International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of high-temperature interfacial thermal contact conductance of SAE 1040 steel based on steady-state heat flux method: Comparing experimental results with theoretical models","authors":"Zhengchun Li ,&nbsp;Jun Huang ,&nbsp;Yazhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenxue Wang ,&nbsp;Yonghong Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal contact conductance (TCC) is a critical parameter in heat transfer with significant implications across numerous technological fields. Its value is influenced by multiple interrelated factors, including the thermo-mechanical properties of the materials, contact pressure, and interface temperature. Accurate prediction of TCC remains challenging and requires a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches. In this study, an experimental system based on the steady-state heat flux method was developed to investigate the TCC at the interface of SAE 1040 steel under high temperatures. Tests were conducted over an interfacial temperature range of 400–800 °C and contact pressures from 0 MPa to 14.0 MPa, systematically examining the effects of temperature, pressure, and surface topography on TCC. Experimental results demonstrate that TCC increases monotonically with both temperature and pressure, with the enhancing effect of pressure being particularly pronounced in the 600–800 °C range. Mechanism analysis reveals that the evolution of material thermo-mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, oxide layer formation dynamics in air, and solid-state phase transformations are the primary influencing factors. Comparison with classical theoretical models shows that the CMY plastic model demonstrates optimal agreement with experimental data in the high-temperature regime (700–800 °C), whereas the Mikic elastic model provides superior predictions in the medium-to-low temperature range (400–600 °C). Moreover, gap conduction contributes significantly to heat transfer in air environments. Based on these insights, this paper proposes a predictive model for TCC applicable in air environments. The model accounts for coupled effects such as solid-spot conduction and gap conductance, addressing the limitations of existing models under high-temperature, high-pressure, and air-exposed conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110714"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of the influence of thermophysical parameters on the surface temperature of breast substitute geometry obtained from infrared images","authors":"Nadja Accioly Espíndola ,&nbsp;Wellington Pinheiro dos Santos ,&nbsp;Rita de Cássia Fernandes de Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The need of research in new methods for screening, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of breast cancer arose from the high incidence and mortality rates of this kind of cancer. The investigation presented in this article is based on the knowledge that at the beginning of the formation of a breast abnormality, there is an increase in the blood perfusion rate around the abnormality due to the creation of new blood vessels, in a process that is called neoangiogenesis. Consequently, there is an increase in the temperature caused by the augmented blood perfusion in the referred region, Thus, this article is a part of a study aimed to understand the relationship between the thermophysical parameters of breast and tumor tissues and, combined with other techniques including artificial intelligence, to prove that using infrared images can be an important auxiliary tool for detecting breast abnormalities. The interest on the thermophysical parameters of the breast is due to the uncertainties of accurate values available in the literature. In general, those values are not directly measured, they vary from person to person. Many of them were measured <em>in vitro</em> or in animal living tissues. Therefore, experiments designed to validate the aforementioned parameters are essential, particularly when employing numerical simulations, in order to obtain the most accurate values possible. This study analyzes the influence of eight parameters on numerical simulations of the surface temperature of a breast substitute geometry obtained from infrared (IR) images, ultrasound (US), and clinical examinations of two patients from the Hospital das Clínicas at the Federal University of Pernambuco (HC-UFPE), Pernambuco - Brazil. One of the patients had a malignant tumor, and the other had a benign tumor. The Design of Experiments (DOE) technique was employed to conduct the analyses, which required 256 numerical simulations. The actual breast geometry of each patient was reconstructed from the dimensions obtained through infrared (IR) imaging, complemented by a metallic grid positioned in front of the patient to ensure spatial calibration. Two studies were conducted for each patient. In the first study, the breast tumor was modeled according to the tumor dimensions identified during the patient's US examination. In the second, the dimensions of the breast tumor were artificially increased to verify the influence of tumor size on the breast temperatures. Therefore, we concluded that the thermophysical parameters of the tumor have less influence than the thermophysical parameters of the breast when calculating the temperature profiles under study. The thermal conductivity and blood perfusion of the breast were the parameters with the most significant influence on the surface temperature of the breast over the tumor region, for all patients observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110673"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow structure and heat transfer in subsonic nozzle with initial flow swirl","authors":"Dongyun Wang ,&nbsp;Artem Khalatov ,&nbsp;E. Shi-Ju ,&nbsp;Igor Borisov ,&nbsp;Oleh Stupak ,&nbsp;Tetyana Donyk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents results of experimental study of flow structure and heat transfer in the accelerating swirling flow insight the subsonic conical nozzle. Three different nozzles with inlet angle (24°, 32°, 40°) and module (0.25, 0.4, 0.56) was tested in this work. The swirl flow generator with variable blade width (<em>φ</em>_w = 45°, <em>n</em> = 3) was installed in front of the nozzle, the short cylindrical pipe (<em>L</em>_<em>0</em><em>/D</em> = 2.33) was between swirl generator and nozzle inlet aimed to avoid the flow angular unevenness. The experimental program was established for incompressible swirling flow (<em>M</em> &lt; 0.30), the inlet Reynolds number Re_D _in was ranged from 5.3 10⁴ to 1.1 10⁵, the inlet flow temperature in heat transfer experiments was 110–120°C. The new results obtained include the axial and rotational flow speed, turbulence distribution, and local heat transfer development. The tangential flow dominates in the nozzle axial zone with maximum speed value, gradually shifting to the nozzle central area. Since the axial speed grows faster, the swirl flow angle drops down throughout the nozzle space. The nozzle module affects greatly the radial turbulent fluctuations both inside the nozzle and in front of it, making them almost even across the nozzle radius due to acceleration. At a high flow acceleration (<em>m</em> = 0.25) the turbulent fluctuations fall down up to 3–5 % both in the central nozzle area and near its surface. The novel experimental correlations were obtained, including the angular momentum flux and swirl flow number decay, link between local and total swirl flow parameters, radius of zero static pressure excess, local heat transfer growth, and some others. The <em>Nu</em>_d/<em>Nu</em>_d0 ratio is maximal at the nozzle entrance, but drops down inside the nozzle. As for the axial flow the maximal heat transfer occurs in the nozzle minimum cross section.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110712"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved heat transfer correlation for −50 °C ultra-low brine artificial ground freezing from the perspective of conjugate heat transfer","authors":"Wang Wu ,&nbsp;Xiangsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Hanqing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The brine artificial ground freezing (AGF) method is an effective technique for ground reinforcement. Compared to liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide AGF methods, its advantages include easier control of frozen curtain, adjustable freezing temperatures, and lower freezing costs. However, when faster freezing speed is required, conventional brine AGF methods, in which brine temperatures are maintained at −20 °C to −30 °C, may not be sufficient. This has led to the development of the −50 °C ultra-low brine AGF method. Yet, when applying −50 °C ultra-low freezing, it remains unclear whether existing heat transfer correlations apply to the Robin boundary condition. Therefore, this study establishes a numerical model coupling a brine-freezing pipe-ground based on the conjugate heat transfer mechanism. A convective heat transfer numerical model is also developed based on existing single-pipe, single-phase forced convection heat transfer correlations. Comparative results show that when the brine temperature is between −20 °C and −30 °C, the convective heat transfer model and the conjugate heat transfer model agree well, with most temperature data differing by less than 0.1 °C. However, under −50 °C ultra-low brine AGF conditions, the discrepancy between the two models becomes significant, exceeding 2.5 °C. Based on computational results and existing heat transfer correlations, an improved heat transfer correlation suitable for −50 °C ultra-low brine AGF is proposed. The improved convective heat transfer correlation enables a more accurate simulation of the temperature field development in the ultra-low brine AGF process. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for future applications of −50 °C ultra-low brine AGF methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110717"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving inverse heat conduction problems based on space marching method with Gauss filter - An experimental validation","authors":"Ruiqin Cheng ,&nbsp;Hongchu Chen ,&nbsp;Zitao Yu ,&nbsp;Changnian Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The space marching method (SMM) is an effective approach for solving inverse heat conduction problems (IHCPs). It enables efficient prediction of surface heat flux and temperature using embedded temperature sensors, offering advantages such as computational speed, high effectiveness, and accuracy. However, the in-depth temperature measurements often contain noise, which can be amplified during the prediction process, leading to unstable results due to the ill-posed nature of IHCPs. To stabilize the problem, it is necessary to filter the noisy in-depth temperature data. The Gauss filter has been demonstrated through numerical simulations as a valid method for stabilizing noisy data when using SMM to solve IHCPs. However, the application of the space marching technique with the Gauss filter for solving IHCPs has not been experimentally validated. In this paper, an experimental setup based on electric heating is designed and implemented to validate the effectiveness of the method. Compared with the prediction results with other regularization parameters, the SMM prediction with the optimal regularization parameter significantly reduces the relative root mean square error (RRMSE), demonstrating that SMM with the Gauss filter can be effectively applied in engineering practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110693"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigations of the convective and radiative synergistic heat transfer enhancement in turbine blade internal cooling channel","authors":"Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Jiabing Wang ,&nbsp;Kun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although plenty of techniques are employed to improve cooling performance of turbine blades, the improvement was mainly achieved by enhancing convective heat transfer, while radiative heat transfer was not utilized. Besides, most of the existing investigations on the cooling channel were conducted under low thermal load conditions. To bridge these research gaps, this study presents a novel experimental investigation of the convective-radiative synergistic heat transfer enhancement in cooling channels with radiation enhancement plate. The experiments under high thermal load conditions up to 25,000 W m⁻² are carried out. Two kinds of novel channel configurations are developed with smooth or ribbed radiation enhancement plate, which can expand cold surfaces to strengthen radiation. The research indicates that, comparing with the traditional channel configuration, growths of total Nusselt number ratio as well as comprehensive thermal performance are 69.70 % and 24.62 %, respectively, by employing the smooth radiation enhancement plate. When inclined ribs are arranged on the radiation enhancement plate, growths of total Nusselt number ratio as well as comprehensive thermal performance are 82.58 % and 9.23 %, respectively, because airflow disturbance in the core region is intensified. The total Nusselt number ratio drops as Reynolds number grows, while it increases as wall heat flux rises. Besides, the approximate analysis method and the fitting method are developed to predict the channel wall temperature and the cooling performance, which is beneficial to overcome the limitation of equipment and experimental conditions for high thermal loads. In addition, the decoupling of convective and radiative heat transfer is achieved. Influences of radiative heat transfer on the overall thermal performance are also quantitatively explored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110713"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of flow and heat transfer characteristics in a channel with tandem flexible vortex generators","authors":"Shi Tao ,&nbsp;Guofei Lin ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Junjie Hu ,&nbsp;Qing He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elastic vortex generators (VGs) have recently emerged as a promising passive technique for enhancing heat transfer in confined flows. This numerical study investigates the flow and thermal characteristics in a heated channel equipped with tandem flexible flags acting as VGs. The velocity and temperature fields are solved using the dual-distribution discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS), while fluid-structure-thermal interactions are captured via a non-iterative immersed boundary (IB) method. Focus is placed on heat transfer enhancement via flow-induced vibrations. Key parameters including the Reynolds number <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span>, spacing ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span>, and length ratio <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>​ are systematically examined. The results demonstrate that the flapping motion of the flags significantly disrupts the thermal boundary layer, promotes fluid mixing, and enhances convective heat transfer with only a marginal increase in flow resistance. Optimal heat transfer performance is achieved at <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1.5</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>L</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>L</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span>, with an overall heat transfer efficiency improvement of up to 24.4 % compared to the unobstructed channel. Enhancement is more pronounced at higher Reynolds numbers, reaching 30 % at <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></math></span> = 400. This work highlights the potential of tandem flexible VGs as an effective passive thermal management strategy for compact electronic systems and heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled thermal modeling and experimental validation in large fiber optic panel vacuum hot-pressing furnace","authors":"Kaiming Li ,&nbsp;Yueyang Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Bingqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Sanzhao Wang ,&nbsp;Hui Liu ,&nbsp;Hua Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fabrication of large fiber optic panel (FOP) is constrained by hot-pressing-induced fracture and ion-diffusion-induced chromatic aberration, primarily caused by non-uniform heating and prolonged ion diffusion during the vacuum hot-pressing (VHP) process. Numerical simulation provides a promising approach to address these challenges. In this study, a three-zone experimental temperature boundary was introduced to drive the heat source, and both heat conduction and thermal radiation mechanisms were considered to establish, for the first time, a fully coupled FOP–mold–VHP furnace thermal prediction model. Comparative analysis between experimental and simulated data shows that achieving a high level of agreement between computational and measured temperature profiles requires distinct thermal conductivity inputs for FOPs of different sizes. Moreover, reducing the temperature sampling interval significantly improves prediction accuracy, reaching a maximum of 94.33 %. The surface emissivity of the mold is identified as a key parameter influencing the temperature distribution. The proposed model demonstrates strong applicability across molds and FOPs of varying sizes and geometries. For the heating processes of the R mold and G6000 mold, the optimized procedure reduces heating times by 100 and 130 min, respectively, substantially enhancing energy efficiency. By integrating the COMSOL PID control module, the model realistically reproduces furnace PID-controlled heating behavior without the need for developing complex algorithms. This study provides a reliable tool for temperature field prediction in FOP hot-forming processes, offering valuable guidance for the design of large FOP and next-generation VHP furnaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110701"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient non-equilibrium thermal transport in silicon-based FinFET","authors":"Aolong Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Xie,&nbsp;Baoyi Hu,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous scaling of transistor dimensions, localized high-temperature hotspots induced by self-heating effects have become a critical constraint on device reliability. Thermal dissipation has emerged as a key bottleneck limiting both performance improvement and further miniaturization of semiconductor devices. In particular, the transient thermal effects induced by periodic switching during normal device operation are of great importance, as the underlying non-equilibrium thermal transport processes significantly influence device performance. In this work, a coupled electron–phonon Monte Carlo simulation approach is employed to investigate silicon-based FinFETs, systematically revealing the formation mechanism of hotspots and the associated electron scattering processes. On this basis, the transient non-equilibrium thermal transport of phonons is simulated by solving the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) using the phonon Monte Carlo (MC) method, with the hotspot profile obtained from Electron-MC simulations serving as the heat source term. By comparing the heat source duration with the phonon transit time across the hotspot region, the transient thermal transport characteristics of phonon non-equilibrium states across different time scales are analyzed. Furthermore, simulations performed at typical wireless communication transistor switching frequencies examine the evolution of temperature, energy, and heat flux during dynamic operation, providing further insight into transient non-equilibrium effects in the device. This study offers valuable references for improving the accuracy of transistor thermal modeling and provides a theoretical foundation for the thermal management design of advanced-node devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110715"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural optimization and cooling performance study of bionic spiral channel liquid cooling plate","authors":"Ping He ,&nbsp;Runfa Liu ,&nbsp;Ming Yan ,&nbsp;Shun Zhu ,&nbsp;Bin Yuan ,&nbsp;Xinyu Li ,&nbsp;Yiwei Fan ,&nbsp;Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively prevent local overheating and enhance the thermal safety margin during high-rate charging, a liquid cooling plate featuring a bio-inspired channel structure was designed. The thermophysical properties of the battery cells were determined experimentally. The influence of three key structural parameters—length ratio, spiral angle, and width ratio—on the cooling performance was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the optimal heat transfer performance was achieved with a length ratio of 0.75, a spiral angle of 160°, and a width ratio of 0.85. Furthermore, the cooling performance of three typical channel designs (PC, CC, TVC) with identical flow area was compared. Based on the calculated mathematical expectation, the spiral channel design exhibited the best overall cooling performance. Additionally, the impact of varying the inlet and outlet positions of the coolant on the thermal management of the battery module was investigated. The results indicated that placing the inlet and outlet on the same side yielded the most effective cooling. Under this configuration, the maximum temperature of the battery module was 304.84 K, and the average temperature per cell was 302.324 K.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110703"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}