relationship between heat source heat and working fluid flow is crucial to improve boiler thermal efficiency and suppress superheating of heat exchanger walls. This paper takes the cooling wall of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) boilers as the research object, and investigates the influence of inter-tube heat deviation <em>φ</em> on flow distribution characteristics. Specific experiments were conducted on parallel dual pipelines with an inner diameter of 10 mm for sCO₂ flow heat transfer, with a test pressure of 7.5 MPa∼15 MPa, total mass flow rate <em>G</em>_all of 600 kg/m²s∼1400 kg/m²s, heat flux <em>q</em>_w of 50 kW/m²∼350 kW/m², and <em>φ</em> of 0.8∼1.25. In this study, <em>Bu</em> number and <em>Re</em> number were used to characterize the promoting effect of shear force on vertical upward flow, while <em>K</em> number was used to characterize the hindering effect of evaporative momentum force on flow. The results show that, unlike the traditional flow distribution theory based on the same principle of total pressure drop in parallel tube branches, this new experimental correlation equation obtained from the perspective of force analysis has an average relative error, average absolute relative error, and root mean square relative error of −0.04%, 0.73%, and 0.90%, respectively. It can more accurately predict the flow distribution characteristics between the rising tube group, providing theoretical guidance and assistance for the design and operation of sCO₂ boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A radiation heat transfer model based on the morphology and composition of fibrous insulation using isotropic scaling method","authors":"Yuheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Wu ,&nbsp;Jianyao Yao ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Xin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies the radiation heat transfer model for high-porosity fibrous insulation under high-temperature conditions. Compared with heat convection and heat conduction, thermal radiation becomes more significant with temperature increasing. In addition to semi-empirical methods, i.e., inverse methods, predictive models based on the morphological properties have been proposed. The Lee model considered the distribution of fiber diameter, orientation in space and distribution characteristic of the radiation scattered by fibers. Nevertheless, the modification process for anisotropic media in the Lee Model is computationally challenging due to the singularity in the integral of the phase function. To tackle this issue, this study presents a similar modification method combining the Lee model and the isotropic scaling model to predict the thermal radiation in fibrous insulation based on diffusion approximation. It features a simplified integration process, leading to a decline in computational cost. The validation of the new prediction method against experimental measurements for carbon, alumina-based and silicon fibers reveals a remarkable agreement in effective thermal conductivity. This study provides significant perspectives regarding the precise prediction of thermal radiation within fibrous insulation materials. These insights have the potential to aid in the design and refinement of high-temperature insulation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of surface gravity wave on liquid-phase heat transfer of flame spread over RP-3 under opposed flow","authors":"Xuanren Wang,&nbsp;Yuhang Chen,&nbsp;Keke Wang,&nbsp;Longhua Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subflash temperature flame spread under opposed forced flow is controlled by heat transfer of subsurface flow depending on fuel thickness. In this work, the weakened subsurface flow by the surface gravity wave under opposed flow was observed, suggesting that the aerodynamic effect of opposed flow should be determined. Thus, flame propagation under the opposed flow was investigated where both shallow and deep pool condition are available. The flame spread rate and velocity of subsurface flow were determined by the measured position of flame front and leading edge of subsurface flow over time respectively. Results showed that the flame spread rate and relevant velocity of subsurface flow monotonically decrease with the opposed forced flow regardless of fuel depth. By introducing the velocity of surface wave that composed of Stokes drift speed and wind-drag speed, a new equation of subsurface flow velocity under opposed flow was proposed. Furthermore, a newly proposed model of flame spread rate was analytically established based on the modified velocity of subsurface flow, which has a higher forecasting accuracy than the previous model incorporating the effect of wind-induced gravity wave. This work facilitates the fundamental understanding of liquid fuel flame spread behavior under the action of wind-induced gravity wave.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of synthesized Fe3O4@Graphene oxide nanohybrids on heat transfer enhancement and flow efficiency in nanofluids for advanced thermal applications","authors":"Altynay Sharipova ,&nbsp;Mojtaba Shafiee ,&nbsp;Marzieh Lotfi ,&nbsp;Farshid Elahi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of hybrid nanofluids has attracted significant interest for their ability to address the limitations of single-component nanofluids in thermal management applications. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of Fe₃O₄@Graphene Oxide (Fe₃O₄@GO) nanohybrids, utilizing the exceptional thermal conductivity of GO along with the stability and magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ to enhance heat transfer efficiency. Fe₃O₄@GO nanohybrids were synthesized via a modified chemical method and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM, confirming uniform decoration of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on GO sheets. Experimental investigations in a helical coil heat exchanger revealed a maximum heat transfer enhancement (HTE) of 270 % for Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids compared to 56 % for pure GO nanofluids at optimal conditions (0.1 wt% concentration, Reynolds number <em>Re</em> = 17,000). At <em>Re</em> = 8,000, Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids exhibited a 50–120 % improvement in heat transfer efficiency, depending on concentration. The friction factor analysis demonstrated that Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids reduced flow resistance more effectively than GO nanofluids, achieving up to 4 % drag reduction at <em>Re</em> = 11,000 and 0.075 wt% concentration. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and GO, which enhance dispersion stability and reduce interfacial thermal resistance. Key thermophysical parameters, including Nusselt number and pressure drop, were optimized to ensure efficient thermal-hydraulic performance. The study highlights the role of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in improving the stability and heat transfer properties of GO nanofluids. The combination of high thermal conductivity, enhanced flow behavior, and reduced viscosity effects positions Fe₃O₄@GO nanofluids as promising candidates for high-performance thermal management applications. These findings provide significant insights into the design of advanced hybrid nanofluids for industrial heat exchanger systems, addressing limitations in traditional nanofluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109878"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamodel-based design optimization for heat transfer enhancement of finned heat sinks","authors":"Peiqi Sun,&nbsp;Mohd Azmi Ismail,&nbsp;Ahmad Fikri Mustaffa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Finned heat sinks are a highly efficient means of dissipating heat from electronic devices. Under constant power and operating temperature, it is ideal to choose the heat sink with the minimum thermal resistance. However, in some instances the desired heat sink is not suitable due to space constraints. This paper explores a heat sink optimization strategy that optimizes the heat transfer coefficient in order to achieve the compromise between heat sink temperature and heat sink size. The optimization strategy employs computational fluid dynamics simulations to examine the impact of heat sink dimensions, including length, width, fin spacing, and height, on heat sink thermal performance. A Latin hypercube sampling method is used to generate 100 heat sink variations of height, width, length and spacing between the fins. The width and length of heat sink are varied between 42 mm and 46 mm. The fin height varies between 4 mm and 11 mm and the fin spacing varies between 4 mm and 6 mm. The metamodel used for this study is a decision tree model called Random Forest. This metamodel is constructed by running numerical simulations of the 100 heat sink variations and coupled to an optimizer algorithm. The goal of the optimization algorithm is to search for the optimal heat sink design with maximum heat transfer coefficient. The optimal solution is validated by conducting an experiment to measure the heat transfer coefficient of the optimized heat sink and compared against the baseline model. Experimental results show that the optimized model exhibits a 35 % increase in heat transfer coefficient compared to the baseline model. Furthermore, the fin height was reduced by 43 %. The volume of the heat sink is decreased by about 26 %, resulting in a space-saving effect. On the other hand, the temperature increase penalty occurred due to space reduction is about 3 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on buoyancy-induced convection between two facing isothermal surfaces in an enclosure partitioned with a new arrangement of dividers; an application to double-glaze windows","authors":"A. Karami ,&nbsp;T. Izadi ,&nbsp;B. Ranjbar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy demand management is one of the most important factors that affects the economy of a society. Energy demand is directly related to energy consumption, and the lower energy consumption, follows the lower energy demand. Buildings are one of the most important sources by about 40 % energy consumption in any country and windows by about 10 % energy loss, as one of the components of buildings, play a key role in this regard. In most investigions, closed enclosures have been simulated as double-glaze windows and owing to this, the suppression of thermal exchange amount by incorporating geometric rectifications into closed enclosures has gained attentions more and more. In this experimental and numerical study, a vertical closed enclosure partitioned with multiple horizontal straight dividers, is considered and a new arrangement is introduced for the dividers inside the enclosure. To this end, each pair of dividers is placed off-center of the enclosure and in the opposite direction to other adjacent pair. Similar to double-glaze windows, the proposed enclosure has two isothermal cold and warm walls whereas, other walls are kept adiabatic. Then, optimized values of decision parameters including the Rayleigh number (<em>Ra</em>) varying from 6.5 × 10³ to 1.4 × 10⁴ and incline angle of the dividers (<em>φ</em>) from 0° to 180°, which results in a minimum thermal exchange amount, are specified. According to experimental results, the suggested asymmetric arrangement for the dividers, leads to a maximum of 17.01 % suppression in the thermal exchange amount between the isothermal surfaces, in comparison with symmetric arrangement of the dividers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on cryogenic quenching enhancement with turbulent film boiling","authors":"Minsub Jeong ,&nbsp;Seojeong Kim ,&nbsp;Aejung Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to evaluate the impact of wire-coil inserts on cryogenic line chilldown performance. Quenching experiments are conducted on a stainless-steel tube with a length of 650 mm using liquid nitrogen. Tubes with wire-coil inserts of varying pitches (5, 8, 10, 12, and 15 mm) are tested against a bare tube. Temperature, mass flow rate, and pressure are measured under vertical upward flow conditions across a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Experimental results show that wire-coils effectively enhance heat transfer during chilldown, reducing chilldown time by up to 75.9 % compared to the bare tube. This is attributed to coil-induced turbulence and fluid mixing near the tube wall, which lead to a turbulent film boiling regime with a higher heat transfer coefficient. As a result, tubes with inserts achieve a chilldown efficiency of up to 30 %, whereas that of the bare tube remains below 10 %. Notably, this superior performance is observed for tubes with inserts, regardless of wire-coil pitch or inlet conditions. These findings provide a guideline for optimizing the chilldown process: using a wire-coil insert with a larger pitch under low Reynolds number conditions is recommended to optimize heat transfer, minimize pressure drop, and achieve substantial savings in cryogen mass consumed during chilldown.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109888"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation into flow boiling heat transfer in ribbed micro-channel with porous-decorated sidewalls","authors":"Zitao Zhang ,&nbsp;Kailu Cui ,&nbsp;Haoteng Zhao ,&nbsp;Tainuo Han ,&nbsp;Kun He ,&nbsp;Xin Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-channel heat sinks with porous structures have attracted significant attention due to their capability in promoting nucleation and postponing local dry-out on heat transfer surfaces. However, research focusing on flow boiling in micro-channels with porous-decorated sidewalls remains limited, and the effects of porous coating thickness on the flow boiling heat transfer and bubble dynamics remain unclear. In this study, ribbed micro-channels with porous-decorated sidewalls (PDS-RMC) at two distinct thicknesses of porous-decorated sidewalls (i.e. 100 μm and 200 μm) were fabricated. The flow boiling heat transfer performance and pressure characteristics, as well as the flow regimes, within the PDS-RMCs were experimentally investigated and compared with those of the conventional smooth-ribbed micro-channel (SRMC) and porous-ribbed micro-channel (PRMC). Based on the visualization of bubble behavior within the micro-channels, the influence and mechanism of the PDS on the bubble dynamics and flow regime transitions in the micro-channels were investigated. The results indicated that a slip velocity between the bubbles and the near-wall fluid is generated within the PDS-RMCs due to the capillary pressure acting on the near-wall fluid, thereby reducing the resistance to fluid motion within the porous region. When the fluid within the channel is subcooled, the pressure drop in the 100 μm PDS-RMC is 75 % of that observed in the SRMC. After the onset of flow boiling, the growth rate of bubble slugs in the 100 μm PDS-RMC is 27.9 % higher than in the SRMC. The average bubble velocity in the 100 μm PDS-RMC is approximately two times that in the SRMC. A large amount of vaporization nuclei for bubble nucleation are generated on the porous coatings of the 100 μm PDS-RMC without significantly increasing the resistance to bubble expelling from the porous structure into the flow channel, thus enhancing the heat transfer capacity of the micro-channel. Compared to the SRMC, the heat transfer coefficient in 100 μm PDS-RMC has increased by 60.6 %, while those in the 200 μm PDS-RMC and the PRMC have been improved by 15.8 % and 11.3 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109883"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a high-accuracy air temperature measurement system using computational fluid dynamics and neural networks","authors":"Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Jiale Jiang ,&nbsp;Renhui Ding ,&nbsp;Qingquan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global temperatures are rising by approximately 0.1 °C per decade. Existing air temperature measurement systems often report temperatures higher than actual air temperature due to the effects of solar radiation, leading to errors of up to 1 °C. As a result, there is an urgent need for a new temperature measurement system with improved radiation protection and ventilation capabilities. Furthermore, a specialized temperature error correction model is essential for the new system. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was employed to simulate the radiation shielding and ventilation performance of the new system. Temperature differences between the new system and actual air temperature under various environmental conditions were quantified using CFD software. Subsequently, a specialized temperature difference correction model, incorporating multiple environmental variables, was developed using a neural network algorithm. Finally, the measurement accuracy of the new system was evaluated through field comparison experiments. During the experiments, a 076B fan aspirated temperature measurement system with an error of less than 0.03 °C served as the reference system. Before correction, the new system exhibited a maximum temperature difference of 0.69 °C and an average temperature difference of 0.35 °C compared to the reference system. The mean absolute error, root mean square error, and correlation coefficient between the temperature differences from the correction model and the experimental data were 0.07 °C, 0.08 °C, and 0.9 °C, respectively. After correction, the average temperature difference decreased to 0.06 °C. These results indicate that the new system has significant potential for high-accuracy temperature measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109895"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large eddy simulation on thermal striping of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic in parallel five-jet","authors":"Wen-De Zhao ,&nbsp;Hong-Na Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jun-Liang Guo ,&nbsp;Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Wei-Hua Cai ,&nbsp;Shu-Qi Meng ,&nbsp;Fang Chen ,&nbsp;Yu-Long Mao ,&nbsp;Feng-Chen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal striping in the upper plenum of the lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) is a temperature fluctuation phenomenon caused by the mixing of two non-isothermal fluids, and can lead to high cycle thermal fatigue and cracks in adjacent structures. Quantitative study of thermal striping is of great significance for the safe operation of reactors. This paper studies the thermal striping phenomena of lead-bismuth eutectic in a parallel five-jet plenum based on large eddy simulation. The parametric effects on characteristics of temperature fluctuation in terms of its statistics and flow structures are focused on, including the effects of temperature differences and velocity ratios. The results show that the temperature difference and velocity ratio significantly affect the flow patterns of thermal and flow fields, as well as the statistical characteristics of thermal striping. Under isovelocity conditions, the flow pattern of fluids is symmetric, whereas it is affected by velocity ratio in non-isovelocity scenarios. With isovelocity, increasing temperature difference raises the average temperature, heat flux and temperature fluctuation intensity. For non-isovelocity conditions, higher velocity ratios reduce average temperature but increase heat flux, with temperature fluctuation intensity showing an initial increase followed by a decrease. Spectral analysis indicates that the temperature difference primarily increases the temperature fluctuation amplitudes (the dominant frequency stabilized at about 5 Hz). Conversely, increasing velocity ratio decreases the amplitude and raises the dominant frequency. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding the mechanism of thermal striping of liquid lead-bismuth eutectic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 109870"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}