Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.4
A. Wicka
Okres pandemii COVID-19 doprowadził do pojawienia się obawy o zdrowie i życie oraz bezprecedensowych ograniczeń funkcjonowania społeczeństwa, co przełożyło się na postrzeganie jakości życia. Jakość życia, według definicji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, to subiektywna ocena przez jednostkę jej sytuacji życiowej w odniesieniu do kultury, w której ta jednostka żyje, jej systemu wartości, celów, oczekiwań, zainteresowań. Wśród składowych wymienianych w domenie funkcjonowanie społeczne wyróżniane są wskaźniki obiektywne, takie jak: liczba kontaktów społecznych, odnoszące się do pracy i zarobków, oraz subiektywne, na przykład satysfakcja z relacji społecznych, pracy. Celem opracowania jest ocena postrzegania jakości życia przez ludzi młodych po roku pandemii w trzech obszarach: zdrowia, sytuacji materialnej i zatrudnienia oraz relacji społecznych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że najbardziej subiektywnie ograniczenia jakości życia w okresie pandemii odczuły osoby młode. Wynika to zarówno z izolacji społecznej, jak i z trudnej sytuacji na rynku pracy. Powodem gorszego postrzegania jakości życia przez ludzi młodych było przede wszystkim ograniczenie kontaktów społecznych, ale też utrata pracy, zmniejszenie dochodów oraz obawa o znalezienie odpowiedniej pracy w przyszłości. Około połowy respondentów pesymistycznie postrzega swoją przyszłość.
{"title":"Ocena wybranych aspektów jakości życia ludzi młodych po roku trwania pandemii COVID-19","authors":"A. Wicka","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Okres pandemii COVID-19 doprowadził do pojawienia się obawy o zdrowie i życie oraz bezprecedensowych ograniczeń funkcjonowania społeczeństwa, co przełożyło się na postrzeganie jakości życia. Jakość życia, według definicji Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, to subiektywna ocena przez jednostkę jej sytuacji życiowej w odniesieniu do kultury, w której ta jednostka żyje, jej systemu wartości, celów, oczekiwań, zainteresowań. Wśród składowych wymienianych w domenie funkcjonowanie społeczne wyróżniane są wskaźniki obiektywne, takie jak: liczba kontaktów społecznych, odnoszące się do pracy i zarobków, oraz subiektywne, na przykład satysfakcja z relacji społecznych, pracy. \u0000Celem opracowania jest ocena postrzegania jakości życia przez ludzi młodych po roku pandemii w trzech obszarach: zdrowia, sytuacji materialnej i zatrudnienia oraz relacji społecznych. \u0000Wyniki badań wskazują, że najbardziej subiektywnie ograniczenia jakości życia w okresie pandemii odczuły osoby młode. Wynika to zarówno z izolacji społecznej, jak i z trudnej sytuacji na rynku pracy. Powodem gorszego postrzegania jakości życia przez ludzi młodych było przede wszystkim ograniczenie kontaktów społecznych, ale też utrata pracy, zmniejszenie dochodów oraz obawa o znalezienie odpowiedniej pracy w przyszłości. Około połowy respondentów pesymistycznie postrzega swoją przyszłość.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80773987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.3
Svitlana Rakytska, Olga Kambur
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced all dimensions of human living, including, exponentially, the road transport situation in large cities. The factors of influence are subjective or objective, and have an multidirectional impact on the degree of traffic congestion, travel time to the destination and the situation of the environment. The characterization of the cumulative influence of these factors involves the use of statistical, analytical methods and models to parallel the situation “before” and “after,” as well as predict its development in the future. Predicated on the information of traffic congestion, it was exposed how the quarantine severity influenced the traffic intensity, particularly the largest cities in Ukraine: Kyiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Dnipro. The influence of the time factor on the road situation is analyzed, and an assessment is made of how traffic flows are redistributed in accordance with the new conditions. The directions for improving transport accessibility and urban mobility in the context of the epidemic are proven: digital transformation, spreading the network of bike paths, organization of convenient pedestrian paths, nano-districts and micro-districts where everything needed is nearby.
{"title":"The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the contemporary and expanded situation of urban mobility","authors":"Svitlana Rakytska, Olga Kambur","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced all dimensions of human living, including, exponentially, the road transport situation in large cities. The factors of influence are subjective or objective, and have an multidirectional impact on the degree of traffic congestion, travel time to the destination and the situation of the environment. The characterization of the cumulative influence of these factors involves the use of statistical, analytical methods and models to parallel the situation “before” and “after,” as well as predict its development in the future. \u0000Predicated on the information of traffic congestion, it was exposed how the quarantine severity influenced the traffic intensity, particularly the largest cities in Ukraine: Kyiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Dnipro. The influence of the time factor on the road situation is analyzed, and an assessment is made of how traffic flows are redistributed in accordance with the new conditions. \u0000The directions for improving transport accessibility and urban mobility in the context of the epidemic are proven: digital transformation, spreading the network of bike paths, organization of convenient pedestrian paths, nano-districts and micro-districts where everything needed is nearby.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78489278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.5
Adrianna Szalonka
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu źródeł prawnych, które stanowią podstawę do wdrożenia zdrowotnych aplikacji mobilnych podczas trwającej na świecie pandemii. W pracy sformułowano hipotezę badawczą — normy prawne gwarantują bezpieczeństwo ochrony danych osobowych w funkcjonowaniu i korzystaniu z aplikacji. Na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu można stwierdzić, że normy prawa unijnego oraz polskiego gwarantują bezpieczeństwo i ochronę danych korzystających obligatoryjnie i nieobligatoryjnie. Gromadzone dane nie mogą być przetwarzane w celach komercyjnych i nie powinny być przetwarzane do nadzoru obywateli.
{"title":"Funkcjonowanie aplikacji mobilnych pomocnych w walce z pandemią COVID-19 w świetle wybranych norm prawnych","authors":"Adrianna Szalonka","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu źródeł prawnych, które stanowią podstawę do wdrożenia zdrowotnych aplikacji mobilnych podczas trwającej na świecie pandemii. W pracy sformułowano hipotezę badawczą — normy prawne gwarantują bezpieczeństwo ochrony danych osobowych w funkcjonowaniu i korzystaniu z aplikacji. Na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu można stwierdzić, że normy prawa unijnego oraz polskiego gwarantują bezpieczeństwo i ochronę danych korzystających obligatoryjnie i nieobligatoryjnie. Gromadzone dane nie mogą być przetwarzane w celach komercyjnych i nie powinny być przetwarzane do nadzoru obywateli.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"R-26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84745434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.1
N. Serohina, N. Petryshchenko
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way the global labor market works. Labor activity during the pandemic is increasingly moving into the field of digitalization and electronic lifestyles. This trend has led to significant changes in the quality of the population’s life, as well as in the economic activities of manufacturers and sellers. This demonstrates the need for a more detailed study of trends in the development of the labor market and potential changes in the employment of labor resources. Some of the main structural components affecting the state of the country’s economy in a pandemic are highlighted. For the analysis, this includes the level of employment and the change in the profile of labor resources, as well as the income and losses of the country’s enterprises, and the GDP dynamics. This choice is due to the fact that labor resources are the productive force of the enterprise, which affects the efficiency of activities and profitability. In the existing conditions, the search for opportunities to improve the current order of labor organization is becoming relevant. The purpose of the article is to determine the main trends in the development of the Ukrainian economy, taking into account the negative impact of the pandemic, to identify the dynamics in the composition of the country’s labor resources, and to propose possible ways to reduce the negative consequences of lockdowns and production interruptions. The factor of profitability of the production spheres, which determines the socio-economic development of the state, is also considered. Depending on this factor, disproportions are formed at the levels of socio-economic development. Based on the data of state statistics and using the methods of empirical and mathematical research, the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators has been carried out. Based on the data obtained on the sphere of work and financial performance of enterprises for 2020, an economic diagnostics of their unprofitableness was carried out. The method of horizontal and vertical analysis revealed a decrease in the employed population of the country, an increase in the unemployment rate, and a decrease in GDP. Calculations of the dynamics and structure of incomes and losses of Ukrainian enterprises made it possible to identify the most unprofitable sectors of the economy. In most cases, a change in the organization of work leads to the adaptation of the activities of the enterprise, taking into account certain conditions. The transfer of part of the workforce to work using remote methods allows not to stop production and support the country’s economy with the introduction of quarantine (lockdown). This serves as an adequate alternative compared to the prospect of dismissal of workers, which will affect not only the financial security of the population, but also the profitability of production spheres. In a pandemic, filling the budget is extremely important. This will allow funding to
{"title":"Features of labor activity during a pandemic and its impact on the economy in Ukraine","authors":"N. Serohina, N. Petryshchenko","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way the global labor market works. Labor activity during the pandemic is increasingly moving into the field of digitalization and electronic lifestyles. This trend has led to significant changes in the quality of the population’s life, as well as in the economic activities of manufacturers and sellers. This demonstrates the need for a more detailed study of trends in the development of the labor market and potential changes in the employment of labor resources. \u0000Some of the main structural components affecting the state of the country’s economy in a pandemic are highlighted. For the analysis, this includes the level of employment and the change in the profile of labor resources, as well as the income and losses of the country’s enterprises, and the GDP dynamics. \u0000This choice is due to the fact that labor resources are the productive force of the enterprise, which affects the efficiency of activities and profitability. In the existing conditions, the search for opportunities to improve the current order of labor organization is becoming relevant. \u0000The purpose of the article is to determine the main trends in the development of the Ukrainian economy, taking into account the negative impact of the pandemic, to identify the dynamics in the composition of the country’s labor resources, and to propose possible ways to reduce the negative consequences of lockdowns and production interruptions. The factor of profitability of the production spheres, which determines the socio-economic development of the state, is also considered. Depending on this factor, disproportions are formed at the levels of socio-economic development. \u0000Based on the data of state statistics and using the methods of empirical and mathematical research, the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators has been carried out. Based on the data obtained on the sphere of work and financial performance of enterprises for 2020, an economic diagnostics of their unprofitableness was carried out. The method of horizontal and vertical analysis revealed a decrease in the employed population of the country, an increase in the unemployment rate, and a decrease in GDP. Calculations of the dynamics and structure of incomes and losses of Ukrainian enterprises made it possible to identify the most unprofitable sectors of the economy. \u0000In most cases, a change in the organization of work leads to the adaptation of the activities of the enterprise, taking into account certain conditions. The transfer of part of the workforce to work using remote methods allows not to stop production and support the country’s economy with the introduction of quarantine (lockdown). This serves as an adequate alternative compared to the prospect of dismissal of workers, which will affect not only the financial security of the population, but also the profitability of production spheres. \u0000In a pandemic, filling the budget is extremely important. This will allow funding to","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87358798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.2
William Barnett II, W. Block
Makovi (2019) has traveled a long distance, all the way from his 20-yard line to his opponent’s 5-yard line. But, he needs a little push to score a goal. The present essay is our attempt to provide that for him in terms of public goods, externalities, and laissez faire capitalism.
{"title":"On Makovi on public goods","authors":"William Barnett II, W. Block","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Makovi (2019) has traveled a long distance, all the way from his 20-yard line to his opponent’s 5-yard line. But, he needs a little push to score a goal. The present essay is our attempt to provide that for him in terms of public goods, externalities, and laissez faire capitalism.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"34 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83970559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.6
Aneliya Mussanova
This research empathizes with the opportunities that drive demand for counterfeit goods. Governments, organizations and rights holders struggle to regulate the distribution and consumption of counterfeit products, so that consumer awareness has emerged as to what goods people counterfeit, and most importantly, why people intentionally buy counterfeit items. This article illustrates the incentives that inspire buyers to purchase counterfeit products, tactics that brand owners use to fuel their interest. It involves the development of demand, marketing tactics, and the implementation of consumer approach strategies by brands. It also reveals the complicated logistics and transporting routes creating manufacturing and transit hubs for counterfeiting,; it also demonstrates the lack of government intervention as well as the desperate need for policy revision. This article shows counterfeiting is phenomenon that governments, organizations, and most importantly, consumers all have equal interest in fighting against.
{"title":"Reasons to counterfeit: Supply, demand and distribution of counterfeit goods","authors":"Aneliya Mussanova","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"This research empathizes with the opportunities that drive demand for counterfeit goods. Governments, organizations and rights holders struggle to regulate the distribution and consumption of counterfeit products, so that consumer awareness has emerged as to what goods people counterfeit, and most importantly, why people intentionally buy counterfeit items. This article illustrates the incentives that inspire buyers to purchase counterfeit products, tactics that brand owners use to fuel their interest. It involves the development of demand, marketing tactics, and the implementation of consumer approach strategies by brands. It also reveals the complicated logistics and transporting routes creating manufacturing and transit hubs for counterfeiting,; it also demonstrates the lack of government intervention as well as the desperate need for policy revision. This article shows counterfeiting is phenomenon that governments, organizations, and most importantly, consumers all have equal interest in fighting against.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73700527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.3
M. Akarsu
Policymakers and economists consistently implement monetary and fiscal policy to control economic growth, inflation, and unemployment due to the fact that these three factors directly influence people’s living standards. Every country has a different economic characteristic structure. Economic growth and inflation have a strong correlation in some countries, while other countries have a strong correlation between economic growth and unemployment. Therefore, investigating the causal relationship among economic factors can provide us with a better understanding of how economic phenomena affect each other. In South Korea, economic growth, inflation, unemployment have been in balance since the 1998 Korean economic crisis. Hence, investigating the economic growth, inflation, and unemployment of South Korea will enlighten how these three economic indicators affect each other in a country that developed rapidly and had several economic crises. To investigate such a model, the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) is used with the data between the years 1980 and 2019 in order to verify whether Okun’s law or/and the Philips curve hold in South Korea. The research also determines if there is either a bi-directional or uni-directional relationship if economic growth, inflation, and unemployment have a causal relationship. The research demonstrates that GDP is the main factor in South Korea that influences the other economic factors. This research paper can contribute to academia, since it has a vital outcome which shows that the mobility of the unemployment rate in South Korea is directly correlated to the movement of GDP.
{"title":"Investigating the causal relationship between economic growth, inflation, and unemployment in South Korea","authors":"M. Akarsu","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Policymakers and economists consistently implement monetary and fiscal policy to control economic growth, inflation, and unemployment due to the fact that these three factors directly influence people’s living standards. Every country has a different economic characteristic structure. Economic growth and inflation have a strong correlation in some countries, while other countries have a strong correlation between economic growth and unemployment. Therefore, investigating the causal relationship among economic factors can provide us with a better understanding of how economic phenomena affect each other. In South Korea, economic growth, inflation, unemployment have been in balance since the 1998 Korean economic crisis. Hence, investigating the economic growth, inflation, and unemployment of South Korea will enlighten how these three economic indicators affect each other in a country that developed rapidly and had several economic crises. To investigate such a model, the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) is used with the data between the years 1980 and 2019 in order to verify whether Okun’s law or/and the Philips curve hold in South Korea. The research also determines if there is either a bi-directional or uni-directional relationship if economic growth, inflation, and unemployment have a causal relationship. The research demonstrates that GDP is the main factor in South Korea that influences the other economic factors. This research paper can contribute to academia, since it has a vital outcome which shows that the mobility of the unemployment rate in South Korea is directly correlated to the movement of GDP.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88746214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.5
Magdalena Skolimowska-Kulig
In the article, we consider the Fisher consistent estimation of the regression parameters in the proportional mean residual life model with arbitrary frailty. It is discussed that conventional estimation procedures, such as the maximum likelihood estimation or Cox’s approach, which are employed in common regression models, may also yield consistent inference in the extended models.
{"title":"Fisher consistent estimation of regression parameter in the proportional mean residual life model with frailty","authors":"Magdalena Skolimowska-Kulig","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, we consider the Fisher consistent estimation of the regression parameters in the proportional mean residual life model with arbitrary frailty. It is discussed that conventional estimation procedures, such as the maximum likelihood estimation or Cox’s approach, which are employed in common regression models, may also yield consistent inference in the extended models.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79592893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.1
Tomasz Jedynak
The study addresses the issues of exclusion from the supplementary part of the Polish pension system. The main goals of the research are: 1) characterising retirement exclusion as a specific type of financial exclusion, and 2) identifying and assessing key determinants of retirement exclusion in the supplementary part of the Polish pension system. The article is epistemological and classifying in nature. In the review part, the research methods used are based on a critical analysis of the literature and a synthesis of its conclusions. The main part is based on a meta-analysis of the results of surveys regarding pension awareness and propensity to save, elements of the economic analysis of law, and analysis of existing data. The presented considerations lead to the formulation of arguments, that justify the thesis that the scale and extent of retirement exclusion in the supplementary part of the Polish pension system are a derivative of factors included in four meta-categories: 1. low pension awareness, 2. low saving potential, 3. low propensity to save, and 4. limited availability of pension products.
{"title":"Uwarunkowania wykluczenia emerytalnego z dodatkowej części systemu emerytalnego w Polsce","authors":"Tomasz Jedynak","doi":"10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The study addresses the issues of exclusion from the supplementary part of the Polish pension system. The main goals of the research are: 1) characterising retirement exclusion as a specific type of financial exclusion, and 2) identifying and assessing key determinants of retirement exclusion in the supplementary part of the Polish pension system. The article is epistemological and classifying in nature. In the review part, the research methods used are based on a critical analysis of the literature and a synthesis of its conclusions. The main part is based on a meta-analysis of the results of surveys regarding pension awareness and propensity to save, elements of the economic analysis of law, and analysis of existing data. The presented considerations lead to the formulation of arguments, that justify the thesis that the scale and extent of retirement exclusion in the supplementary part of the Polish pension system are a derivative of factors included in four meta-categories: 1. low pension awareness, 2. low saving potential, 3. low propensity to save, and 4. limited availability of pension products.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"5 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72844303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-30DOI: 10.19195/2658-1310.27.2.4
J. Wiśniewski
One of the more significant methodological errors in economic analysis consists in treating the concept of equilibrium — be it general or partial — as either a real state of affairs obtaining in the economy in a stable manner or a normative ideal that an optimally functioning economy should be able to reach. The purpose of the present article is to demonstrate that, in contrast to the above two views, a free economy is a process of incessant social self-development aimed at the attainment of ever more qualitatively advanced (and always temporary) states of equilibrium, whose main driving force are entrepreneurial prudence, alertness, and innovativeness. The successive sections of the present article describe several characteristic examples of supposed states of permanent stagnation or suboptimal equilibrium, which, on closer inspection, turn out to be strictly transitory, provided that a given situation is characterized by conditions conducive to the operation of entrepreneurial activities. In other words, the present article is an attempt at illustrating the thesis that entrepreneurship constitutes the foundation of dynamic economic analysis — i.e., the kind of analysis that fully incorporates the creative character of human action taking place in the context of large-scale social cooperation.
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