Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.3
Julitta Koćwin
The purpose of the article was to present the basic reasons for the lack of interest in the government pension scheme — the Employee Capital Plans, and to draw attention to the question of its profitability for future pensioners. The article sought to answer the question of what is the public’s familiarity with the assumptions of this program and why is there so little interest in participating in it. To this end, attention was paid to the main obstacles undermining confidence in this program.
{"title":"The losing streak of Employee Capital Plans in the pension fund market","authors":"Julitta Koćwin","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article was to present the basic reasons for the lack of interest in the government pension scheme — the Employee Capital Plans, and to draw attention to the question of its profitability for future pensioners. The article sought to answer the question of what is the public’s familiarity with the assumptions of this program and why is there so little interest in participating in it. To this end, attention was paid to the main obstacles undermining confidence in this program.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84233298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.4
W. Nowak
The aim of the paper is to identify scale of and trends in elderly employment in the twenty seven European Union countries and to show determinants of employment in the context of active aging and overcoming poverty. The paper is based on the analysis of empirical data and a critical review of literature. Empirical data for the study are the secondary data retrieved from Eurostat, ILOSTAT and national statistics. The employment rate of people 65 years of age and older has tended to increase in the EU-27 over the period from 2011 to 2021. However, the elderly’s income situation has worsened. In a few countries that recorded a rapid growth of elderly employment, older workers continue to work in order to increase their current income. People 65+ were generally continuing to work based on a voluntary choice than a necessity to earn additional income in most of the richest EU-27 countries. Older European workers are more likely to be employees and own-account workers. At the aggregate EU-27 level, agriculture, forestry and fishing stopped to be the largest employer of people aged 65 years and more in 2021. Older EU workers have been more frequently engaged in human health and social work activities.
{"title":"Elderly employment in the European Union: Active aging or overcoming poverty?","authors":"W. Nowak","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to identify scale of and trends in elderly employment in the twenty seven European Union countries and to show determinants of employment in the context of active aging and overcoming poverty. The paper is based on the analysis of empirical data and a critical review of literature. Empirical data for the study are the secondary data retrieved from Eurostat, ILOSTAT and national statistics. The employment rate of people 65 years of age and older has tended to increase in the EU-27 over the period from 2011 to 2021. However, the elderly’s income situation has worsened. In a few countries that recorded a rapid growth of elderly employment, older workers continue to work in order to increase their current income. People 65+ were generally continuing to work based on a voluntary choice than a necessity to earn additional income in most of the richest EU-27 countries. Older European workers are more likely to be employees and own-account workers. At the aggregate EU-27 level, agriculture, forestry and fishing stopped to be the largest employer of people aged 65 years and more in 2021. Older EU workers have been more frequently engaged in human health and social work activities.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78503695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.2
I. Olejnik, M. Stefańska
Consumer attitudes and behaviors aimed at financial security at old age are determined by many factors. They include the perception of old age and expectations towards this period of life. The research and considerations presented in this paper were inspired by the introduction of Employee Capital Plans in 2019. They are a new institution on the Polish pension market allowing employees to save to achieve financial security at an old age. The purpose of the paper is to identify whether and how the perception of old age affects behavior related to additional saving in Employee Capital Plans (ECP). The paper presents the results of own quantitative research conducted with the use of the CAWI method in 2021. The survey was performed among 148 employees of Poznań University of Economics and Business (PUEB). The conducted research shows that the hypothesis about the influence of the perception of old age on decisions regarding saving in employee capital plans should be rejected.
{"title":"Perception of old age versus saving in Employee Capital Plans","authors":"I. Olejnik, M. Stefańska","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer attitudes and behaviors aimed at financial security at old age are determined by many factors. They include the perception of old age and expectations towards this period of life. The research and considerations presented in this paper were inspired by the introduction of Employee Capital Plans in 2019. They are a new institution on the Polish pension market allowing employees to save to achieve financial security at an old age. \u0000The purpose of the paper is to identify whether and how the perception of old age affects behavior related to additional saving in Employee Capital Plans (ECP). The paper presents the results of own quantitative research conducted with the use of the CAWI method in 2021. The survey was performed among 148 employees of Poznań University of Economics and Business (PUEB). The conducted research shows that the hypothesis about the influence of the perception of old age on decisions regarding saving in employee capital plans should be rejected.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"13 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88876714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.1
Adam Barembruch, Kamila Bielawska
In recent decades, an increased effort to increase private retirement savings can be observed, especially in countries where public pensions have been the main source of livelihood during retirement. To increase participation in occupational as well as individual pension plans, states often use financial incentives (personal income tax reductions, preferential tax rates, subsidies). However, experience from studies in various countries shows that these incentives may not be efficient and/or attract mainly high earners. Mobilizing Poles to save for retirement in light of the paradigm shift in pension security in Poland caused by the 1999 reform has proven to be a major challenge. Given the mediocre development of the private pension plan market, a new type of workplace pension plans based on automatic enrollment called Employee Capital Plans (ECP) began to be implemented in 2019. However, despite the plan’s favorable funding mechanism, especially from the perspective of low- and middle-income earners, participation remains low. In the article, we argue that a change in the manner in which program participants are being reported their earned rates of return could increase interest in ECP participation. Following the investment performance of 60 FZDs, operating within the framework of ECP in Poland, we show that the total returns presented by the managers of FZDs and Polish FSA are lower than the returns measured from the perspective of participant contributions using the IRR method. Significantly higher results are also achieved by those with low earnings, who can make reduced contributions to ECP. Thus, we recommend the introduction of a standard for the presentation of ECP investment results from the participant’s point of view, taking into account the ECP financing mechanism.
{"title":"Employee Capital Plans performance through the lens of the participant — how to (better) measure and inform about the returns","authors":"Adam Barembruch, Kamila Bielawska","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, an increased effort to increase private retirement savings can be observed, especially in countries where public pensions have been the main source of livelihood during retirement. To increase participation in occupational as well as individual pension plans, states often use financial incentives (personal income tax reductions, preferential tax rates, subsidies). However, experience from studies in various countries shows that these incentives may not be efficient and/or attract mainly high earners. Mobilizing Poles to save for retirement in light of the paradigm shift in pension security in Poland caused by the 1999 reform has proven to be a major challenge. Given the mediocre development of the private pension plan market, a new type of workplace pension plans based on automatic enrollment called Employee Capital Plans (ECP) began to be implemented in 2019. However, despite the plan’s favorable funding mechanism, especially from the perspective of low- and middle-income earners, participation remains low. In the article, we argue that a change in the manner in which program participants are being reported their earned rates of return could increase interest in ECP participation. Following the investment performance of 60 FZDs, operating within the framework of ECP in Poland, we show that the total returns presented by the managers of FZDs and Polish FSA are lower than the returns measured from the perspective of participant contributions using the IRR method. Significantly higher results are also achieved by those with low earnings, who can make reduced contributions to ECP. Thus, we recommend the introduction of a standard for the presentation of ECP investment results from the participant’s point of view, taking into account the ECP financing mechanism.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89213317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.6
Mariusz Dybał
The aim of the paper is to explain and to understand the processes of public services delivery from the perspective of social innovation. Concepts of co-creation and social innovation were elaborated on the basis of one of ProPoLab’s milestones: Design Thinking Workshops. Hence the research object are the residents (mostly seniors) of the district of Popowice, while the quality of life of seniors is its subject. The main research goals were firstly to identify needs of residents in relations to public services, and secondly to design a socially innovative solution that will increase the quality of life of seniors. To achieve these goals, the following research tasks have been set: (a) identifying the needs of seniors, (b) identifying which of those needs are being met locally and which are not, (c) to identify what are the relations between neighbors and the attitude towards cooperation, (d) identifying how the needs of seniors could be met. The research mainly covers the period of 2018–2019. Following research methods have been used: analysis of scientific literature and normative documents, design thinking methodology, comparative analysis and statistical analysis. Utilizing design thinking methodology helped to reveal that the problem of communication between residents can be solved by creating a small, accessibly located community/activity center in their housing estate. This place should meet the needs of activity and self-fulfillment, exchange of information and intergenerational exchange. Time availability is very important, and the space intended for seniors should function in an hourly timeframe similar to daycare centers. Residents should be included in drafting a program to better identify and respond to their needs. Seniors would likely be happy to provide volunteer work in such a place. The facility should be located in the middle of the housing estate so that all residents have easy access to it, optimally in pleasant natural surroundings (i.e. near vegatation), as well as in close proximity to playgrounds for children.
{"title":"The design thinking method as an example of social innovation in action based on the case study of ProPoLab","authors":"Mariusz Dybał","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to explain and to understand the processes of public services delivery from the perspective of social innovation. Concepts of co-creation and social innovation were elaborated on the basis of one of ProPoLab’s milestones: Design Thinking Workshops. Hence the research object are the residents (mostly seniors) of the district of Popowice, while the quality of life of seniors is its subject. The main research goals were firstly to identify needs of residents in relations to public services, and secondly to design a socially innovative solution that will increase the quality of life of seniors. To achieve these goals, the following research tasks have been set: (a) identifying the needs of seniors, (b) identifying which of those needs are being met locally and which are not, (c) to identify what are the relations between neighbors and the attitude towards cooperation, (d) identifying how the needs of seniors could be met. The research mainly covers the period of 2018–2019. Following research methods have been used: analysis of scientific literature and normative documents, design thinking methodology, comparative analysis and statistical analysis. Utilizing design thinking methodology helped to reveal that the problem of communication between residents can be solved by creating a small, accessibly located community/activity center in their housing estate. This place should meet the needs of activity and self-fulfillment, exchange of information and intergenerational exchange. Time availability is very important, and the space intended for seniors should function in an hourly timeframe similar to daycare centers. Residents should be included in drafting a program to better identify and respond to their needs. Seniors would likely be happy to provide volunteer work in such a place. The facility should be located in the middle of the housing estate so that all residents have easy access to it, optimally in pleasant natural surroundings (i.e. near vegatation), as well as in close proximity to playgrounds for children.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84571132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.5
Dawid Banaś
Estimating the future return rates is virtually impossible. However, it is possible to verify whether financial institutions that invest entrusted funds are able to maintain high rates of return for a long time. This phenomenon is referred to as performance persistence, and has become the object of interest of the author of this article in relation to Employee Capital Plans (ECP). A research hypothesis was adopted that performance persistence in ECP does occur. It was verified using contingency tables that were created for defined date funds that operate in ECP, using monthly rates of return and the Sharpe index. The results obtained by the author allowed concluding that the performance persistence of rates of return in the case of ECP occurs for a maximum of half of the research period.
{"title":"Assessment of the performance persistence of Employee Capital Plans","authors":"Dawid Banaś","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.29.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Estimating the future return rates is virtually impossible. However, it is possible to verify whether financial institutions that invest entrusted funds are able to maintain high rates of return for a long time. This phenomenon is referred to as performance persistence, and has become the object of interest of the author of this article in relation to Employee Capital Plans (ECP). A research hypothesis was adopted that performance persistence in ECP does occur. It was verified using contingency tables that were created for defined date funds that operate in ECP, using monthly rates of return and the Sharpe index. The results obtained by the author allowed concluding that the performance persistence of rates of return in the case of ECP occurs for a maximum of half of the research period.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"338 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80722519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.7
Magdalena Daszkiewicz
Commercial brands are increasingly running campaigns supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in response to social events, trends, and expectations related to social responsibility. By conducting such campaigns, brands try to pursue social and marketing objectives. The pandemic period was associated with increased problems and strengthening of social trends regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem. Therefore, the importance of actions related to these issues is of particular social relevance today. The pandemic conditions may have been reflected in the content and features of advertising campaigns and the associated consumer expectations and attitudes. In recent studies, far too little attention has been paid to intentional supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in commercial brand campaigns. The article responds to an identified need for research concerning key messages and characteristic features of contemporary self-esteem advertisements, which may be linked to the specific social context. The important research issue is also the marketing and social value of advertising supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance. The article aims to identify key messages and features of commercial brand campaigns created during the pandemic that support self-esteem and self-acceptance. It also attempts to assess such campaigns in terms of their social and marketing value. These objectives were accomplished by using qualitative and quantitative methods. The research procedure involved three stages: desk research based on studies from the pandemic period regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem issues, a collective case study of campaigns of three brands supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance and a diagnostic survey using an online questionnaire on the consumer perception of such campaigns and their value judgments resulting from expectations, motives, and impact assessments. The research is placed in the context of a pandemic, but the trends identified, key messages and features of the self-esteem campaigns, and assessment dimensions may remain relevant in the future.
{"title":"Supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in commercial brand campaigns created during a pandemic: Social and marketing aspects","authors":"Magdalena Daszkiewicz","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial brands are increasingly running campaigns supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in response to social events, trends, and expectations related to social responsibility. By conducting such campaigns, brands try to pursue social and marketing objectives. The pandemic period was associated with increased problems and strengthening of social trends regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem. Therefore, the importance of actions related to these issues is of particular social relevance today. The pandemic conditions may have been reflected in the content and features of advertising campaigns and the associated consumer expectations and attitudes. In recent studies, far too little attention has been paid to intentional supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance in commercial brand campaigns. The article responds to an identified need for research concerning key messages and characteristic features of contemporary self-esteem advertisements, which may be linked to the specific social context. The important research issue is also the marketing and social value of advertising supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance. The article aims to identify key messages and features of commercial brand campaigns created during the pandemic that support self-esteem and self-acceptance. It also attempts to assess such campaigns in terms of their social and marketing value. These objectives were accomplished by using qualitative and quantitative methods. The research procedure involved three stages: desk research based on studies from the pandemic period regarding self-acceptance and self-esteem issues, a collective case study of campaigns of three brands supporting self-esteem and self-acceptance and a diagnostic survey using an online questionnaire on the consumer perception of such campaigns and their value judgments resulting from expectations, motives, and impact assessments. The research is placed in the context of a pandemic, but the trends identified, key messages and features of the self-esteem campaigns, and assessment dimensions may remain relevant in the future.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80751185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.4
Mariusz Dybał
The research aim of the present paper was to check whether participatory budgeting fulfills the concept of co-creation of public services in Poland. To achieve this goal, the following research tasks have been implemented: (1) to identify the legal solutions of citizens’ cooperation, (2) to identify the characteristics of participatory budgeting in terms of co-creating public services, (3) to identify the amount and structure of participatory budgeting, (4) to provide cross-country comparison, and (5) to identify difficulties in using participatory budgeting. It has been revealed that in 2021, participatory budgeting was most popular in big cities where it is compulsory. In 2019, Poland (with 2,014 budgets) and Portugal (1,666 budgets) were responsible for 71.69% of all implemented participatory budgets in Europe. In 2018, Europe constituted 48.9% of all worldwide projects, mostly because of their compulsory nature in Poland and Portugal. Participatory budgeting might be successful in its implementation, but needs: involvement of the local community; planning of preparatory activities; communication between all entities involved in the project; appointment of a team that will coordinate the preparation of the participatory budget. According to the research, participatory budgeting is a platform for social activation and providing services better suited to the needs of the inhabitants. Participatory budgeting is a certain form of co-creating public services, as the inhabitants create projects and decide on the allocation of funds for the implementation of public services. Nevertheless, it is a limited version of co-creation, since residents are not involved in all parts of the process. The research covers mainly the years 2018–2022. In the present paper, the following research methods have been used: analysis of scientific literature and normative documents, co-creation methodology, comparative analysis, and statistical analysis.
{"title":"Participatory budgeting: Is it a useful tool towards co-creation of public services?","authors":"Mariusz Dybał","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The research aim of the present paper was to check whether participatory budgeting fulfills the concept of co-creation of public services in Poland. To achieve this goal, the following research tasks have been implemented: (1) to identify the legal solutions of citizens’ cooperation, (2) to identify the characteristics of participatory budgeting in terms of co-creating public services, (3) to identify the amount and structure of participatory budgeting, (4) to provide cross-country comparison, and (5) to identify difficulties in using participatory budgeting. It has been revealed that in 2021, participatory budgeting was most popular in big cities where it is compulsory. In 2019, Poland (with 2,014 budgets) and Portugal (1,666 budgets) were responsible for 71.69% of all implemented participatory budgets in Europe. In 2018, Europe constituted 48.9% of all worldwide projects, mostly because of their compulsory nature in Poland and Portugal. Participatory budgeting might be successful in its implementation, but needs: involvement of the local community; planning of preparatory activities; communication between all entities involved in the project; appointment of a team that will coordinate the preparation of the participatory budget. According to the research, participatory budgeting is a platform for social activation and providing services better suited to the needs of the inhabitants. Participatory budgeting is a certain form of co-creating public services, as the inhabitants create projects and decide on the allocation of funds for the implementation of public services. Nevertheless, it is a limited version of co-creation, since residents are not involved in all parts of the process. The research covers mainly the years 2018–2022. In the present paper, the following research methods have been used: analysis of scientific literature and normative documents, co-creation methodology, comparative analysis, and statistical analysis.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81996972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.3.1
Anna Gardocka-Jałowiec, K. Szalonka
The paper aims at presenting the quality of life in terms of the deepening population aging process conditioned (to a great extent) by the progressive convergence of technologies. The interdisciplinary, theoretical nature of the considerations is a voice in the discussion on the interpretation, place, and role of quality of life, with particular emphasis on the extension of human life as a consequence of medical development. The authors applied the descriptive analysis method to present the category of quality of life, the phenomenon of population aging, the specificity of technological changes, and selected issues in the field of demographic changes. Polish and foreign literature on the subject was the basis for the considerations. The theoretical aspect of the research is supplemented by the empirical part supported by available secondary data published by Eurostat and Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny). Poland has been in the top thirty demographically old countries in the world for many years. In 1967, it crossed the threshold of demographic old age, and in 1980 — the threshold of advanced demographic old age. The demographic forecasts of Statistics Poland indicate that the number of people in retirement age will increase, and in 2035, it will reach 26.7% of the population. The observed and forecasted decline in the total population and the growth in the number of people in the senior age lead to an increase in the demographic dependency ratio of the elderly. The convergence of technologies revealed in medicine creates a new perspective on the population aging process. Extending human life allows one to recognize that the quality of life becomes: 1. the most desirable result of all healthcare policies; 2. dependent on the change of the healthcare model, i.e., the transition from the dominant model of reactive and retrospective care to the desired proactive and prospective model.
本文旨在从人口老龄化进程深化的角度来呈现生活质量，这一进程在很大程度上是由技术的逐步融合所决定的。跨学科的，理论性质的考虑是一个声音在讨论的解释，地方，和生活质量的作用，特别强调人类寿命的延长作为医学发展的结果。作者运用描述性分析的方法，提出了生活质量的范畴、人口老龄化的现象、技术变革的特殊性，以及人口变化领域的一些选择问题。关于这个问题的波兰和外国文献是考虑的基础。研究的理论方面由欧盟统计局和波兰统计局(Główny Urząd Statystyczny)公布的现有二手数据支持的实证部分补充。波兰多年来一直是世界上人口老龄化最严重的30个国家之一。1967年跨过了人口老龄化的门槛，1980年跨过了人口高龄的门槛。波兰统计局的人口预测表明，退休年龄的人口数量将会增加，到2035年，这一数字将达到总人口的26.7%。观察和预测的总人口下降和老年人口的增长导致老年人的人口抚养比上升。医学技术的融合为人口老龄化进程提供了新的视角。延长人类寿命使人们认识到生命的质量变得:1。所有医疗政策中最理想的结果;2. 取决于医疗模式的改变，即从被动和回顾性护理的主导模式向期望的主动和前瞻性模式的转变。
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Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.28.2.1
M. Radło, Aleksandra Szarek-Piaskowska
The aim of the article is to present the possibilities that qualitative classifications of industries and goods introduce to the analysis of structural changes in the economy, as well as to assess changes in the international competitiveness of Polish merchandise trade in the long term. The article presents a review of the literature and the results of authors’ own research on the structure of Polish merchandise trade. The study uses Lall’s classification of goods which is relatively innovative and rarely used in the existing literature. By using this classification and the analysis of revealed comparative advantages (RCA) we also managed to assess the competitiveness of Polish exports. The research shows that since Poland’s accession to the European Union, the international competitiveness of Polish trade in terms of its technological level has changed only slightly. After the growth in the first years of Poland’s EU membership, the share of high technology products in the export structure stagnated in the 2010s and was still lower than that of medium or low technology products. Throughout the researched period, the RCA for high-tech products remained on the “foreign” side.
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