To meet the requirements for a spaceborne blackbody with high emissivity, uniformity, and stability under complex thermal conditions, a simulation of cavity blackbody emissivity was performed using the Monte Carlo method. Additionally, an innovative structural design for the blackbody was proposed, incorporating a four-pyramid array, threadline array, and high-emissivity coating. Considering the on-orbit operational conditions of the spaceborne blackbody, finite element analysis was employed to simulate and calculate the thermal uniformity of the blackbody at 300 K and 320 K under three thermal conditions: low, medium, and high temperatures. Experimental validation of the results was also conducted. The spectral emissivity of the spaceborne blackbody was measured in the wavelength range of (3.5–15.0) μm, with an average normal emissivity of 0.9964. The difference between the normal emissivity and the emissivity at a 3° angle was 0.0012. Temperature uniformity and stability tests were conducted on the spaceborne blackbody within a temperature range of (300–320) K. The temperature uniformity at the bottom was 0.145 K, the overall temperature uniformity was 0.156 K, and the temperature stability was 0.012 K. The combined standard uncertainty of the blackbody is 0.135 K @ 300 K, 0.156 K @ 305 K, 0.174 K @ 310 K, 0.189 K @ 315 K, 0.198 K @ 320 K. Compared with the previous blackbody, the blackbody structural design proposed in this paper significantly improves the emissivity and temperature control performance.
为了满足星载黑体在复杂热条件下具有高发射率、均匀性和稳定性的要求，采用蒙特卡罗方法对空腔黑体发射率进行了模拟。此外，提出了一种创新的黑体结构设计，包括四金字塔阵列、线阵和高发射率涂层。考虑星载黑体在轨运行条件，采用有限元分析方法模拟计算了低、中、高温三种热工况下黑体在300 K和320 K时的热均匀性。并对实验结果进行了验证。测量了星载黑体在(3.5 ~ 15.0)μm波长范围内的光谱发射率，平均法向发射率为0.9964。法向发射率与3°角发射率之差为0.0012。对星载黑体在（300-320）K温度范围内进行温度均匀性和稳定性试验，底部温度均匀性为0.145 K，整体温度均匀性为0.156 K，温度稳定性为0.012 K。黑体的综合标准不确定度分别为0.135 K @ 300 K、0.156 K @ 305 K、0.174 K @ 310 K、0.189 K @ 315 K、0.198 K @ 320 K。与以往的黑体相比，本文提出的黑体结构设计显著提高了发射率和温度控制性能。
{"title":"Development of spaceborne blackbody for Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI)","authors":"Jingjing Zhou , Jian Song , Xiuju Li , Chunyuan Xu , Ruiheng Sima , Xin Xu , Changdao Guo , Xiaopeng Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the requirements for a spaceborne blackbody with high emissivity, uniformity, and stability under complex thermal conditions, a simulation of cavity blackbody emissivity was performed using the Monte Carlo method. Additionally, an innovative structural design for the blackbody was proposed, incorporating a four-pyramid array, threadline array, and high-emissivity coating. Considering the on-orbit operational conditions of the spaceborne blackbody, finite element analysis was employed to simulate and calculate the thermal uniformity of the blackbody at 300 K and 320 K under three thermal conditions: low, medium, and high temperatures. Experimental validation of the results was also conducted. The spectral emissivity of the spaceborne blackbody was measured in the wavelength range of (3.5–15.0) μm, with an average normal emissivity of 0.9964. The difference between the normal emissivity and the emissivity at a 3° angle was 0.0012. Temperature uniformity and stability tests were conducted on the spaceborne blackbody within a temperature range of (300–320) K. The temperature uniformity at the bottom was 0.145 K, the overall temperature uniformity was 0.156 K, and the temperature stability was 0.012 K. The combined standard uncertainty of the blackbody is 0.135 K @ 300 K, 0.156 K @ 305 K, 0.174 K @ 310 K, 0.189 K @ 315 K, 0.198 K @ 320 K. Compared with the previous blackbody, the blackbody structural design proposed in this paper significantly improves the emissivity and temperature control performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110705"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110709
Fangfang Chen , Pengyue Wu , Xiaohui Wang , Shuichao Kou , Jiewen Wang , Peihao Yang , Xuesong Zhang , Wei Wang , Qie Sun
Hybrid supercapacitor energy storage systems (HSESSs) are critical for renewable energy integration but face significant thermal challenges due to Joule heating during rapid cycling. While multi-inlet cooling strategies have proven effective in battery systems, their application in large-scale HSESS remains underexplored. This study developed and validated an equivalent thermal model of supercapacitors based on experimental data. Using computational fluid dynamics analysis, limitations of conventional thermal management approaches were identified, leading to the proposal of a multi-inlet bidirectional air cooling thermal management system adapted from proven battery technologies. Simulation results indicate that, under an inlet flow rate of 0.15 m3/s and an inlet temperature of 300.15 K, the proposed bidirectional air cooling system reduces the average temperature in the HSESS cabinet by 15.4 K and the temperature standard deviation by 8.4 K, compared to the conventional system. These findings confirm that the bidirectional design significantly enhances cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity, providing an effective solution for system-level HSESS thermal management.
{"title":"Optimization of a bidirectional air cooling thermal management system for hybrid supercapacitor energy storage system (HSESS)","authors":"Fangfang Chen , Pengyue Wu , Xiaohui Wang , Shuichao Kou , Jiewen Wang , Peihao Yang , Xuesong Zhang , Wei Wang , Qie Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid supercapacitor energy storage systems (HSESSs) are critical for renewable energy integration but face significant thermal challenges due to Joule heating during rapid cycling. While multi-inlet cooling strategies have proven effective in battery systems, their application in large-scale HSESS remains underexplored. This study developed and validated an equivalent thermal model of supercapacitors based on experimental data. Using computational fluid dynamics analysis, limitations of conventional thermal management approaches were identified, leading to the proposal of a multi-inlet bidirectional air cooling thermal management system adapted from proven battery technologies. Simulation results indicate that, under an inlet flow rate of 0.15 m<sup>3</sup>/s and an inlet temperature of 300.15 K, the proposed bidirectional air cooling system reduces the average temperature in the HSESS cabinet by 15.4 K and the temperature standard deviation by 8.4 K, compared to the conventional system. These findings confirm that the bidirectional design significantly enhances cooling efficiency and temperature uniformity, providing an effective solution for system-level HSESS thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110709"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110702
Qingxu Ma , Yan Wang , Fan Wang , Haohan Sha , Siyi Luo , Chengshan Xu , Hewu Wang , Xilong Zhang
<div><div>In the energy flow analysis of lithium-ion battery(LIB) thermal runaway (TR), the convective heat transfer coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>) serves as a core parameter. However, a critical research gap exists: existing studies lack dynamic characterization of the transient convective heat transfer coefficient during LIB TR, and the correlation mechanism between jet behaviors and energy transfer remains unclear—this constitutes the core scientific problem addressed in this study. The primary research objective is to fill this gap by establishing a dynamic analysis method for energy transfer during TR and revealing the influence of state of charge (SOC) on the coupling relationship between jet characteristics and energy flow. To achieve this, this study developed an experimental platform for LIB TR. Experiments were performed in a sealed environment, during which the surface temperatures of the cathode, anode, and safety valve—along with the temperature and pressure inside the experimental cabin—of a commercial lithium-ion power battery (hereafter referred to as the “battery”) were simultaneously monitored. A gas chromatograph was utilized to conduct quantitative analysis of the gas components produced during TR. Based on the ideal gas state equation, the flow rate of the evolved gas was calculated. The jet process was divided into three stages—laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow—based on the Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). Based on this classification, the Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) during the entire jet process was determined using a semi-empirical convective heat transfer correlation. By further incorporating the physical properties of the mixed gas, the dynamic variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient was ultimately quantified, thereby developing a dynamic analysis method for energy transfer during battery TR. Furthermore, this study systematically examined the mechanism by which the state of charge (SOC) influences this process. Results indicate that, using a battery at 75 % SOC as an example, two distinct jet behaviors occur during TR, corresponding to peak battery temperatures of 163.7 °C and 332.3 °C. The explosion indices (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) for these two jets were 2.83 kPa m s<sup>−1</sup> and 15.36 kPa m s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, with a flammable range between 4.91 % and 35.84 %. During Stage VI of the second jet, the <em>Nu</em> and <em>h</em> reached 389.90 and 1350.78 W m<sup>−2</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Regarding energy distribution, the contribution of convective heat transfer to total energy transfer increased significantly, from 1.24 % in Stage IV to 8.47 % in Stage VI. Finally, this study established a TR risk evaluation system for batteries at differ
在锂离子电池（LIB）热失控（TR）的能量流分析中，对流换热系数h作为核心参数。然而，存在一个关键的研究空白：现有研究缺乏LIB TR过程中瞬态对流换热系数的动态表征，射流行为与能量传递的相关机制尚不清楚，这是本研究解决的核心科学问题。本文的主要研究目标是通过建立TR过程中能量传递的动态分析方法，揭示荷电状态（state of charge， SOC）对射流特性与能量流耦合关系的影响，填补这一空白。为此，本研究开发了LIB TR实验平台，实验在密封环境下进行，同时监测商用锂离子动力电池（以下简称“电池”）的阴极、阳极和安全阀表面温度以及实验舱内的温度和压力。利用气相色谱仪对TR过程中产生的气体组分进行定量分析，根据理想气体状态方程，计算出释放气体的流量。根据雷诺数Re将射流过程分为层流、过渡流和湍流三个阶段。在此基础上，利用半经验对流换热相关法确定了整个射流过程中的努塞尔数（Nu）。通过进一步结合混合气体的物理性质，最终量化了对流换热系数的动态变化，从而建立了电池TR过程中能量传递的动态分析方法，并系统地研究了荷电状态（SOC）对这一过程的影响机制。结果表明，以75% SOC的电池为例，在TR过程中出现了两种不同的射流行为，对应于电池峰值温度163.7°C和332.3°C。两种喷流的爆炸指数（Kst）分别为2.83 kPa m s - 1和15.36 kPa m s - 1，可燃范围为4.91% ~ 35.84%。在第二次喷流的第六阶段，Nu和h分别达到389.90和1350.78 W m−2 K−1。在能量分布上，对流换热对总能量传递的贡献显著增加，从第四阶段的1.24%增加到第六阶段的8.47%。最后，通过综合Re、Nu、h、KLIB和峰值温度等关键参数，建立了不同荷电状态（25%、50%、75%、100%）电池的TR风险评价体系。风险等级为：100% SOC >； 75% SOC > 50% SOC > 25% SOC。本研究对电池TR过程中的能量传递过程进行了动态分析，提出了一种将射流参数与能量流关联起来的方法，为电池安全设计、定量风险评估和制定预防控制策略提供了重要的理论和实验依据。
{"title":"Study on jet hydrodynamic parameters and energy flow analysis of lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Qingxu Ma , Yan Wang , Fan Wang , Haohan Sha , Siyi Luo , Chengshan Xu , Hewu Wang , Xilong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the energy flow analysis of lithium-ion battery(LIB) thermal runaway (TR), the convective heat transfer coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>) serves as a core parameter. However, a critical research gap exists: existing studies lack dynamic characterization of the transient convective heat transfer coefficient during LIB TR, and the correlation mechanism between jet behaviors and energy transfer remains unclear—this constitutes the core scientific problem addressed in this study. The primary research objective is to fill this gap by establishing a dynamic analysis method for energy transfer during TR and revealing the influence of state of charge (SOC) on the coupling relationship between jet characteristics and energy flow. To achieve this, this study developed an experimental platform for LIB TR. Experiments were performed in a sealed environment, during which the surface temperatures of the cathode, anode, and safety valve—along with the temperature and pressure inside the experimental cabin—of a commercial lithium-ion power battery (hereafter referred to as the “battery”) were simultaneously monitored. A gas chromatograph was utilized to conduct quantitative analysis of the gas components produced during TR. Based on the ideal gas state equation, the flow rate of the evolved gas was calculated. The jet process was divided into three stages—laminar flow, transitional flow, and turbulent flow—based on the Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). Based on this classification, the Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) during the entire jet process was determined using a semi-empirical convective heat transfer correlation. By further incorporating the physical properties of the mixed gas, the dynamic variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient was ultimately quantified, thereby developing a dynamic analysis method for energy transfer during battery TR. Furthermore, this study systematically examined the mechanism by which the state of charge (SOC) influences this process. Results indicate that, using a battery at 75 % SOC as an example, two distinct jet behaviors occur during TR, corresponding to peak battery temperatures of 163.7 °C and 332.3 °C. The explosion indices (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) for these two jets were 2.83 kPa m s<sup>−1</sup> and 15.36 kPa m s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, with a flammable range between 4.91 % and 35.84 %. During Stage VI of the second jet, the <em>Nu</em> and <em>h</em> reached 389.90 and 1350.78 W m<sup>−2</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Regarding energy distribution, the contribution of convective heat transfer to total energy transfer increased significantly, from 1.24 % in Stage IV to 8.47 % in Stage VI. Finally, this study established a TR risk evaluation system for batteries at differ","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110702"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110704
Zhimin Yao , Yinhui Jiang , Zhihang Yao , Jianxin Yang , Pengcheng Wen , Die Zhao
Microchannel heat exchangers (MCHXs) are valued for their compact structure and high heat-transfer efficiency; however, achieving an optimal balance between heat-transfer enhancement and pressure drop (ΔP) remains a challenge. In this study, a biomimetic shell structure microchannel (BSSM) is proposed to enhance convective heat transfer while moderating flow resistance. A combined experimental–numerical approach is employed to systematically investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of the BSSM over a Reynolds number range of 200–1200, with particular emphasis on the effects of shell height (Hsh) and radian (αsh). The results demonstrate that the BSSM exhibits markedly superior thermo-hydraulic performance relative to traditional parallel straight microchannels (TPSMs). At Re = 1200, the Nusselt number (Nu) reaches 21.88, representing a 110.78 % enhancement relative to the TPSMs. Increasing the shell height intensifies flow disturbance and heat transfer, but excessive protrusion reduces the effective flow area, leading to localized flow stagnation and a pronounced increase in ΔP. Performance evaluation criterion (PEC) analysis identifies an intermediate shell height (Hsh = 0.3 mm) as optimal. The shell radian is found to exert a strong influence on flow redistribution and heat-transfer intensification, with the optimal configuration exhibiting clear Reynolds-number dependence: the highest PEC is achieved at αsh = 105° for Re = 200–600 and at αsh = 60° for Re = 600–1200. These findings indicate that appropriately scaled shell height and radian enable the most favorable balance between heat-transfer enhancement and flow resistance. From a broader perspective, the present study establishes a quantitative link between biomimetic structural parameters and thermo-hydraulic performance, thereby deepening the physical understanding and design methodology of biomimetic enhanced microchannels. Moreover, the proposed biomimetic shell microchannel offers a geometry-driven and extensible design framework, with strong potential for further optimization and application in compact, high-performance thermal management systems.
{"title":"Investigation of heat and flow transfer characteristics in microchannels of biomimetic shell structures","authors":"Zhimin Yao , Yinhui Jiang , Zhihang Yao , Jianxin Yang , Pengcheng Wen , Die Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microchannel heat exchangers (MCHXs) are valued for their compact structure and high heat-transfer efficiency; however, achieving an optimal balance between heat-transfer enhancement and pressure drop (<em>ΔP</em>) remains a challenge. In this study, a biomimetic shell structure microchannel (BSSM) is proposed to enhance convective heat transfer while moderating flow resistance. A combined experimental–numerical approach is employed to systematically investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of the BSSM over a Reynolds number range of 200–1200, with particular emphasis on the effects of shell height (<em>H</em><sub><em>sh</em></sub>) and radian (<em>α</em><sub><em>sh</em></sub>). The results demonstrate that the BSSM exhibits markedly superior thermo-hydraulic performance relative to traditional parallel straight microchannels (TPSMs). At <em>Re</em> = 1200, the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) reaches 21.88, representing a 110.78 % enhancement relative to the TPSMs. Increasing the shell height intensifies flow disturbance and heat transfer, but excessive protrusion reduces the effective flow area, leading to localized flow stagnation and a pronounced increase in <em>ΔP</em>. Performance evaluation criterion (<em>PEC</em>) analysis identifies an intermediate shell height (<em>H</em><sub><em>sh</em></sub> = 0.3 mm) as optimal. The shell radian is found to exert a strong influence on flow redistribution and heat-transfer intensification, with the optimal configuration exhibiting clear Reynolds-number dependence: the highest <em>PEC</em> is achieved at <em>α</em><sub><em>sh</em></sub> = 105° for <em>Re</em> = 200–600 and at <em>α</em><sub><em>sh</em></sub> = 60° for <em>Re</em> = 600–1200. These findings indicate that appropriately scaled shell height and radian enable the most favorable balance between heat-transfer enhancement and flow resistance. From a broader perspective, the present study establishes a quantitative link between biomimetic structural parameters and thermo-hydraulic performance, thereby deepening the physical understanding and design methodology of biomimetic enhanced microchannels. Moreover, the proposed biomimetic shell microchannel offers a geometry-driven and extensible design framework, with strong potential for further optimization and application in compact, high-performance thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110704"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110697
Ce Wang, Wei Chen
To obtain better thermal-hydraulic behaviors in double-layered microchannel heat sinks in microelectronic devices with large power, the comparisons of thermal resistance and pump power are conducted among five types of double-layered microchannels respectively with wavy or straight upper and lower channels, as well as porous layer paved on the side solid ribs to form combining ribs in upper channel or not. The effects of the ratio of wave amplitude to wavelength (A/λ), width ratio of the porous layer to rib (β), porosity in porous layer of combining ribs (ε), and height ratio of the lower channel to the upper (γ) in double-layered wavy microchannel on heat transfer and flow are numerically analyzed. The figure of merit (FOM) is defined to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance in double-layered wavy microchannel. The porous layer on side wall decreases stay time of coolant with smaller or less flowing vortex in concave, and enlarges transverse convection between coolant and ribs, while the lower flowing resistance occurs in cases with the alike cross section along wavy channel in doubled-layer wavy channel. The higher FOM occurs in double-layered wavy microchannel with wavy top cover and bottom as well as porous layer paved on the side wall in upper channel, and lower straight lower channel, in which the better thermal-hydraulic performance occurs in cases of A/λ = 0.12, ε = 0.6, β = 0.6 and γ = 0.8. Besides, the 30.49 % decrease and 75.23 % increase respectively in thermal resistance and pump power in double-layered wavy channel with γ above 0.5 can be obtained for multi objective optimization based on NSGA-II and TOPSIS algorithms. All results can be taken into account for the utilization of double-layered wavy microchannel for cooling microelectronic devices with high heat flux densities.
{"title":"Thermal-hydraulic analysis and multi objective optimization in double-layered wavy microchannel heat sinks with combining porous ribs","authors":"Ce Wang, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To obtain better thermal-hydraulic behaviors in double-layered microchannel heat sinks in microelectronic devices with large power, the comparisons of thermal resistance and pump power are conducted among five types of double-layered microchannels respectively with wavy or straight upper and lower channels, as well as porous layer paved on the side solid ribs to form combining ribs in upper channel or not. The effects of the ratio of wave amplitude to wavelength (A/<em>λ</em>), width ratio of the porous layer to rib (<em>β</em>), porosity in porous layer of combining ribs (<em>ε</em>), and height ratio of the lower channel to the upper (<em>γ</em>) in double-layered wavy microchannel on heat transfer and flow are numerically analyzed. The figure of merit (<em>FOM</em>) is defined to evaluate the thermal-hydraulic performance in double-layered wavy microchannel. The porous layer on side wall decreases stay time of coolant with smaller or less flowing vortex in concave, and enlarges transverse convection between coolant and ribs, while the lower flowing resistance occurs in cases with the alike cross section along wavy channel in doubled-layer wavy channel. The higher <em>FOM</em> occurs in double-layered wavy microchannel with wavy top cover and bottom as well as porous layer paved on the side wall in upper channel, and lower straight lower channel, in which the better thermal-hydraulic performance occurs in cases of <em>A</em>/λ = 0.12, <em>ε</em> = 0.6, <em>β</em> = 0.6 and <em>γ</em> = 0.8. Besides, the 30.49 % decrease and 75.23 % increase respectively in thermal resistance and pump power in double-layered wavy channel with <em>γ</em> above 0.5 can be obtained for multi objective optimization based on NSGA-II and TOPSIS algorithms. All results can be taken into account for the utilization of double-layered wavy microchannel for cooling microelectronic devices with high heat flux densities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110697"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110688
Anudev J. , Balakrishnan Shankar , Massimo Donelli , Sreedevi K. Menon
Microwave hyperthermia has emerged as a potential supplement therapy for cancer treatment. The treatment modality elevates the temperature of cancer cells within the therapeutic limit (40 °C–45 °C). This will help to enhance their receptiveness to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Numerical simulation strategies are adopted in this paper to simulate the effects of electromagnetic radiation on cancer cells. Combining electromagnetics and transient thermal analyses through a multiphysics approach, the thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation on the target cells are studied. A pentagonal patch antenna resonating at 2.45 GHz has been specially designed for this purpose and analysed experimentally. To mimic the breast tissues, a multi-layered simulation model has been designed with various sections such as skin, fat, fibroglandular tissue and tumor, positioned at different depths from the skin. The thickness of each layer is provided based on the average physiological measurements. To assure proper energy concentration at the tumor region, the electric field intensity and specific absorption rate are quantified through electromagnetic simulations. Subsequently, thermal simulations are performed in ANSYS Icepak by varying the input power levels of the antenna from 3 W to 10 W, to examine the therapeutic temperature developed at the tumor region. The effectiveness of thermal dosage is quantified with cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43). Multiple simulations are performed by assuming varied positions of the tumor from the skin level, providing varied power levels accordingly. The proposed system acquires a rise in temperature to hyperthermia levels from the base temperature at a maximum rate less than 0.32 °C/s. Across the tested power levels, system attains CEM43 = 60 minutes for various tumor depths with tumor SAR≤ 40 W/kg and skin SAR<4 W/kg, falls under exposure limits. The proposed pentagonal patch antenna achieves faster therapeutic heating (<60 s) than prior antenna designs at 2.45 GHz with optimized power for varying tumor depths, keeping the skin temperature within the permissible limits.
{"title":"A non-invasive microwave hyperthermia for breast cancer treatment: FEA-based multiphysics approach for optimizing thermal dosage","authors":"Anudev J. , Balakrishnan Shankar , Massimo Donelli , Sreedevi K. Menon","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave hyperthermia has emerged as a potential supplement therapy for cancer treatment. The treatment modality elevates the temperature of cancer cells within the therapeutic limit (40 °C–45 °C). This will help to enhance their receptiveness to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Numerical simulation strategies are adopted in this paper to simulate the effects of electromagnetic radiation on cancer cells. Combining electromagnetics and transient thermal analyses through a multiphysics approach, the thermal effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation on the target cells are studied. A pentagonal patch antenna resonating at 2.45 GHz has been specially designed for this purpose and analysed experimentally. To mimic the breast tissues, a multi-layered simulation model has been designed with various sections such as skin, fat, fibroglandular tissue and tumor, positioned at different depths from the skin. The thickness of each layer is provided based on the average physiological measurements. To assure proper energy concentration at the tumor region, the electric field intensity and specific absorption rate are quantified through electromagnetic simulations. Subsequently, thermal simulations are performed in ANSYS Icepak by varying the input power levels of the antenna from 3 W to 10 W, to examine the therapeutic temperature developed at the tumor region. The effectiveness of thermal dosage is quantified with cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43). Multiple simulations are performed by assuming varied positions of the tumor from the skin level, providing varied power levels accordingly. The proposed system acquires a rise in temperature to hyperthermia levels from the base temperature at a maximum rate less than 0.32 °C/s. Across the tested power levels, system attains CEM43 = 60 minutes for various tumor depths with tumor SAR≤ 40 W/kg and skin SAR<4 W/kg, falls under exposure limits. The proposed pentagonal patch antenna achieves faster therapeutic heating (<60 s) than prior antenna designs at 2.45 GHz with optimized power for varying tumor depths, keeping the skin temperature within the permissible limits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110688"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110710
Junhui Huang , Li Yi , Bo Wang , Jing Chen , Yanjie Wu
This paper presents a two-dimensional grating composite structure of perforated Ag nanodisks for metal-assisted guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensors operating in the terahertz band. The structure is composed of a mixture of Ag, GaAs and SiO2, and takes advantage of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excited by the metal in the grating, which greatly enhances its sensing capability. We achieved strong thermal-absorption rates at 4.559 THz and 7.012 THz, reaching 99.79 % and 99.60 %, respectively. The manufacturing tolerances of the structure were evaluated to enhance the wide applicability of the sensing. It is worth noting that when the refractive index of the analyte varies within the range of 1.30–1.36, this structure demonstrates excellent sensing performance: The maximum sensitivity (S) reaches 3.4 THz/RIU, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) is 0.011 THz, and the maximum Q factor and figure of merit (FOM) reach 635.91 and 137.5 RIU−1, respectively. These advantageous features mean that the sensor structure we have proposed can provide more accurate measurement results in a specific environment, especially with outstanding application potential in fields such as biomedical sensing, semiconductor sensing, and material physics sensing.
{"title":"Perforated Ag nanodisks for metal-assisted guided-mode terahertz thermal-absorption sensors in antibiotic biomedicine","authors":"Junhui Huang , Li Yi , Bo Wang , Jing Chen , Yanjie Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a two-dimensional grating composite structure of perforated Ag nanodisks for metal-assisted guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensors operating in the terahertz band. The structure is composed of a mixture of Ag, GaAs and SiO<sub>2</sub>, and takes advantage of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excited by the metal in the grating, which greatly enhances its sensing capability. We achieved strong thermal-absorption rates at 4.559 THz and 7.012 THz, reaching 99.79 % and 99.60 %, respectively. The manufacturing tolerances of the structure were evaluated to enhance the wide applicability of the sensing. It is worth noting that when the refractive index of the analyte varies within the range of 1.30–1.36, this structure demonstrates excellent sensing performance: The maximum sensitivity (S) reaches 3.4 THz/RIU, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) is 0.011 THz, and the maximum Q factor and figure of merit (FOM) reach 635.91 and 137.5 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These advantageous features mean that the sensor structure we have proposed can provide more accurate measurement results in a specific environment, especially with outstanding application potential in fields such as biomedical sensing, semiconductor sensing, and material physics sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110710"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110692
Raju Chowdhury , Geoffrey Evans , Tom Honeyands , Brian J. Monaghan , David Scimone , Subhasish Mitra
Molten metal droplet-solid substrate interaction is an important physical phenomenon in diverse industrial applications from thermal spray coating to refractory wear remediation in basic oxygen steelmaking furnace. The process involves small spatio-temporal dynamics of competing inertia, surface tension and viscous force along with heat transfer and phase change. In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed based on an interface-capturing volume of fluid (VOF) approach to simulate the spreading, and solidification behaviour of a molten droplet impinging (Weber number <150) on a low thermal conductivity surface (glass) oriented at different angles (0 < φ ≤ 90°). The solidification process involving conduction heat transfer at the solid surface as well as the liquid to solid phase change was modelled using the enthalpy-porosity method. The CFD model was validated by experiment involving high-speed imaging with good agreement. Two parameters - mushy zone constant and the thermal contact resistance were noted to play a significant role in correctly predicting the molten droplet spreading dynamics. It was noted although the droplet spread area increased with increasing Weber number in the normal impact case (zero-surface inclination), a decreasing trend was prominent when surface inclination was increased (oblique impact) at a fixed Weber number due to increasing effect of gravity in the tangential direction. The droplet cooling and subsequent solidification process was directly correlated to the spread area which increased at higher Weber number due to greater heat transfer at solid-liquid interface. Droplet cooling was noted to significantly decrease by the increase of surface inclination; however, solidification behaviour was rather less affected.
{"title":"Spreading dynamics, heat transfer, and solidification behaviour of a single molten droplet impinging on a solid surface of different inclinations","authors":"Raju Chowdhury , Geoffrey Evans , Tom Honeyands , Brian J. Monaghan , David Scimone , Subhasish Mitra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molten metal droplet-solid substrate interaction is an important physical phenomenon in diverse industrial applications from thermal spray coating to refractory wear remediation in basic oxygen steelmaking furnace. The process involves small spatio-temporal dynamics of competing inertia, surface tension and viscous force along with heat transfer and phase change. In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed based on an interface-capturing volume of fluid (VOF) approach to simulate the spreading, and solidification behaviour of a molten droplet impinging (Weber number <150) on a low thermal conductivity surface (glass) oriented at different angles (0 < φ ≤ 90°). The solidification process involving conduction heat transfer at the solid surface as well as the liquid to solid phase change was modelled using the enthalpy-porosity method. The CFD model was validated by experiment involving high-speed imaging with good agreement. Two parameters - mushy zone constant and the thermal contact resistance were noted to play a significant role in correctly predicting the molten droplet spreading dynamics. It was noted although the droplet spread area increased with increasing Weber number in the normal impact case (zero-surface inclination), a decreasing trend was prominent when surface inclination was increased (oblique impact) at a fixed Weber number due to increasing effect of gravity in the tangential direction. The droplet cooling and subsequent solidification process was directly correlated to the spread area which increased at higher Weber number due to greater heat transfer at solid-liquid interface. Droplet cooling was noted to significantly decrease by the increase of surface inclination; however, solidification behaviour was rather less affected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110692"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110699
Yulong Yao , Jiawei Fan , Bo Hu , Chuan Wang
This study develops a high-fidelity fluid–solid thermal coupling model for a turbine multistage honeycomb labyrinth sealing system to systematically investigate the heat transfer mechanisms in critical regions. A hybrid meshing strategy with shared fluid–solid interface nodes and temperature-dependent solid material properties is employed to accurately capture convective heat transfer in the fluid domain and conductive heat diffusion in the solid domain. The analysis focuses on two honeycomb labyrinth seal (HLS) sections, the rotor and stator coupling interfaces, and the intermediate cavity, considering varying pressure ratios and rotational Reynolds numbers. Model reliability is confirmed through validation against published experimental and numerical benchmark data. Results reveal pronounced regional differences in heat transfer: the upstream HLS1 exhibits significantly higher heat transfer intensity than the downstream HLS2, with rotor-stator interface temperature rises of 4.14 % and 5.10 % in HLS1 compared to only 0.28 % and 0.43 % in HLS2 at a pressure ratio of 14.75. Local heat transfer coefficients show strong spatial fluctuations due to intensified turbulence and flow impingement. In the intermediate cavity, combined jet impingement and rotor-induced swirling flow generate a pronounced thermal boundary layer, with temperature variations reaching 21.33 % at y = 20 mm, while the left side shows only 1.33 %. The influence of rotation is more significant in HLS1 than in HLS2, leading to heterogeneous turbulence enhancement and heat transfer. Overall, this study quantitatively demonstrates localized and asymmetric heat transfer behaviors in multistage sealing systems, elucidating the coupled effects of pressure ratio and rotational motion, and providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing thermal management and structural design in high-efficiency turbine sealing applications.
{"title":"Numerical investigation of heat transfer characteristics in a turbine multistage sealing system based on fluid–solid coupling approach","authors":"Yulong Yao , Jiawei Fan , Bo Hu , Chuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a high-fidelity fluid–solid thermal coupling model for a turbine multistage honeycomb labyrinth sealing system to systematically investigate the heat transfer mechanisms in critical regions. A hybrid meshing strategy with shared fluid–solid interface nodes and temperature-dependent solid material properties is employed to accurately capture convective heat transfer in the fluid domain and conductive heat diffusion in the solid domain. The analysis focuses on two honeycomb labyrinth seal (HLS) sections, the rotor and stator coupling interfaces, and the intermediate cavity, considering varying pressure ratios and rotational Reynolds numbers. Model reliability is confirmed through validation against published experimental and numerical benchmark data. Results reveal pronounced regional differences in heat transfer: the upstream HLS1 exhibits significantly higher heat transfer intensity than the downstream HLS2, with rotor-stator interface temperature rises of 4.14 % and 5.10 % in HLS1 compared to only 0.28 % and 0.43 % in HLS2 at a pressure ratio of 14.75. Local heat transfer coefficients show strong spatial fluctuations due to intensified turbulence and flow impingement. In the intermediate cavity, combined jet impingement and rotor-induced swirling flow generate a pronounced thermal boundary layer, with temperature variations reaching 21.33 % at <em>y</em> = 20 mm, while the left side shows only 1.33 %. The influence of rotation is more significant in HLS1 than in HLS2, leading to heterogeneous turbulence enhancement and heat transfer. Overall, this study quantitatively demonstrates localized and asymmetric heat transfer behaviors in multistage sealing systems, elucidating the coupled effects of pressure ratio and rotational motion, and providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing thermal management and structural design in high-efficiency turbine sealing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110699"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110696
Linfang Fang , Tao Yang , Qingyu Yang , Fuyong Su , Zhiping Yuan , Jun Shen
This paper presents a simulation-based investigation on the thermal behavior of an industrial-scale composite masonry ladle, incorporating with a conventional joint pattern. A three-dimensional model is developed to illustrate the impact of high-temperature loads, material discontinuities, and closed-end effects on the thermo-mechanical performance of the ladle. The study investigates the effects of thermal expansion and friction between masonry units influence stress distribution. The analysis of four joint configurations is fully analyzed, focusing on the open or closed states of both horizontal and vertical joints. The findings indicate that an increased friction coefficient changes the main region of shell deformation. The hoop compressive stress predominantly influences slag line safety, limiting the stress reduction achieved by horizontal joints. Staggered vertical joints along the ladle's circumference effectively mitigate hoop stress and reduce the risk of stress concentration and structural collapse. The microscopic model more accurately represents the thermodynamic behavior in the masonry structure by accounting for material discontinuities, thereby offering a significant theoretical foundation for the optimization of masonry design.
{"title":"Microscopic modeling of thermal coupling in composite refractory masonry ladle with different joint configurations","authors":"Linfang Fang , Tao Yang , Qingyu Yang , Fuyong Su , Zhiping Yuan , Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a simulation-based investigation on the thermal behavior of an industrial-scale composite masonry ladle, incorporating with a conventional joint pattern. A three-dimensional model is developed to illustrate the impact of high-temperature loads, material discontinuities, and closed-end effects on the thermo-mechanical performance of the ladle. The study investigates the effects of thermal expansion and friction between masonry units influence stress distribution. The analysis of four joint configurations is fully analyzed, focusing on the open or closed states of both horizontal and vertical joints. The findings indicate that an increased friction coefficient changes the main region of shell deformation. The hoop compressive stress predominantly influences slag line safety, limiting the stress reduction achieved by horizontal joints. Staggered vertical joints along the ladle's circumference effectively mitigate hoop stress and reduce the risk of stress concentration and structural collapse. The microscopic model more accurately represents the thermodynamic behavior in the masonry structure by accounting for material discontinuities, thereby offering a significant theoretical foundation for the optimization of masonry design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110696"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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