International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of a thermal management system for mining lithium-ion batteries in low-temperature environments","authors":"Qinghua Chen ,&nbsp;Xin Sun ,&nbsp;Song Cui ,&nbsp;Jiadong Ji ,&nbsp;Yin Hong ,&nbsp;Huaibei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the issue of lithium battery performance degradation and safety risks caused by low-temperature environments in open-pit mines, this study proposes and optimizes a new type of integrated thermal management system for liquid indirect preheating and insulation based on an S-shaped dual-channel parallel flow heating plate. With the goal of improving temperature uniformity and reducing system energy consumption, the flow velocity, inlet temperature, and insulation layer thickness were selected as design variables, and the <em>ΔT</em>_<em>max</em> and <em>ΔP</em> were selected as objective functions. A high-precision quadratic regression model between the objective function and design variables was constructed using Box-Behnken experimental design combined with response surface methodology. Based on this model, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was applied for multi-objective optimization to obtain the Pareto optimal solution set. Analysis of variance indicates: Flow velocity has a significant effect on both <em>ΔT</em>_<em>max</em> and <em>ΔP.</em> The inlet temperature significantly affects <em>ΔT</em>_<em>max</em> but has little effect on <em>ΔP</em>. The thickness of the insulation layer has a minor but significant effect on <em>ΔP</em>. Determine the optimal optimization point by comprehensively evaluating the power obtained from the fluid (<em>PEF</em>) and the distance from the ideal point. Compared with the initial design (<em>V</em> = 0.16 m/s, <em>T</em>_<em>i</em> = 25 °C, <em>H</em> = 5 mm), the optimized design (<em>V</em> = 0.138 m/s, <em>T</em>_<em>i</em> = 20 °C, <em>H</em> = 12.06 mm) reduced <em>ΔT</em>_<em>max</em> by 8.51 %, <em>ΔP</em> by 16.97 %, and <em>PEF</em> by 19.93 %. The results indicate that the designed thermal management system and its optimization method effectively enhance the temperature uniformity of mining lithium battery modules in low-temperature environments, while reducing system flow resistance and energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110616"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on directional emissivity measurement system based on finite detection solid angle analysis method","authors":"Zhiying Chen ,&nbsp;Yanlei Liu ,&nbsp;Longfei Li ,&nbsp;Zhihao Yuan ,&nbsp;Kun Yu ,&nbsp;Yufang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-precision directional emissivity data is a critical parameter for the optimization design and evaluation of thermal radiation characteristics. However, current emissivity measurement systems are limited by a finite detection solid angle and restricted spatial coverage, which hampers accurate characterization of materials over the full angular domain and thus undermines the reliability of thermal radiation property assessments. In this study, we present a systematic theoretical analysis coupled with experimental validation to quantify the impact of a finite detection solid angle on the accuracy of directional emissivity measurements. The results indicate that the error introduced by the finite detection solid angle can reach up to 12 % at large zenith angles. Building on this theoretical analysis, we developed a hemispherical directional emissivity measurement system with a controllable detection solid angle, and experimentally verified the influence of the detection solid angle on measurement accuracy. When the detection solid angle is kept below 3.14 × 10⁻⁴sr⁻¹, the system's measurement uncertainty remains under 1.3 %. This work provides critical technical support for applications such as thermal management, infrared stealth and spacecraft thermal control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110629"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophoretic transport of graphene nanoflakes on carbon nanotubes","authors":"Lujuan Li ,&nbsp;Qianqian Cao ,&nbsp;Zhanwei Sun ,&nbsp;Zhen Cao ,&nbsp;Wenbin Deng ,&nbsp;Hongli Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the thermophoretic motion of graphene nanoflakes on the outer surface of carbon nanotubes under a temperature gradient. Here we examine the effects of the geometry of nanoflakes with different aspect ratios and the CNT diameter on the thermophoresis. The analysis for interaction energy and potential energy indicates that the migration of flakes towards the cold end of the CNT is energetically favorable. The nanotube curvature can affect vibrational frequencies and amplitudes, which in turn couple with the motion of nanoflakes through momentum transfer. Furthermore, the helical lattice symmetry of the CNT induces rotational motion of the flakes. It was found that the thermophoretic ability of flakes on the CNT with smaller diameter is suppressed, particularly for high-aspect-ratio flakes, which exhibit unstable slippage similar to stick–slip phenomenon. Moreover, high-aspect-ratio flakes also experience significant fluctuations in thermophoretic velocity due to enhanced edge effect in combination with their conformational behaviors related to the nanotube curvature. These findings provide molecular-level insights into thermophoresis on curved surfaces, highlighting the role of the geometry of driven objects and vibrational characteristics in nanoscale transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110646"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost infrared cameras for assessing lumbar sympathetic blocks in complex regional pain syndrome: A preliminary study","authors":"Andrea Garcia-Tristan ,&nbsp;Lucia Carbonell-Jose ,&nbsp;Maite Bovaira ,&nbsp;Mar Cañada-Soriano ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Priego-Quesada","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the applicability of low-cost infrared thermography cameras for assessing lumbar sympathetic blocks (LSBs) in patients diagnosed with lower limb Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Skin temperature was monitored in 7 patients (8 LSBs) over 220 s following the injection of a local anesthetic (10 ml of 0.25 % levobupivacaine together with 80 mg of triamcinolone) aimed at inducing vasodilation in the affected foot. Two infrared cameras, FLIR E60 (high-performance) and HIKMICRO Mini-X (low-cost), and a black body calibrator (BX-500 IR) were used. For both feet, mean, maximum, and corrected mean skin temperatures (adjusted using the black body) were recorded. Based on these, variations (relative to baseline) and temperature asymmetries were calculated. In most cases, effect sizes between camera measurements were negligible or small. However, moderate effect sizes were found in some mid-test variation parameters (e.g., ES = 0.7 for mean skin temperature variation). Reliability between cameras was acceptable for most parameters (ICC&gt;0.40), and excellent for corrected mean temperature (ICC = 0.89) and asymmetry metrics (ICC&gt;0.83). In conclusion, low-cost infrared thermography cameras may be suitable for evaluating LSB performance when focusing on skin temperature asymmetry, and the use of a black body reference to correct mean temperature measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110627"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochasticity of single-cavity heterogeneous bubble growth in saturated pool boiling","authors":"Run-Sheng Qi,&nbsp;Ya-Nan Li,&nbsp;Zeng-Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heterogeneous bubble growth dynamics is a fundamental aspect of nucleate boiling. Attentions have focused more on the generality in the “typical” bubble cycle in most previous studies, but less on the stochasticity of the bubble growth process. In this study, successive heterogeneous bubble nucleation-growth-departure cycles from a fixed single cavity on a horizontal surface with the static contact angle of 59.5° in saturated nucleate pool boiling of deionized water are experimentally investigated, covering the wall superheat of 6.1–15.5 K and the system pressure of 18–99.2 kPa. Distinct stochasticity for both the growth time and the departure radius of the successive bubbles is manifested under the same system conditions, which is responsible for the discrepancies of the bubble growth coefficient under the classical theoretical framework. It is revealed that the instability of the surrounding fluid-thermal environment has a prominent influence on the stochasticity of the bubble growth coefficient, which is governed by the competition between the natural convection induced by the temperature difference and the rewetting convection induced by the bubble departure. The stochasticity of the bubble growth coefficient increases versus the Richardson Number, <em>Ri</em>, with a mutation occurring at about <em>Ri</em> = 10, while the stochasticity of the bubble departure radius closely depends on that of the bubble growth coefficient with a growing relevance versus the Jacob number. Furthermore, a method to predict the heterogeneous bubble growth is proposed in consideration of the effect of the stochasticity. This new insight captures the general characteristics of bubble growth through a dimensionless correlation, while the stochasticity is controlled in a separate dimensional correlation involving only the departure parameters. Within the Jacob number range of 18.9–141.4, the dimensionless correlation demonstrates good overall performance, with the deviations from experiments remaining low at a MAPE of 1.72–3.88 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centrifugal-buoyancy instability on transient fluid flow and energy distribution through a strongly bent rectangular channel","authors":"Selim Hussen ,&nbsp;Ratan Kumar Chanda ,&nbsp;Sanjit Kumar Paul ,&nbsp;Rabindra Nath Mondal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically investigates the buoyancy effect and centrifugal influence on the onset of secondary vortex generation in non-isothermal flow through a strongly bent rectangular channel with an aspect ratio of 2. The channel is such that the bottom wall is heated while cooling from the top; the vertical sidewalls are adiabatic. Using a spectral approach for the dimensionless parameters, the buoyancy force (the Grashof number, <span><math><mrow><mrow><mspace></mspace><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1000</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, centrifugal force <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mtext>curvature</mtext><mo>,</mo><mi>δ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.5</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, Prandtl number (<span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>Pr</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>7.0</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>for</mtext><mspace></mspace><mtext>water</mtext></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and an assortment of pressure gradient parameters, the Dean number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>D</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1500</mn></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, a linearly unstable steady branch comprising a symmetric 2-vortex solution is obtained. The non-linear features of the transient flow are examined by considering the time advancement analysis of the resistance coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow></math></span>) and the Nusselt number (<span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>. The analysis reveals an asymmetric solution of unsteady flow caused by the strong centrifugal force. A 2- to 4-vortex of multi-periodic state and a 2- to 6-vortex of chaotic flow phenomena are observed, where the solution structure is affirmed with the phase space and the power spectrum analysis. The study also compares the results with the slight curvature <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>δ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.001</mn></mrow></math></span>) flow with comparatively low buoyancy force (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>500</mn></mrow></math></span>) on the vortex structure. Finally, energy distribution from the heated wall to the fluid is investigated through <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span> and the time average of <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>. The chaotic phenomena are explored to regulate heat transfer due to the strong flow at higher Dean numbers. TECPLOT 360 is used for flow visualization, and CODE BLOCK is utilized for simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and solidification heat transfer experimental analysis in twin-roll strip casting of copper alloys","authors":"Jiaqi Yu ,&nbsp;Zhenlei Li ,&nbsp;Yansheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenyan Leng ,&nbsp;Dong Chen ,&nbsp;Xueqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Guodong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the twin-roll strip casting process, high-temperature molten metal solidifies upon contact with casting rolls, leading to complex heat transfer during solidification. However, few studies have simultaneously addressed the solidification heat transfer and wettability of copper alloys. This study experimentally investigates the interfacial heat transfer behavior of the Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy under varying coating thickness and surface roughness. Temperature evolution profiles were obtained to characterize heat transfer performance under different substrate conditions. Numerical simulations were further employed to validate the experimental temperature curves and to further examine the wettability and spreading behavior of copper alloy droplets during solidification on metal substrates, confirming the robustness of the computational model. The results indicate that the copper substrate, due to its high thermal conductivity, exhibits faster heating and cooling rates and maintains lower temperatures compared to a steel substrate. Increasing the coating thickness reduces heat transfer efficiency, however, the combined effects of interfacial thermal resistance and coating thermal resistance diminish the marginal gains in thermal insulation. Furthermore, increasing substrate surface roughness impedes liquid alloy flow due to microscale asperities, promoting the formation of localized eddy currents and stagnation zones that enhance heat accumulation and localized heat transfer to the substrate. Simulations further reveal that the number of secondary droplets formed during splashing is lower on steel substrates than on copper substrates, and the droplet spreading distance increases with impact velocity within the range of 0∼0.3 m/s. These findings provide valuable insights into the heat transfer and solidification mechanisms of copper alloys during twin-roll strip casting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110625"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the interaction mechanism between pyrolysis combustion reaction and shock wave in transpiration cooling","authors":"Jiayue Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuyang Bian ,&nbsp;Xue Liu ,&nbsp;Weixing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transpiration cooling using fuel is vital for scramjet combustor thermal protection and payload enhancement. However, the interaction between fuel pyrolysis combustion and shock waves is a complex and important subject worthy of study. This paper establishes a transpiration cooling model integrated with pyrolysis combustion reaction under the action of shock waves, and the influence of different shock wave incident intensity on the thermal protection/drag reduction effect of transpiration cooling is explored. The results indicate that pyrolysis combustion reaction reduces the ability of transpiration coolant film to resist shock wave interference to boundary layer; when pyrolysis combustion is considered, both the width and thickness of the turbulent boundary layer increase during shock wave impingement. Additionally, pyrolysis combustion reaction can oppose the impact of shock wave-induced unstable distribution of shear stress, thus contributing to the reduction of thrust loss in combustion chamber. Given the growth of the shock wave intensity, the flow deflection of coolant becomes more pronounced, and both the width of the local high-temperature region and the temperature peak value increase. These findings provide insights for the structural optimization of engine transpiration cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110615"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the 4 K thermal conductivity of epoxy composites for fusion magnets","authors":"Hu Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Fang ,&nbsp;Zhengbao Yu ,&nbsp;Jin Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Wei ,&nbsp;Weihua Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaowu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In magnetically confined nuclear fusion devices, cryogenic superconducting magnets operating at 4 K require epoxy composites as an adhesive with thermal conductivity matching that of the mechanical materials, 316LN stainless steel, at this temperature. This study investigated the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites at 4 K through experiments and finite element method (FEM). For discrete-filler epoxy composites (DFECs), the effects of filler thermal conductivity (<em>k</em>_f), filler volume fraction (<em>φ</em>_f), filler shape, and contact thermal conductance (<em>K</em>_con) were analyzed, revealing that their 4 K thermal conductivity remains limited to approximately 10⁻² W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. Further analysis from heat transfer and solid-state physics perspectives indicates that a continuous filler network is essential for matching the thermal conductivity of 316LN. Subsequently, a continuous filler epoxy composites (CFECs) incorporating copper foam as the filler was developed. Experimental characterization and finite element modeling based on its porous skeleton demonstrate that when the filler content is ≤ 30 vol%, the thermal conductivity at 4 K can reach 10⁰–10² W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. Moreover, when the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the filler is extremely high, the overall thermal conductivity becomes less sensitive to the continuity level. Finally, considering engineering application, a quasi-continuous filler strategy is proposed, which potentially enables the thermal conductivity of epoxy composites matching with 316LN at 4 K using a filler below 10 vol%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-performance and high-reliability Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes enabled by double-side packaging integrated with microchannel cooling","authors":"Jiajun Zhou ,&nbsp;Xin Feng ,&nbsp;Weihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Dong ,&nbsp;Xianhe Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihong Liu ,&nbsp;Hong Zhou ,&nbsp;Yue Hao ,&nbsp;Jincheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor Ga₂O₃ Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) have emerged as a leading candidate for next-generation power electronics owing to its low on resistance, ultrahigh critical breakdown electric field and superior Baliga's figure of merit (BFOM). However, it suffers from severe self-heating due to ultralow thermal conductivity, which limits power density and reliability. Hence, an active thermal management strategy is proposed by integrating double-side packaging with microchannel cooling. Experimental results demonstrate a 66.6 % reduction in junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (R_j-a) from 39.8 K/W to 13.3 K/W and a maximum junction temperature drop of 58 %, achieving a low temperature of 88.6 °C at 4.5 W power dissipation. Electrically, the device exhibits a higher operating current of 1025.4 mA with 19.8 % enhancement at 3 V and a lower specific on-resistance (R_on) of 3.50 mΩ cm² with at least 12.1 % decrease, in comparison with the conventional bottom-side packaged SBD under natural convection cooling. Under prolonged on-state electrical stress testing at 2 V bias, the current exhibited merely 7.3 % degradation over 6000 s. The synergy of the proposed double-side packaging and optimized microchannel cooling shortens thermal pathway and suppresses hotspot formation, providing a critical solution for high-power-density electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}