Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1630935
Tejal Khanna
ABSTRACT At its peak in 2007–08, piracy off the coast of Somalia attracted the attention of a specialised agency of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which responded by laying down the normative framework for counter-piracy operations launched by States and other collective parties such as the EU and the NATO. In creating a rubric of norms for reducing piracy off the coast of Somalia, the IMO has followed a six-pronged strategy employing an approach that is humanitarian, high level, reviewable, regional, flexible, and inclusive. The resulting norms have played a crucial role in reducing Somali-based piracy. While the levels of this piracy are currently negligible, a resurgence of this threat to maritime traffic and commerce cannot be ruled out completely. Thus, this normative framework continues to hold relevance for the future and the IMO remains an important player in maritime governance.
{"title":"The normative role of the International Maritime Organisation in countering Somali-based piracy","authors":"Tejal Khanna","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1630935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1630935","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT At its peak in 2007–08, piracy off the coast of Somalia attracted the attention of a specialised agency of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), which responded by laying down the normative framework for counter-piracy operations launched by States and other collective parties such as the EU and the NATO. In creating a rubric of norms for reducing piracy off the coast of Somalia, the IMO has followed a six-pronged strategy employing an approach that is humanitarian, high level, reviewable, regional, flexible, and inclusive. The resulting norms have played a crucial role in reducing Somali-based piracy. While the levels of this piracy are currently negligible, a resurgence of this threat to maritime traffic and commerce cannot be ruled out completely. Thus, this normative framework continues to hold relevance for the future and the IMO remains an important player in maritime governance.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131354986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1631512
Monty Khanna
ABSTRACT This article examines the major shipbuilding programmes of the PLA Navy (PLAN) with the purpose of assessing the capabilities of the shipyards engaged in their construction. It analyses the reasons underpinning the Chinese Navy’s ability to convert capital into assets in an efficient, time-bound, and cost-effective manner. It also examines the PLAN’s organisation, structure, scale and best practices, with the aim of identifying those tenets that could be adopted by Indian shipyards to boost efficiency. The piece concludes by making recommendations on these issues.
{"title":"Understanding China’s naval ship building industry – lessons India can learn*","authors":"Monty Khanna","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1631512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1631512","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the major shipbuilding programmes of the PLA Navy (PLAN) with the purpose of assessing the capabilities of the shipyards engaged in their construction. It analyses the reasons underpinning the Chinese Navy’s ability to convert capital into assets in an efficient, time-bound, and cost-effective manner. It also examines the PLAN’s organisation, structure, scale and best practices, with the aim of identifying those tenets that could be adopted by Indian shipyards to boost efficiency. The piece concludes by making recommendations on these issues.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116559155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1625224
Shishir Upadhyaya
ABSTRACT The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are a vital source for India’s energy requirements and home to a large population of Indian workers. Although for quite some time now, India’s strategic influence in the Gulf region has been overshadowed by Pakistan, recent developments seem to present India with an opportunity to expand its influence led by maritime security cooperation. However, the growth of Chinese economic and political influence in the region presents some tough challenges. This paper examines India’s extant security ties with the GCC countries and their relations with China, with an aim to make a relative assessment of India’s strategic influence and discusses the prospects for India’s position in the region.
{"title":"India’s maritime security relations with the gulf cooperation council countries – Prospects amid rising Chinese influence","authors":"Shishir Upadhyaya","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1625224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1625224","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are a vital source for India’s energy requirements and home to a large population of Indian workers. Although for quite some time now, India’s strategic influence in the Gulf region has been overshadowed by Pakistan, recent developments seem to present India with an opportunity to expand its influence led by maritime security cooperation. However, the growth of Chinese economic and political influence in the region presents some tough challenges. This paper examines India’s extant security ties with the GCC countries and their relations with China, with an aim to make a relative assessment of India’s strategic influence and discusses the prospects for India’s position in the region.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134039476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1637428
Harinder Singh, R. Pradhan
ABSTRACT The “China Dream” is a native imagination of a great renewal of the Chinese nation. Mao Zedong had a dream to save the nation and promised the Chinese people utopian socialism tomorrow at the cost of sacrifices that needed to be borne today. Deng Xiaoping brought in economic reforms so that the Chinese people could dream of becoming rich. Xi Jinping’s China Dream has focussed upon China’s sphere of influence extending beyond its regional space. While Xi Jinping’s “China Dream” revolves around connectivity and infrastructure, using shades of affirmative, assertive and aggressive nationalism, as necessary, his Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is likely to affect over 68 countries, 65% of the world’s population, and 40% of global GDP. At the regional level, China’s 55-km-long Zhuhai-Macau-Hong Kong Bridge is geared to transform the political geography of the South China Sea sub-region. This paper attempts to contextualise the notion of the contemporary “China Dream” and deconstruct the implications of Xi Jinping’s aggressive “infrastructure diplomacy” upon Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.
{"title":"Taiwan, Hong Kong & Macau in China’s infrastructure-diplomacy and the China Dream: Will the dominions fall?","authors":"Harinder Singh, R. Pradhan","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1637428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1637428","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The “China Dream” is a native imagination of a great renewal of the Chinese nation. Mao Zedong had a dream to save the nation and promised the Chinese people utopian socialism tomorrow at the cost of sacrifices that needed to be borne today. Deng Xiaoping brought in economic reforms so that the Chinese people could dream of becoming rich. Xi Jinping’s China Dream has focussed upon China’s sphere of influence extending beyond its regional space. While Xi Jinping’s “China Dream” revolves around connectivity and infrastructure, using shades of affirmative, assertive and aggressive nationalism, as necessary, his Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is likely to affect over 68 countries, 65% of the world’s population, and 40% of global GDP. At the regional level, China’s 55-km-long Zhuhai-Macau-Hong Kong Bridge is geared to transform the political geography of the South China Sea sub-region. This paper attempts to contextualise the notion of the contemporary “China Dream” and deconstruct the implications of Xi Jinping’s aggressive “infrastructure diplomacy” upon Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114692152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1628335
M. Kishor, N. Agarwala
ABSTRACT Desalination technologies using ocean thermal energy are a sustainable method of producing fresh water, especially for ecologically fragile regions and small island nations. India has tested this technology in the Lakshadweep Islands and has the capability to share it with its Indo-Pacific partners. This paper explores the benefits, market and prospects of sustainable desalination technologies in the Indo-Pacific region. It outlines the possible multilateral platforms that can be used to share this technology and the various challenges that this endeavour faces. The paper concludes that such technology sharing will have a positive impact on regional integration and will strengthen India’s position as a responsible regional power promoting the blue economy.
{"title":"Sustainable desalination technologies: Avenues for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific","authors":"M. Kishor, N. Agarwala","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1628335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1628335","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Desalination technologies using ocean thermal energy are a sustainable method of producing fresh water, especially for ecologically fragile regions and small island nations. India has tested this technology in the Lakshadweep Islands and has the capability to share it with its Indo-Pacific partners. This paper explores the benefits, market and prospects of sustainable desalination technologies in the Indo-Pacific region. It outlines the possible multilateral platforms that can be used to share this technology and the various challenges that this endeavour faces. The paper concludes that such technology sharing will have a positive impact on regional integration and will strengthen India’s position as a responsible regional power promoting the blue economy.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128626424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2018.1562454
Y. Hemanth Kumar, R. Vijayakumar
ABSTRACT Surface Combatants are highly dependent on fossil fuels for their propulsion. During the course of its voyage, these vessels experience considerable amounts of drag or resistance based on the operational environment and their hull form. Reduction of this drag would result in a corresponding reduction in fuel costs, exhaust emissions, and an increase in the vessel’s speed and range. The operational flexibility of the vessel is enhanced by an increase in the time between successive refuellings, as well as the distance over which the vessel can operate without the need for replenishment. Of the many energy saving devices, fitment of a stern flap on Surface combatants is a very popular cost-effective means for drag reduction. The U.S Navy has extensively installed stern flaps on their combatants and, through this experience, found that suitably designed stern flaps had reduced the power requirement of the vessel they were fitted on by about 4–19%, an amount that translates to significant fuel savings and reduction in emissions. This paper will discuss the concept of stern flaps, examine the benefits offered by this technology on U.S Naval platforms, and will present the scope of leveraging this technology in Indian Defence Shipbuilding and Ship repair which could lead to significant reductions in power and emissions without compromising the platform’s performance.
{"title":"Stern flaps: A cost-effective technological option for the Indian shipping industry","authors":"Y. Hemanth Kumar, R. Vijayakumar","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2018.1562454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2018.1562454","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Surface Combatants are highly dependent on fossil fuels for their propulsion. During the course of its voyage, these vessels experience considerable amounts of drag or resistance based on the operational environment and their hull form. Reduction of this drag would result in a corresponding reduction in fuel costs, exhaust emissions, and an increase in the vessel’s speed and range. The operational flexibility of the vessel is enhanced by an increase in the time between successive refuellings, as well as the distance over which the vessel can operate without the need for replenishment. Of the many energy saving devices, fitment of a stern flap on Surface combatants is a very popular cost-effective means for drag reduction. The U.S Navy has extensively installed stern flaps on their combatants and, through this experience, found that suitably designed stern flaps had reduced the power requirement of the vessel they were fitted on by about 4–19%, an amount that translates to significant fuel savings and reduction in emissions. This paper will discuss the concept of stern flaps, examine the benefits offered by this technology on U.S Naval platforms, and will present the scope of leveraging this technology in Indian Defence Shipbuilding and Ship repair which could lead to significant reductions in power and emissions without compromising the platform’s performance.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125833683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1631538
N. Agarwala
ABSTRACT Modern submarine cables, largely known for their application in telecommunications and for providing connectivity whilst at sea, are increasingly being explored as marine environmental monitoring tools. Such submarine cables are often referred to as “telecom-marine data cables”, “SMART cables”, or simply “green cables”. Though submarine telecommunication cables have been granted unique rights and freedoms by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), but how are these to be treated and applied while gathering data for Marine Scientific Research (MSR), given national restrictions and sensitivities, is something that remains undefined in UNCLOS, and consequently, often ends up becoming the subject of a series of long-running disagreements between various States. This article is in two parts. While Part-1 has already appeared in the Winter 2018 Edition of Maritime Affairs and dealt with the developments and opportunities of the green cables. This concluding part lays special emphasis on the legal considerations involved in employing such dual-purpose cable and the efforts that can be made to address them.
{"title":"Green cables – Development, opportunities and legal challenges; Part-II","authors":"N. Agarwala","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1631538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1631538","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Modern submarine cables, largely known for their application in telecommunications and for providing connectivity whilst at sea, are increasingly being explored as marine environmental monitoring tools. Such submarine cables are often referred to as “telecom-marine data cables”, “SMART cables”, or simply “green cables”. Though submarine telecommunication cables have been granted unique rights and freedoms by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), but how are these to be treated and applied while gathering data for Marine Scientific Research (MSR), given national restrictions and sensitivities, is something that remains undefined in UNCLOS, and consequently, often ends up becoming the subject of a series of long-running disagreements between various States. This article is in two parts. While Part-1 has already appeared in the Winter 2018 Edition of Maritime Affairs and dealt with the developments and opportunities of the green cables. This concluding part lays special emphasis on the legal considerations involved in employing such dual-purpose cable and the efforts that can be made to address them.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132674124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2019.1565442
H. Das
ABSTRACT Consequent upon the Mumbai attacks between 26 and 29 November 2008 (“26/11”) by Pakistan-based terrorists, the coastal (and maritime) security construct in India witnessed significant developments; perhaps, like no other decade in the history of independent India. As a result, key areas which found particular focus were: strengthening maritime governance by establishing inter-agency coordination mechanisms; capacity-building and capability-enhancement of maritime security agencies; developing Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) through electronic surveillance; greater oversight of activities in the maritime domain, particularly fishing; and, an inclusive approach to security by including communities and private bodies in the security-construct. These developments are indicative of a Whole-of-Government (WoG) approach to maritime security. As some major notable reports have indicated, despite these significant developments, challenges to maritime security governance remain. This paper encapsulates some of the salient developments since “26/11” and examines a few key findings from some of the studies, particularly on the aspects of maritime-security governance.
{"title":"India's maritime security governance challenges: A decade after “26/11”","authors":"H. Das","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2019.1565442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2019.1565442","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Consequent upon the Mumbai attacks between 26 and 29 November 2008 (“26/11”) by Pakistan-based terrorists, the coastal (and maritime) security construct in India witnessed significant developments; perhaps, like no other decade in the history of independent India. As a result, key areas which found particular focus were: strengthening maritime governance by establishing inter-agency coordination mechanisms; capacity-building and capability-enhancement of maritime security agencies; developing Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) through electronic surveillance; greater oversight of activities in the maritime domain, particularly fishing; and, an inclusive approach to security by including communities and private bodies in the security-construct. These developments are indicative of a Whole-of-Government (WoG) approach to maritime security. As some major notable reports have indicated, despite these significant developments, challenges to maritime security governance remain. This paper encapsulates some of the salient developments since “26/11” and examines a few key findings from some of the studies, particularly on the aspects of maritime-security governance.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115588150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2018.1564556
M. Sarvananthan
ABSTRACT Poaching activities in the territorial waters off the coast of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka by the fishing communities from the state of Tamil Nadu in India, especially in the wake of the end of Sri Lanka’s civil war in 2009, have seriously strained the historic kinship, as also the bilateral international relations between Sri Lanka and India. The objectives of this policy paper are to first, make an informed assessment of the magnitude of these fishing disputes that occur between Sri Lanka and India in terms of both monetary, and livelihood losses incurred by Sri Lanka and the people who are directly affected by the same; and second, to explore scientific or technical solutions to this long running dispute to counter the ineffectiveness of law enforcement and the presumed absence of political solutions.
{"title":"Envisioning a smart resolution to fishing disputes between India and Sri Lanka","authors":"M. Sarvananthan","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2018.1564556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2018.1564556","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Poaching activities in the territorial waters off the coast of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka by the fishing communities from the state of Tamil Nadu in India, especially in the wake of the end of Sri Lanka’s civil war in 2009, have seriously strained the historic kinship, as also the bilateral international relations between Sri Lanka and India. The objectives of this policy paper are to first, make an informed assessment of the magnitude of these fishing disputes that occur between Sri Lanka and India in terms of both monetary, and livelihood losses incurred by Sri Lanka and the people who are directly affected by the same; and second, to explore scientific or technical solutions to this long running dispute to counter the ineffectiveness of law enforcement and the presumed absence of political solutions.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126519596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1080/09733159.2018.1564555
A. P. Golaya, N. Yogeswaran
ABSTRACT Space-based detection of Automatic Identification System (AIS) transmissions is increasingly being used as a means of collating vessel information for building Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). With the introduction of “Long-Range AIS” through a specific AIS message (Message 27), designed for reception from space, some of the existing problems with space-based vessel detection would be obviated. Nonetheless, the system cannot replace terrestrial detection. In some cases, interaction between the two segments – space and ground based – of the system may even render one segment totally ineffective. From the user-perspective, an examination of the underlying technical issues will help understand the capabilities and limitations of the system as an aid to global vessel tracking. Designing future sub-systems to optimally exploit the changes is important.
{"title":"“AIS 2.0”: Technological changes, implications and policy recommendations","authors":"A. P. Golaya, N. Yogeswaran","doi":"10.1080/09733159.2018.1564555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09733159.2018.1564555","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Space-based detection of Automatic Identification System (AIS) transmissions is increasingly being used as a means of collating vessel information for building Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). With the introduction of “Long-Range AIS” through a specific AIS message (Message 27), designed for reception from space, some of the existing problems with space-based vessel detection would be obviated. Nonetheless, the system cannot replace terrestrial detection. In some cases, interaction between the two segments – space and ground based – of the system may even render one segment totally ineffective. From the user-perspective, an examination of the underlying technical issues will help understand the capabilities and limitations of the system as an aid to global vessel tracking. Designing future sub-systems to optimally exploit the changes is important.","PeriodicalId":342704,"journal":{"name":"Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115601376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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