Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.6
Michał Niewiadomski, A. Niemczyk, Paweł Zamora
Services constitute an important part of the economy. From an economic development standpoint, one of the most meaningful groups is high technology services. This study diagnoses changes of turnover in services structure. The spatial scope covers Central and Eastern European countries, the time range — the years 2015–2021. The article is theoretical and analytical in nature. Research methods typical for this type of studies were used: critical literature of the subject analysis and investigation of published empirical secondary data conducted with decision tree method.
{"title":"Service turnover structures in selected Central European countries between 2015–2021: An analysis","authors":"Michał Niewiadomski, A. Niemczyk, Paweł Zamora","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Services constitute an important part of the economy. From an economic development standpoint, one of the most meaningful groups is high technology services. This study diagnoses changes of turnover in services structure. The spatial scope covers Central and Eastern European countries, the time range — the years 2015–2021. The article is theoretical and analytical in nature. Research methods typical for this type of studies were used: critical literature of the subject analysis and investigation of published empirical secondary data conducted with decision tree method.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77446089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.8
Aleksandra Sztuk
The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked an unprecedented crisis in the globalized, modern economy. Cities actively promoting their image faced the challenge of maintaining a positive perception of the place and modifying their offers due to massive coronavirus infections. As a time of gradual stabilization, the post-pandemic period requires cities to introduce or continue appropriate changes in their marketing strategy to ensure competitiveness to the effects of the pandemic. This paper aims to present selected changes in the city offers addressed to residents and tourists during the pandemic and to determine how these changes may affect the city’s image as one of the factors of competitiveness. A review of literature and research published in the years 2021–2022 was used, presenting solutions implemented by cities to maintain a positive image, demand, and stakeholder satisfaction. Examples of changes applied by territorial units are described from the perspective of two primary target groups of the cities: residents and tourists. Based on the analyzed secondary data, the author notes an increase in the interest of local communities in nearby tourist destinations and the need to transform marketing messages that encourage residents to engage in local tourism. Among some of the city’s recipients there was also more attention given to the use of coworking spaces. Also, a positive impact of temporary urban planning on community participation in urban marketing was observed. Referring to the literature related to the city image, these changes can directly affect the competitiveness of cities and support the gradual economic recovery after the crisis caused by the global pandemic.
{"title":"Competitiveness of cities in the post-pandemic time: The perspectives of residents and tourists","authors":"Aleksandra Sztuk","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked an unprecedented crisis in the globalized, modern economy. Cities actively promoting their image faced the challenge of maintaining a positive perception of the place and modifying their offers due to massive coronavirus infections. As a time of gradual stabilization, the post-pandemic period requires cities to introduce or continue appropriate changes in their marketing strategy to ensure competitiveness to the effects of the pandemic. This paper aims to present selected changes in the city offers addressed to residents and tourists during the pandemic and to determine how these changes may affect the city’s image as one of the factors of competitiveness. A review of literature and research published in the years 2021–2022 was used, presenting solutions implemented by cities to maintain a positive image, demand, and stakeholder satisfaction. Examples of changes applied by territorial units are described from the perspective of two primary target groups of the cities: residents and tourists. Based on the analyzed secondary data, the author notes an increase in the interest of local communities in nearby tourist destinations and the need to transform marketing messages that encourage residents to engage in local tourism. Among some of the city’s recipients there was also more attention given to the use of coworking spaces. Also, a positive impact of temporary urban planning on community participation in urban marketing was observed. Referring to the literature related to the city image, these changes can directly affect the competitiveness of cities and support the gradual economic recovery after the crisis caused by the global pandemic.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83124341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.3
Krzysztof Mroziewicz
The present article discusses the effectiveness of the decision-making body of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Open Market Committee, or FOMC for short) in the context of management. It focuses on the size of the FOMC as a group larger than the optimum of the group’s effectiveness (depending on the study, the optimum size of the group should be three to eight or five to seven people). The article also discusses the potential negative consequences of too large a group and ways to improve group decisions. The last part of the paper includes an explanation of the decision-making structural composition, and thus partially answers the question of why the FOMC consists of seventeen members, and its decision-making composition of twelve.
{"title":"Too big, too small: Why the size of the FOMC does matter","authors":"Krzysztof Mroziewicz","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The present article discusses the effectiveness of the decision-making body of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Open Market Committee, or FOMC for short) in the context of management. It focuses on the size of the FOMC as a group larger than the optimum of the group’s effectiveness (depending on the study, the optimum size of the group should be three to eight or five to seven people). The article also discusses the potential negative consequences of too large a group and ways to improve group decisions. The last part of the paper includes an explanation of the decision-making structural composition, and thus partially answers the question of why the FOMC consists of seventeen members, and its decision-making composition of twelve.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74020360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.2
A. Wicka, L. Wicki
Along with the growing wealth of society, the demand for insurance, including health insurance, increases. In recent years, there has been significant interest in insurance products which guarantee access to private healthcare facilities. The waiting time for an appointment with a specialist is shorter than in public institutions, and such insurance offers quick diagnostics and high-quality services. The study aimed to determine the level and differentiation of health insurance expenditure in various types of households and its share in total insurance expenses. From 2006 to 2020, as shown by statistics, the highest expenditure on health insurance was recorded in the households of non-manual workers (PLN 19.72 per person per year on average) and the lowest — in farmers’ families (8.85 per person per year on average). The indicator of the diversification of insurance expenditure structures for the surveyed households calculated for 2020 showed that farmers’ households had a significantly different (various) structure of expenditure on insurance than that observed in other types of households (total vpq = 0.96).
{"title":"Differentiation of expenditure on health and life insurance in households in 2006–2020","authors":"A. Wicka, L. Wicki","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Along with the growing wealth of society, the demand for insurance, including health insurance, increases. In recent years, there has been significant interest in insurance products which guarantee access to private healthcare facilities. The waiting time for an appointment with a specialist is shorter than in public institutions, and such insurance offers quick diagnostics and high-quality services. \u0000The study aimed to determine the level and differentiation of health insurance expenditure in various types of households and its share in total insurance expenses. From 2006 to 2020, as shown by statistics, the highest expenditure on health insurance was recorded in the households of non-manual workers (PLN 19.72 per person per year on average) and the lowest — in farmers’ families (8.85 per person per year on average). The indicator of the diversification of insurance expenditure structures for the surveyed households calculated for 2020 showed that farmers’ households had a significantly different (various) structure of expenditure on insurance than that observed in other types of households (total vpq = 0.96).","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87056171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.2
Alexander Lucian Drossart-Demond
The present paper deals with optimum currency areas (OCA). Its main goal is to give a synthesis of the central research areas in this field and provide a link to the real-life example of the European Monetary Union (EMU). Overall, the paper will possibly uncover potential areas for further research, and thus may be able to serve other researchers. The article illustrates the original OCA theory by Robert Mundell and further important research built upon it. The OCA criteria resulting from the foregoing research are then placed aside the actual Maastricht criteria set up by the European Union, necessary to fulfil for joining the eurozone. The question of whether these criteria are even necessary is examined alongside the topic of endogeneity, which is a relatively new field of research in the OCA field. Lastly, the pros and cons of joining a single currency area are analyzed, before the author provides suggestions for potential future research.
{"title":"Optimum currency areas: State of research, the European Monetary Union","authors":"Alexander Lucian Drossart-Demond","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with optimum currency areas (OCA). Its main goal is to give a synthesis of the central research areas in this field and provide a link to the real-life example of the European Monetary Union (EMU). Overall, the paper will possibly uncover potential areas for further research, and thus may be able to serve other researchers. The article illustrates the original OCA theory by Robert Mundell and further important research built upon it. The OCA criteria resulting from the foregoing research are then placed aside the actual Maastricht criteria set up by the European Union, necessary to fulfil for joining the eurozone. The question of whether these criteria are even necessary is examined alongside the topic of endogeneity, which is a relatively new field of research in the OCA field. Lastly, the pros and cons of joining a single currency area are analyzed, before the author provides suggestions for potential future research.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76733008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.5
E. Ropuszyńska-Surma, M. Węglarz, Piotr Kubiński
The aim of this paper is two-fold. It focuses on the identification of crucial elements of the business model for the development of start-ups and for their potential to create innovation, as well as the influence of network cooperation on the components of their business model. The canvas model is used to illustrate the research outputs. Additionally, the research aimed at identifying what start-ups expect from the networks in which they exist (e.g., technological parks) in terms of creating appropriate conditions supporting innovations. The study was done using three expert panels in which 28 start-ups participated. The research and its results are qualitative and are presented as a case study. The research was conducted by the authors in 2019 and concerns start-ups participating in cooperation networks, but its results could be interesting not only for start-ups, but also for everyone interested in the issues of cooperation between various entities and its potential to stimulate innovation.
{"title":"The role of networking in building a start-up business model","authors":"E. Ropuszyńska-Surma, M. Węglarz, Piotr Kubiński","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is two-fold. It focuses on the identification of crucial elements of the business model for the development of start-ups and for their potential to create innovation, as well as the influence of network cooperation on the components of their business model. The canvas model is used to illustrate the research outputs. Additionally, the research aimed at identifying what start-ups expect from the networks in which they exist (e.g., technological parks) in terms of creating appropriate conditions supporting innovations. The study was done using three expert panels in which 28 start-ups participated. The research and its results are qualitative and are presented as a case study. The research was conducted by the authors in 2019 and concerns start-ups participating in cooperation networks, but its results could be interesting not only for start-ups, but also for everyone interested in the issues of cooperation between various entities and its potential to stimulate innovation.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"6 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76070371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.4
Iwona Czerska
The article aims to present the concept of value-based medicine (VBM) in the Polish health care system. The author reviewed the literature on the subject and formulated a research problem and two research questions to solve it. The issue of considering is health programs of the National Health Fund based on value. The author used professional scientific databases: Taylor & Francis online, PubMed, and Google Scholar to collect the bibliography. The literature on the subject covers mainly the years 2020–2022. First, the author presented the study’s theoretical framework by defining the EBM and VBM concepts, discussing the three main pillars of VBM, and highlighting its value limitations. Next, the author referred to the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on global health systems. The author characterized the current state of the health care system in Poland and listed its prospects for the post-pandemic future. Finally, the author presented three selected health programs based on the VBM model implemented in Polish healthcare: comprehensive coordinated care after myocardial infarction (KOS‑Zawał), POZ PLUS model, and comprehensive treatment of chronic wounds (KLRP-1 and KLRP-2). Of course, the discussed programs require further improvement and modification and may constitute the basis for developing other, new value-based programs. The value-based medicine model can complement the three branches of medicine — evidence-based, narrative, and integrative. Including these elements in the VBM model could benefit the entire health system, primarily medical staff and patients.
本文旨在介绍波兰卫生保健系统中基于价值的医学(VBM)的概念。笔者对相关文献进行了梳理，并提出了一个研究问题和两个研究问题。考虑的问题是基于国家卫生基金的卫生项目价值。作者使用专业的科学数据库:Taylor & Francis online、PubMed、Google Scholar收集文献。关于这一主题的文献主要涵盖2020-2022年。首先，作者通过定义实证医学和实证医学概念，讨论实证医学的三大支柱，并强调其价值局限性，提出了本研究的理论框架。接下来，作者提到了冠状病毒大流行及其对全球卫生系统的影响。作者描述了波兰卫生保健系统的现状，并列出了大流行后的前景。最后，作者提出了三个基于波兰医疗保健中实施的VBM模型的健康方案:心肌梗死后综合协调护理(KOS - zawaov)， POZ PLUS模型和慢性伤口综合治疗(KLRP-1和KLRP-2)。当然，所讨论的程序需要进一步改进和修改，并可能构成开发其他新的基于价值的程序的基础。以价值为基础的医学模式可以补充医学的三个分支——循证医学、叙事医学和综合医学。将这些因素纳入VBM模型可以使整个卫生系统受益，主要是医务人员和患者。
{"title":"Value-based medicine as an opportunity for the Polish health care system in a post-pandemic reality on the example of selected health programs","authors":"Iwona Czerska","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to present the concept of value-based medicine (VBM) in the Polish health care system. The author reviewed the literature on the subject and formulated a research problem and two research questions to solve it. The issue of considering is health programs of the National Health Fund based on value. The author used professional scientific databases: Taylor & Francis online, PubMed, and Google Scholar to collect the bibliography. The literature on the subject covers mainly the years 2020–2022. First, the author presented the study’s theoretical framework by defining the EBM and VBM concepts, discussing the three main pillars of VBM, and highlighting its value limitations. Next, the author referred to the coronavirus pandemic and its impact on global health systems. The author characterized the current state of the health care system in Poland and listed its prospects for the post-pandemic future. Finally, the author presented three selected health programs based on the VBM model implemented in Polish healthcare: comprehensive coordinated care after myocardial infarction (KOS‑Zawał), POZ PLUS model, and comprehensive treatment of chronic wounds (KLRP-1 and KLRP-2). Of course, the discussed programs require further improvement and modification and may constitute the basis for developing other, new value-based programs. The value-based medicine model can complement the three branches of medicine — evidence-based, narrative, and integrative. Including these elements in the VBM model could benefit the entire health system, primarily medical staff and patients.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90946979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.3
B. Borusiak, B. Kucharska
The aim of the study is to examine the intention to engage in charity retailing using the norm activation model which has been widely used to predict people’s altruistic and pro-social behavior (De Groot and Steg, 2009, 425–449). Pro-social behavior refers to a person’s action that is intended to help other people and consists of a broad range of helping, sharing, and cooperating behaviors. Three forms of engagement in charity retailing were taken into account: buying at a charity shop, volunteering in a charity store, and donating. The current study was conducted in 2019 using the CAWI method on 766 Polish students coming from 16 universities; for data analysis, SEM was applied. We tested two variants of the model. In the first one we connected personal norm, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility with the context of the natural environment protection, whereas in the second the same variables were connected with helping people in general. The findings show that the norm activation model may be applied as a mediator model for explaining intention to engage in shop charity. Both tested models were positively verified — all relations but one were proven to be statistically significant. The only relation which turned out to be statistically insignificant was the relation between awareness of consequences and personal norm. The results show that environmental context increased the strength of the relations between the analyzed variables.
本研究的目的是使用规范激活模型来检验从事慈善零售的意愿，该模型已被广泛用于预测人们的利他主义和亲社会行为(De Groot and Steg, 2009, 425-449)。亲社会行为是指一个人旨在帮助他人的行为，包括广泛的帮助、分享和合作行为。慈善零售的三种参与形式被考虑在内:在慈善商店购物、在慈善商店做志愿者和捐赠。目前的研究是在2019年使用CAWI方法对来自16所大学的766名波兰学生进行的;数据分析采用扫描电镜。我们测试了该模型的两种变体。在第一个实验中，我们将个人规范、后果意识和责任归属与自然环境保护联系起来，而在第二个实验中，同样的变量与帮助人们联系在一起。研究结果表明，规范激活模型可以作为解释商店慈善意向的中介模型。两种被测试的模型都得到了正验证——除了一种关系外，所有关系都被证明具有统计显著性。唯一在统计上不显著的关系是后果意识和个人规范之间的关系。结果表明，环境背景增加了被分析变量之间关系的强度。
{"title":"Pro-environmental or pro-social: Which motivation is stronger in the case of charity retailing engagement?","authors":"B. Borusiak, B. Kucharska","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to examine the intention to engage in charity retailing using the norm activation model which has been widely used to predict people’s altruistic and pro-social behavior (De Groot and Steg, 2009, 425–449). Pro-social behavior refers to a person’s action that is intended to help other people and consists of a broad range of helping, sharing, and cooperating behaviors. Three forms of engagement in charity retailing were taken into account: buying at a charity shop, volunteering in a charity store, and donating. The current study was conducted in 2019 using the CAWI method on 766 Polish students coming from 16 universities; for data analysis, SEM was applied. We tested two variants of the model. In the first one we connected personal norm, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility with the context of the natural environment protection, whereas in the second the same variables were connected with helping people in general. The findings show that the norm activation model may be applied as a mediator model for explaining intention to engage in shop charity. Both tested models were positively verified — all relations but one were proven to be statistically significant. The only relation which turned out to be statistically insignificant was the relation between awareness of consequences and personal norm. The results show that environmental context increased the strength of the relations between the analyzed variables.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.4.8
Teresa Janicka-Michalak
Aktywność marketingowa apteki ogólnodostępnej stanowi istotny aspekt prowadzonej działalności rynkowej, albowiem wpływa w sposób bezpośredni i pośredni na realizację jej celów komercyjnych. Złożoność marketingu powoduje, że organ prowadzący aptekę może w różny sposób stosować instrumenty marketingowe i podejmować różne rodzaje aktywności w ramach prowadzonej działalności operacyjnej. Zakres zastosowania marketingu oraz rodzaje podejmowanych aktywności wymuszają przyjęcie określonego sposobu postępowania, zorientowanego na maksymalizację efektywności wariantu działania, czyli wybór określonej orientacji aktywności. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia rodzaje orientacji aktywności aptek ogólnodostępnych, czyli podmiotów świadczących według polskiego ustawodawcy usługi farmaceutyczne w ramach systemu ochrony zdrowia publicznego. Wybór i przyjęcie jednego, konkretnego rodzaju orientacji aktywności pozwolą określić zakres i sposoby realizacji celów komercyjnych i celów społecznych. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja rodzaju orientacji aktywności możliwej do przyjęcia przez aptekę ogólnodostępną i wskazanie dominującego rodzaju orientacji na aptecznym rynku farmaceutycznym. Realizacja przyjętych założeń została oparta na metodzie ankietowej i zmodyfikowanym indeksie rozumienia i stosowania marketingu, metodzie analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa, metodzie analizy aktów prawnych oraz metodzie badania dokumentów.
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Pub Date : 2023-02-16DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.4.5
Mateusz Grajek, M. Grot, Maria Kujawińska, Weronika Gwioździk, Paulina Helisz, Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
Okres okołoporodowy stanowi wyzwanie o charakterze fizjologiczno-psychologicznym w życiu kobiety ciężarnej oraz przyszłej mamy, przez co wymaga szczególnej opieki interdyscyplinarnej. Trzyletnia pandemia wirusa SARS-CoV-2 przyczyniła się do redefinicji wielu obszarów sektora zdrowia publicznego i wywołała zmiany psychofizyczne. Choroba COVID-19 rozpowszechniona na skalę globalną nasiliła progresję zaburzeń psychicznych, szczególnie z uwzględnieniem dysfunkcyjnej relacji w sposobie żywienia predysponującej do braku kontroli, nadmiernego ograniczania spożywanych posiłków oraz jedzenia emocjonalnego, wywołała przy tym zaburzenia odżywiania ukierunkowane na otyłość, zespół kompulsywnego objadania się, pregoreksję. Cel podjętej pracy dotyczył analizy postrzeganego obrazu ciała przez kobiety po ciąży zakończonej porodem. Analiza była ukierunkowana na występowanie u nich ewentualnych zaburzeń w odżywianiu. Narzędzie metodologiczne stanowiły kwestionariusze TFEQ-13 oraz SCOFF wraz z metryczką i analizą jakościową sposobu żywienia kobiet (do roku od porodu). Do badania zakwalifikowano 288 kobiet w przedziale wiekowym 20–45 lat. Wyliczony pomiar antropometryczny uwzględniający wskaźnik masy ciała w postaci kategoryzacji wskaźnika jako norma stanowił przewagę (66,7%). Przyrost masy ciała z okresu przed ciążą i po porodzie mieścił się w średniej wartości 3,5 kilogramów. Aspekt postrzegania ciała przez kobiety wskazywał na brak poczucia zadowolenia z jego obrazu (69%). Równocześnie połowa badanych cechowała się świadomością dotyczącą zmian w wyglądzie zewnętrznym z pozytywnym postrzeganiem obrazu ciała. Natomiast nacechowana negatywnie subiektywna ocena dotyczyła mniejszego odsetka kobiet (22%). Ponadto, w przypadku postrzegania masy ciała wobec rodzaju zastosowanej metody karmienia dziecka zostały zaobserwowane istotne różnice (p = 0,03). Dodatkowo niezadowolenie z masy ciała predysponowało do uzyskania wyższego wyniku w skali SCOFF, świadczącego o ryzyku pojawienia się zaburzeń odżywiania (46%; p = 0,001) wraz ze wzrostem BMI — wskaźnika masy ciała. Zaobserwowano istotną dodatnią zależność pomiędzy ograniczeniem spożywanych posiłków a wyższym parametrem BMI wraz z niezadowoleniem z masy ciała wśród kobiet z nadwagą lub prawidłową masą ciała oraz aktywnych fizycznie w okresie prekoncepcyjnym. Kobiety cechował znacznie częściej brak kontroli nad jedzeniem w okresie okołoporodowym (według kwestionariusza TFEQ-13). Reasumując: zachowania ukierunkowane na ograniczenie jedzenia i brak kontroli nad jedzeniem oraz emocjonalne spożywanie posiłków w grupie badanych kobiet przekładały się na negatywny obraz postrzeganego ciała w postaci niezadowolenia z masy ciała. Kobiety z nadwagą i otyłością predysponowały do progresji zaburzeń odżywiania w postaci pregoreksji. Element terapeutyczno-prewencyjny w postaci edukacji żywieniowej jest kluczowy, gdyż powszechnie występujące błędy w sposobie żywienia i suplementacji wiążą się z wyższym ryzykiem zaburzeń odżywiania.
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