Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.8
Beata Sieńko-Kowalska
The effects of currency conversion in Swiss francs in HungarySubsequent legislative actions were taken in Hungary in 2010–2015 in order to successively eliminate denominated in foreign currency loans from the market and thus gradually contribute to a reduction in the indebtedness of Hungarians resulting from the mortgage loans in Swiss francs and other currencies drawn in masses during the recent years. The Hungarian legislators gradually, through prohibiting the banks to employ practices unfavorable for the customers currency spreads, unilateral increase in interest rates on loans arrived at the automatic conversion of denominated foreign currency loans to the domestic currency, i.e. the forint. The mechanism implemented in Hungary, consisting in automatic loan conversion at the current rate, was a compromise, as it encumbered not only the banks, but also the borrowers. The latter were held responsible for the increase in the exchange rate of the currency the Swiss franc, but they received compensation in the form of reimbursement of the amounts overpaid due to the unfavorable practices employed by the banks. Thus, the solution implemented in Hungary was to preserve the symmetry between the customers and the banks, since the mechanism of automatic conversion at the current rate as such resulted in the customers have been owning more forints after the conversion than on the date of entering into the loan agreement with the bank. As a result, the first effects of the conversion were fairly neutralized, however the subject has certainly not been exhausted.
{"title":"Skutki przewalutowania kredytów denominowanych we franku szwajcarskim na Węgrzech","authors":"Beata Sieńko-Kowalska","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of currency conversion in Swiss francs in HungarySubsequent legislative actions were taken in Hungary in 2010–2015 in order to successively eliminate denominated in foreign currency loans from the market and thus gradually contribute to a reduction in the indebtedness of Hungarians resulting from the mortgage loans in Swiss francs and other currencies drawn in masses during the recent years. The Hungarian legislators gradually, through prohibiting the banks to employ practices unfavorable for the customers currency spreads, unilateral increase in interest rates on loans arrived at the automatic conversion of denominated foreign currency loans to the domestic currency, i.e. the forint. The mechanism implemented in Hungary, consisting in automatic loan conversion at the current rate, was a compromise, as it encumbered not only the banks, but also the borrowers. The latter were held responsible for the increase in the exchange rate of the currency the Swiss franc, but they received compensation in the form of reimbursement of the amounts overpaid due to the unfavorable practices employed by the banks. Thus, the solution implemented in Hungary was to preserve the symmetry between the customers and the banks, since the mechanism of automatic conversion at the current rate as such resulted in the customers have been owning more forints after the conversion than on the date of entering into the loan agreement with the bank. As a result, the first effects of the conversion were fairly neutralized, however the subject has certainly not been exhausted.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73484826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.7
Lesław Góral
Protection of borrowers consumers of foreign currency loans in FranceThe problem of the repayment of housing loans in Swiss francs concerns not only Polish borrowers. It has also occurred on the French mortgage market. The article contains an analysis of the solutions adopted in France and may turn out to be inspirational for the Polish legislator in solving a similar problem that is occurring in Poland. The author presents the origin of problems related to Swiss franc housing loans and court as well as out-of-court attempts to solve them. Then he analyzes French legal solutions which introduce the protection of the Swiss franc housing loan borrowers and formulates de lege ferenda postulates addressed to the Polish legislator.
{"title":"Ochrona kredytobiorców konsumentów kredytów walutowych we Francji","authors":"Lesław Góral","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Protection of borrowers consumers of foreign currency loans in FranceThe problem of the repayment of housing loans in Swiss francs concerns not only Polish borrowers. It has also occurred on the French mortgage market. The article contains an analysis of the solutions adopted in France and may turn out to be inspirational for the Polish legislator in solving a similar problem that is occurring in Poland. The author presents the origin of problems related to Swiss franc housing loans and court as well as out-of-court attempts to solve them. Then he analyzes French legal solutions which introduce the protection of the Swiss franc housing loan borrowers and formulates de lege ferenda postulates addressed to the Polish legislator.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85490811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.5
Małgorzta Ganczar
Foreign currency loans and limitation of interest — efficiency of regulationThe main aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of limitation interest regulation with particular reference to foreign currency loans. The article contains considering on consumer rights in this area. The paper is comparing models of limiting interest appearing in other European countries and in the world, as well as characterize of the phenomenon of limiting the usury were described. The article is aimed at an evaluation whether accepted regulations in the sufficing way are protecting the consumer, showing possible problems and other solutions which will enhance the position of the consumer on the market of financial services.
{"title":"Kredyty walutowe a limitowanie odsetek — skuteczność regulacji","authors":"Małgorzta Ganczar","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign currency loans and limitation of interest — efficiency of regulationThe main aim of this article is to analyze the efficiency of limitation interest regulation with particular reference to foreign currency loans. The article contains considering on consumer rights in this area. The paper is comparing models of limiting interest appearing in other European countries and in the world, as well as characterize of the phenomenon of limiting the usury were described. The article is aimed at an evaluation whether accepted regulations in the sufficing way are protecting the consumer, showing possible problems and other solutions which will enhance the position of the consumer on the market of financial services.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79381043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.3
Magdalena Paleczna, Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska
Rights of the borrower committing denominated or indexed loan in a foreign currency in light of the Anti-spread ActIn 2004–2008 banks offered consumer denominated loan in a foreign currency, which was a competitive position in relation to a PLN credit facility. Banks had not informed about foreign exchange differences, therefore had caused increase in household indebtedness. Banks also had reserved that consumer has to buy currency only from the bank-lender. In 2011 the Anti-spread Act was adopted, which amended banking law and consumer credit law. Creditors were obligated to inform consumer about rules of determining the manners and dates of fixing the currency exchange rate on the basis of which in particular the amount of credit, its tranches and principal and interest instalments are calculated, and the rules of converting into the currency of credit disbursement or repayment. That information and information about the rules of opening and operating the account shall be concluded in a credit contract. Borrower can repay principal and interest instalments and prepay the full or partial amount of the loan directly in that currency.
{"title":"Uprawnienia kredytobiorcy zaciągającego kredyt denominowany lub indeksowany do waluty innej niż polska w świetle ustawy antyspreadowej","authors":"Magdalena Paleczna, Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Rights of the borrower committing denominated or indexed loan in a foreign currency in light of the Anti-spread ActIn 2004–2008 banks offered consumer denominated loan in a foreign currency, which was a competitive position in relation to a PLN credit facility. Banks had not informed about foreign exchange differences, therefore had caused increase in household indebtedness. Banks also had reserved that consumer has to buy currency only from the bank-lender. In 2011 the Anti-spread Act was adopted, which amended banking law and consumer credit law. Creditors were obligated to inform consumer about rules of determining the manners and dates of fixing the currency exchange rate on the basis of which in particular the amount of credit, its tranches and principal and interest instalments are calculated, and the rules of converting into the currency of credit disbursement or repayment. That information and information about the rules of opening and operating the account shall be concluded in a credit contract. Borrower can repay principal and interest instalments and prepay the full or partial amount of the loan directly in that currency.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"26 27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85612696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.2
Tadeusz Białek, Joanna Niska
Legal aspects of granting loans denominated and indexed in a foreign currencyThis study addresses the issue of the legality of the denominated and indexed loans in a foreign currency under the current applicable law, with reference to the existing position of doctrine and case law in this area. The starting point for this considerations is the arbitrarily accepted thesis in the public discourse that the credit agreements denominated and indexed in a foreign currency were defective due to their lack of compliance with the applicable law or because their included the provisions that were unfair market practices. This study is an attempt to dispel doubts to the compliance of the loan granting mechanism with the commonly applicable laws in Poland, in particular with the provision of Article 69 of the Banking Law, setting forth the rules of concluding by the bank the credit agreement with the borrowers or a provision of Article 358 § 2 of the Civil Code providing for the possibility of using so-called valorization clauses. This study also delivers opinion of the National Bank of Poland or the Financial Supervision Commission, which very often are deliberately omitted or distorted in the public discourse.
{"title":"Prawne aspekty udzielania kredytów denominowanych oraz indeksowanych do waluty obcej","authors":"Tadeusz Białek, Joanna Niska","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Legal aspects of granting loans denominated and indexed in a foreign currencyThis study addresses the issue of the legality of the denominated and indexed loans in a foreign currency under the current applicable law, with reference to the existing position of doctrine and case law in this area. The starting point for this considerations is the arbitrarily accepted thesis in the public discourse that the credit agreements denominated and indexed in a foreign currency were defective due to their lack of compliance with the applicable law or because their included the provisions that were unfair market practices. This study is an attempt to dispel doubts to the compliance of the loan granting mechanism with the commonly applicable laws in Poland, in particular with the provision of Article 69 of the Banking Law, setting forth the rules of concluding by the bank the credit agreement with the borrowers or a provision of Article 358 § 2 of the Civil Code providing for the possibility of using so-called valorization clauses. This study also delivers opinion of the National Bank of Poland or the Financial Supervision Commission, which very often are deliberately omitted or distorted in the public discourse.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79841254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.4
Zygmunt Rajchemba
Agreements regarding mortgage loans CHF loans in “significant views in the matter” issued by the President of UOKiK the Office of Competition and Consumer ProtectionThe article discusses the institution of the “significant view in the matter” issued by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection in cases pending before common courts in the field of competition and consumer protection introduced in April 2016 to the Act on Competition and Consumer Protection Article 31d of the Act. The first part of the article describes the nature of issued views and the premises enabling their issuance by the President of UOKiK. The second part of the article focuses on the views expressed by the President of UOKiK on cases pending before common courts regarding foreign currency loans CHF loans together with the main elements of justification and conclusions, proposals of adjudicating the case by the court. The study refers to important views on the issue of currency loans CHF issued by the President of UOKiK, published on the website of the office: www.uokik.gov.pl.
{"title":"Umowy dotyczące hipotecznych kredytów „walutowych” tak zwanych frankowych w „istotnych poglądach w sprawie” wydawanych przez Prezesa UOKiK","authors":"Zygmunt Rajchemba","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Agreements regarding mortgage loans CHF loans in “significant views in the matter” issued by the President of UOKiK the Office of Competition and Consumer ProtectionThe article discusses the institution of the “significant view in the matter” issued by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection in cases pending before common courts in the field of competition and consumer protection introduced in April 2016 to the Act on Competition and Consumer Protection Article 31d of the Act. The first part of the article describes the nature of issued views and the premises enabling their issuance by the President of UOKiK. The second part of the article focuses on the views expressed by the President of UOKiK on cases pending before common courts regarding foreign currency loans CHF loans together with the main elements of justification and conclusions, proposals of adjudicating the case by the court. The study refers to important views on the issue of currency loans CHF issued by the President of UOKiK, published on the website of the office: www.uokik.gov.pl.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89243954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-01DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9
Olga Kraśniewska
A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.
{"title":"A country held captive by its past: The case of Zimbabwe","authors":"Olga Kraśniewska","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.24.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"A country held captive by its past: The case of ZimbabweThe article provides an overview of the history of Zimbabwe in the context of economical, structural and social factors. It tries to answer a question, what were the main reasons that affected Zimbabwe’s development after gaining independence in 1980. It describes pre-colonial and colonial times as well as president Mugabe’s era, that ended with a military coup in November 2017. It portrays issues such as the after-effect of colonialism, land reform, political regime, internal struggles and conflicts between the ruling party ZANU-PF and opposition parties, hyperinflation crisis, as well as economic indicators like GDP, public and external debt, level of education and health care. In the context of upcoming elections in 2018, the article deliberates whether meaningful changes in the country’s situation are possible in the nearest future and what it will take to achieve them.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83143542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-03DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.1
A. Burinskienė, Vita Marytė Janušauskienė
Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU CountriesModern theories are increasingly focusing on innovations. Scientific literature states that the implementation of innovations causes increase in sales volume: enterprises are improving the organization of production and trade methods, reducing production and trade costs, producing and selling competitive products as a result of technological progress. Technological progress also influences the development of production and trade prospects. Although the implementation of innovations is different, the main aspects are related to the novelty of product, production and service R&D intensity and the qualification of employees. Enterprises without the capacity to innovate may invest time and resources in studies of research results but are unable to transform this knowledge into practice Hult et al., 2004. In such sense it is important to create innovative behaviors and related outcomes on country level Koellinger, Thurik, 2009.Production and trade enterprises have a significant impact on the national economy, but the number of enterprises that have excellent understanding about innovations and their results is not sufficient. Sales of the trade enterprises in the European Union amount to 66%, and 74% of gross domestic product GDP in Lithuania. At the same time sales of the production enterprises in the European Union amount to 15.5% of GDP, and in Lithuania — 21% of GDP. Production and trade enterprises play a significant part among business companies. In corporate structure of the European Union 9.8% of companies are production companies which employ 22.6% of EU workers, while in the structure of the European Union 28.6% of companies are trade companies and these companies employ 24.7% of EU workers. However, in the trade sector there are 90% of companies, and in the production — 84% of companies with up to nine employees Euro-stat, 2010. Nevertheless, the European Commission’s 2013 study shows the declining contribution of production enterprises to GDP. Eurostat 2010 statistics show that small and medium-sized manufacturing companies are very slow to improve their operations and labor productivity. The EU companies are anticipated to increase by only 2.4% compared with the US companies, where growth of labor productivity is 3.5%Therefore, innovations are also important for the EU trade and production companies. To sum up the above set out material, it can be said that the application of innovations must be considered as a very complex cognitive subject.The article consists of three parts to fully examine the implementation of innovations in production and trade enterprises.First, literature analysis is carried out and topic related aspects are identified. In the second part the paper presents empirical research methodology. Herein, practices of production and trade enterprises are presented, comparison of production and trade enterprises is carried out, and effects on th
欧盟国家生产贸易企业实践中的创新现代理论越来越关注创新。科学文献表明，创新的实施导致了销售量的增加:由于技术的进步，企业正在改进生产和贸易方式的组织，降低生产和贸易成本，生产和销售有竞争力的产品。技术进步也影响着生产和贸易前景的发展。虽然创新的实施方式有所不同，但主要体现在产品的新颖性、生产和服务的研发强度以及员工的素质等方面。没有创新能力的企业可能会将时间和资源投入到研究成果的研究中，但却无法将这些知识转化为实践。Hult et al.， 2004。从这个意义上说，在国家层面上创造创新行为和相关成果是很重要的。生产型和贸易型企业对国民经济的影响较大，但对创新及其成果有较好认识的企业数量并不多。贸易企业在欧盟的销售额达到66%，占立陶宛国内生产总值的74%。与此同时，生产企业在欧盟的销售额占GDP的15.5%，在立陶宛占GDP的21%。生产贸易企业在商业企业中占有重要地位。在欧盟的公司结构中，9.8%的公司是生产公司，雇用了22.6%的欧盟工人，而在欧盟的结构中，28.6%的公司是贸易公司，这些公司雇用了24.7%的欧盟工人。然而，在贸易部门有90%的公司，在生产部门有84%的公司拥有多达9名员工。然而，欧盟委员会(European Commission) 2013年的研究显示，生产企业对GDP的贡献正在下降。欧盟统计局2010年的统计数据显示，中小型制造业公司在改善运营和劳动生产率方面非常缓慢。预计欧盟企业的劳动生产率增幅仅为2.4%，而美国企业的劳动生产率增幅为3.5%。因此，创新对欧盟的贸易和生产企业也很重要。综上所述，可以说创新的应用必须被视为一个非常复杂的认知课题。本文分为三个部分，对生产贸易企业实施创新进行了全面考察。首先，进行文献分析，确定主题相关方面。第二部分提出实证研究方法。本文介绍了生产型企业和贸易型企业的实践，对生产型企业和贸易型企业进行了比较，分析了这一领域创新实施机会对企业积极性的影响。第三部分给出了实证研究的结果、结论和建议。文献分析表明，创新在跨国公司中发挥的作用最大，但在欧盟，这类企业的数量很少。结果还表明，卢森堡的生产和贸易企业比其他国家的企业具有更高的竞争力。总体而言，本文探讨了企业是否创新，在多大程度上如何创新，以及这在生产和贸易服务行业之间有何不同。
{"title":"Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU Countries","authors":"A. Burinskienė, Vita Marytė Janušauskienė","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Innovations in the Practice of Production and Trade Enterprises in EU CountriesModern theories are increasingly focusing on innovations. Scientific literature states that the implementation of innovations causes increase in sales volume: enterprises are improving the organization of production and trade methods, reducing production and trade costs, producing and selling competitive products as a result of technological progress. Technological progress also influences the development of production and trade prospects. Although the implementation of innovations is different, the main aspects are related to the novelty of product, production and service R&D intensity and the qualification of employees. Enterprises without the capacity to innovate may invest time and resources in studies of research results but are unable to transform this knowledge into practice Hult et al., 2004. In such sense it is important to create innovative behaviors and related outcomes on country level Koellinger, Thurik, 2009.Production and trade enterprises have a significant impact on the national economy, but the number of enterprises that have excellent understanding about innovations and their results is not sufficient. Sales of the trade enterprises in the European Union amount to 66%, and 74% of gross domestic product GDP in Lithuania. At the same time sales of the production enterprises in the European Union amount to 15.5% of GDP, and in Lithuania — 21% of GDP. Production and trade enterprises play a significant part among business companies. In corporate structure of the European Union 9.8% of companies are production companies which employ 22.6% of EU workers, while in the structure of the European Union 28.6% of companies are trade companies and these companies employ 24.7% of EU workers. However, in the trade sector there are 90% of companies, and in the production — 84% of companies with up to nine employees Euro-stat, 2010. Nevertheless, the European Commission’s 2013 study shows the declining contribution of production enterprises to GDP. Eurostat 2010 statistics show that small and medium-sized manufacturing companies are very slow to improve their operations and labor productivity. The EU companies are anticipated to increase by only 2.4% compared with the US companies, where growth of labor productivity is 3.5%Therefore, innovations are also important for the EU trade and production companies. To sum up the above set out material, it can be said that the application of innovations must be considered as a very complex cognitive subject.The article consists of three parts to fully examine the implementation of innovations in production and trade enterprises.First, literature analysis is carried out and topic related aspects are identified. In the second part the paper presents empirical research methodology. Herein, practices of production and trade enterprises are presented, comparison of production and trade enterprises is carried out, and effects on th","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86522778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-03DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.3
Barbara Majewska-Jurczyk
Protection of Consumers’ Interests Against Quasi-banks Exercised by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection The article presents the problem of the functioning of parabanks in Poland and the role of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection in consumer protection from parabanks unfair practicies on financial services market. The aim of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is the observation and prohibition of parabanks activities which are connected with high costs of loans and credits for consumers. Activities of parabanks are connected with the economic risk for consumers.
{"title":"Ochrona interesów konsumentów przed działaniami parabanków sprawowana przez Urząd Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów","authors":"Barbara Majewska-Jurczyk","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Protection of Consumers’ Interests Against Quasi-banks Exercised by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection The article presents the problem of the functioning of parabanks in Poland and the role of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection in consumer protection from parabanks unfair practicies on financial services market. The aim of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection is the observation and prohibition of parabanks activities which are connected with high costs of loans and credits for consumers. Activities of parabanks are connected with the economic risk for consumers.","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84658016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-03DOI: 10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.2
Mariusz Maziarz
Community Societies and Economic Growth. Mechanisms of InfluenceRecent econometric research showed that there is a positive correlation between collectivism of a society and economic development. In this article, I aim at analyzing the causal mechanisms that connect this dimension of culture and economic efficiency. On the base of the conducted meta-analysis of questionnaires, case studies and other empirical research, I coined the following four possible causal mechanisms that make economies of collectivist-oriented societies grow faster: 1 more efficient business relations among economic agents; 2 rarer egoistic behaviours; 3 increased security due to belonging to a group and 4 positive influence on innovativeness.
{"title":"Wspólnotowe społeczeństwa a wzrost gospodarczy. Mechanizmy oddziaływania","authors":"Mariusz Maziarz","doi":"10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Community Societies and Economic Growth. Mechanisms of InfluenceRecent econometric research showed that there is a positive correlation between collectivism of a society and economic development. In this article, I aim at analyzing the causal mechanisms that connect this dimension of culture and economic efficiency. On the base of the conducted meta-analysis of questionnaires, case studies and other empirical research, I coined the following four possible causal mechanisms that make economies of collectivist-oriented societies grow faster: 1 more efficient business relations among economic agents; 2 rarer egoistic behaviours; 3 increased security due to belonging to a group and 4 positive influence on innovativeness. ","PeriodicalId":34121,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomia Spoleczna","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85741658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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