Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3435489
Cesar Diaz-Londono;Paolo Maffezzoni;Luca Daniel;Giambattista Gruosso
Electric vehicle (EV) adoption has been increasing rapidly, posing new challenges for integrating EV charging infrastructure with the existing electrical grid. Uncoordinated charging of EVs can cause transformers to overload, leading to instability and unreliability in the grid. This article introduces two smart charging coordinators for EV charging pools designed to manage EV charging while considering transformer power limits. The first strategy aims to minimize operational costs, while the second maximizes the charger flexibility. Both coordinators account for uncertainties in EV arrival time and state of charge, as well as inflexible demands on transformers. The strategies are evaluated and compared using grid-aware and grid-unaware methods regarding transformer power limits. Real-world datasets are utilized to assess the performance of the proposed strategies through simulation studies across three scenarios: single charging station behavior, average parking lot occupancy, and worst-case occupancy scenarios. Comparative analysis against uncoordinated and coordinated strategies from the literature reveals that the flexibility maximization strategy provides the most uniform response, effectively mitigating transformer overload events by optimizing charging power and scheduling flexibility. The study underscores the importance of accurate, innovative charging strategies for seamless EV integration and emphasizes the necessity of coordinated charging pools for reliable EV charging operations.
{"title":"Comparison and Analysis of Algorithms for Coordinated EV Charging to Reduce Power Grid Impact","authors":"Cesar Diaz-Londono;Paolo Maffezzoni;Luca Daniel;Giambattista Gruosso","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3435489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3435489","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) adoption has been increasing rapidly, posing new challenges for integrating EV charging infrastructure with the existing electrical grid. Uncoordinated charging of EVs can cause transformers to overload, leading to instability and unreliability in the grid. This article introduces two smart charging coordinators for EV charging pools designed to manage EV charging while considering transformer power limits. The first strategy aims to minimize operational costs, while the second maximizes the charger flexibility. Both coordinators account for uncertainties in EV arrival time and state of charge, as well as inflexible demands on transformers. The strategies are evaluated and compared using grid-aware and grid-unaware methods regarding transformer power limits. Real-world datasets are utilized to assess the performance of the proposed strategies through simulation studies across three scenarios: single charging station behavior, average parking lot occupancy, and worst-case occupancy scenarios. Comparative analysis against uncoordinated and coordinated strategies from the literature reveals that the flexibility maximization strategy provides the most uniform response, effectively mitigating transformer overload events by optimizing charging power and scheduling flexibility. The study underscores the importance of accurate, innovative charging strategies for seamless EV integration and emphasizes the necessity of coordinated charging pools for reliable EV charging operations.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"990-1003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10614891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3434486
Atefeh Hajijamali Arani;Peng Hu;Yeying Zhu
Recent technological advancements in space, air, and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called “space-air-ground integrated network” (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a significant barrier to realizing such SAGINs. UAVs are expected to meet key performance requirements with limited maneuverability and resources with space and terrestrial components. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. This paper provides an essential review and analysis of recent learning algorithms in a UAV-assisted SAGIN. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit, particle swarm optimization, and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, applicable to various missions on a SAGIN. We consider real-world configurations and the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) UAV trajectories to reflect deployment cases. Our simulations suggest the 3D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms other approaches in most cases. With open challenges discussed at the end, we aim to provide design and deployment guidelines for UAV-assisted SAGINs.
{"title":"UAV-Assisted Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: A Technical Review of Recent Learning Algorithms","authors":"Atefeh Hajijamali Arani;Peng Hu;Yeying Zhu","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3434486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3434486","url":null,"abstract":"Recent technological advancements in space, air, and ground components have made possible a new network paradigm called “space-air-ground integrated network” (SAGIN). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a key role in SAGINs. However, due to UAVs' high dynamics and complexity, real-world deployment of a SAGIN becomes a significant barrier to realizing such SAGINs. UAVs are expected to meet key performance requirements with limited maneuverability and resources with space and terrestrial components. Therefore, employing UAVs in various usage scenarios requires well-designed planning in algorithmic approaches. This paper provides an essential review and analysis of recent learning algorithms in a UAV-assisted SAGIN. We consider possible reward functions and discuss the state-of-the-art algorithms for optimizing the reward functions, including Q-learning, deep Q-learning, multi-armed bandit, particle swarm optimization, and satisfaction-based learning algorithms. Unlike other survey papers, we focus on the methodological perspective of the optimization problem, applicable to various missions on a SAGIN. We consider real-world configurations and the 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) UAV trajectories to reflect deployment cases. Our simulations suggest the 3D satisfaction-based learning algorithm outperforms other approaches in most cases. With open challenges discussed at the end, we aim to provide design and deployment guidelines for UAV-assisted SAGINs.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1004-1023"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10612249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141998659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3431449
Raffaele Marotta;Sebastiaan van Aalst;Kylian Praet;Miguel Dhaens;Valentin Ivanov;Salvatore Strano;Mario Terzo;Ciro Tordela
In the automotive industry, the accurate estimation of wheel displacements is crucial for optimizing vehicle suspension systems. Traditional model-based approaches often face challenges in accurately predicting these displacements due to the complex dynamics of the road-vehicle interaction. To address this limitation, this study, conducted in the frame of the OWHEEL project, proposes the integration of a multi-output neural network capable of compensating for estimation errors inherent in model-based approaches, specifically those arising from road inputs. Leveraging only vertical acceleration measurements, the neural network operates in parallel with the model-based estimator, enhancing the overall accuracy of displacement estimation. Experimental validation using a sports vehicle demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed methodology, showcasing its ability to improve estimation accuracy beyond the capabilities of the model-based approach alone.
{"title":"Enhancing Wheel Vertical Displacement Estimation in Road Vehicles Through Integration of Model-Based Estimator With Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Raffaele Marotta;Sebastiaan van Aalst;Kylian Praet;Miguel Dhaens;Valentin Ivanov;Salvatore Strano;Mario Terzo;Ciro Tordela","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3431449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3431449","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, the accurate estimation of wheel displacements is crucial for optimizing vehicle suspension systems. Traditional model-based approaches often face challenges in accurately predicting these displacements due to the complex dynamics of the road-vehicle interaction. To address this limitation, this study, conducted in the frame of the OWHEEL project, proposes the integration of a multi-output neural network capable of compensating for estimation errors inherent in model-based approaches, specifically those arising from road inputs. Leveraging only vertical acceleration measurements, the neural network operates in parallel with the model-based estimator, enhancing the overall accuracy of displacement estimation. Experimental validation using a sports vehicle demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed methodology, showcasing its ability to improve estimation accuracy beyond the capabilities of the model-based approach alone.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"979-989"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10605031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3430818
Mohamed Ben Bezziane;Siham Hasan;Bouziane Brik;Fathi Eltayeeb Abukhres;Ali Algaddafi;Amina Ben Bezziane;Ahmed Korichi;Mohamed Redouane Kafi
The rapid progression of Cloud Computing (CC) technology has ushered in innovative ecosystem concepts such as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). In this context, the incorporation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into these cloud ecosystems has unlocked new avenues for use cases such as delivery services, disaster response, and surveillance. However, this integration presents challenges in resource management and service selection due to the unique constraints of drones and variations in service quality. This paper proposes a Game Theory-based UAV-cloud of Service Selection Architecture (GT-SSA) to address resource management and service selection challenges. By leveraging game theory in our proposal, GT-SSA optimizes decision-making for Client Drones and Provider Drones, enhancing service selection efficiency. GT-SSA proved its resilience to scalability concerns, as evidenced in Discovery Delay, Consumption Delay, End-to-End Delay, and Energy consumption. Moreover, when GT-SSA is compared with the Game Theory approach for Cloud Services in MEC- and UAV-enabled networks (GTCS), GT-SSA outperforms GTCS in terms of Successful Execution Rate, Average Execution Time, and Energy consumption. Our research also reveals that game theory surpasses fuzzy logic in terms of service selection efficiency.
{"title":"Game Theory-Based UAV-Cloud for Service Selection Architecture in Flying Ad Hoc Networks","authors":"Mohamed Ben Bezziane;Siham Hasan;Bouziane Brik;Fathi Eltayeeb Abukhres;Ali Algaddafi;Amina Ben Bezziane;Ahmed Korichi;Mohamed Redouane Kafi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3430818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3430818","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progression of Cloud Computing (CC) technology has ushered in innovative ecosystem concepts such as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC). In this context, the incorporation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into these cloud ecosystems has unlocked new avenues for use cases such as delivery services, disaster response, and surveillance. However, this integration presents challenges in resource management and service selection due to the unique constraints of drones and variations in service quality. This paper proposes a Game Theory-based UAV-cloud of Service Selection Architecture (GT-SSA) to address resource management and service selection challenges. By leveraging game theory in our proposal, GT-SSA optimizes decision-making for Client Drones and Provider Drones, enhancing service selection efficiency. GT-SSA proved its resilience to scalability concerns, as evidenced in Discovery Delay, Consumption Delay, End-to-End Delay, and Energy consumption. Moreover, when GT-SSA is compared with the Game Theory approach for Cloud Services in MEC- and UAV-enabled networks (GTCS), GT-SSA outperforms GTCS in terms of Successful Execution Rate, Average Execution Time, and Energy consumption. Our research also reveals that game theory surpasses fuzzy logic in terms of service selection efficiency.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1692-1711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10602763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428976
A. Elaidy;R. Rayner;C. Kalyvas
Pedestrians are exceptionally vulnerable in road accidents, and despite the advancements in airbag technology for vehicle occupants, fatal injuries still occur due to contact between pedestrians and vehicle components. To address this issue, an innovative solution is introduced in this research: an external airbag system designed to safeguard pedestrians in cases of brake failure. The proposed system includes four airbag modules strategically positioned within the front bumper of the vehicle. These modules are specifically designed to deploy during a collision, providing protection for the pedestrian's head, legs, and body. Equipped with a highly sensitive sensor, the system triggers the airbag electronic controller unit (ECU) upon collision detection. The external airbag curtains deploy, shielding the pedestrian's head from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards the pedestrian's legs from impact with the front bumper. With the introduction of this innovative external airbag system, the main goal is to significantly improve road safety for all individuals and prevent numerous fatalities. The introduction of the innovative external airbag system marks a significant advancement in pedestrian safety within the realm of road accidents. By strategically positioning four airbag modules within the vehicle's front bumper and equipping them with a highly sensitive sensor, this system effectively deploys during collisions to protect pedestrians' heads, legs, and bodies. The deployment of external airbag curtains shields pedestrians' heads from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards their legs from impact with the front bumper. Through this research and implementation, the primary objective is to enhance road safety for all individuals and mitigate the occurrence of numerous fatalities resulting from pedestrian-vehicle collisions.
{"title":"Innovative Design of External Airbag System for Improved Automotive Safety","authors":"A. Elaidy;R. Rayner;C. Kalyvas","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428976","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrians are exceptionally vulnerable in road accidents, and despite the advancements in airbag technology for vehicle occupants, fatal injuries still occur due to contact between pedestrians and vehicle components. To address this issue, an innovative solution is introduced in this research: an external airbag system designed to safeguard pedestrians in cases of brake failure. The proposed system includes four airbag modules strategically positioned within the front bumper of the vehicle. These modules are specifically designed to deploy during a collision, providing protection for the pedestrian's head, legs, and body. Equipped with a highly sensitive sensor, the system triggers the airbag electronic controller unit (ECU) upon collision detection. The external airbag curtains deploy, shielding the pedestrian's head from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards the pedestrian's legs from impact with the front bumper. With the introduction of this innovative external airbag system, the main goal is to significantly improve road safety for all individuals and prevent numerous fatalities. The introduction of the innovative external airbag system marks a significant advancement in pedestrian safety within the realm of road accidents. By strategically positioning four airbag modules within the vehicle's front bumper and equipping them with a highly sensitive sensor, this system effectively deploys during collisions to protect pedestrians' heads, legs, and bodies. The deployment of external airbag curtains shields pedestrians' heads from striking the bonnet, while an additional airbag safeguards their legs from impact with the front bumper. Through this research and implementation, the primary objective is to enhance road safety for all individuals and mitigate the occurrence of numerous fatalities resulting from pedestrian-vehicle collisions.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"967-978"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599838","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428645
Zhiqiang Zhang;Lei Zhang;Mingqiang Wang;Cong Wang;Zhenpo Wang
Comprehensive and accurate understanding of the interactive traffic environment facilitates reasonable motion planning for automated vehicles. This paper presents an overall risk assessment method for the host vehicle to achieve efficient motion planning considering uncertainties of the predicted driving behaviors of surrounding vehicles. A Social Temporal Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory network is constructed to capture the interactive characteristics among the host and surrounding vehicles and to predict the statistical distribution of the trajectory prediction uncertainty in the prediction horizon. Then a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution-based dynamic risk assessment with a soft update method is developed to spatially and temporally quantify the driving risk by constructing the occupancy map based on the multi-modal distribution of the predicted trajectories for the surrounding vehicles. The optimal motion of the host vehicle is determined by minimizing a multi-objective function of the alternative driving behaviors. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified under typical driving scenarios extracted from the NGSIM dataset. The results show that the proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the potential risk and efficiently achieve motion planning while minimizing the driving risk.
{"title":"An Uncertainty-Aware Lane Change Motion Planning Algorithm Based on Probabilistic Trajectory Prediction Distribution","authors":"Zhiqiang Zhang;Lei Zhang;Mingqiang Wang;Cong Wang;Zhenpo Wang","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3428645","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive and accurate understanding of the interactive traffic environment facilitates reasonable motion planning for automated vehicles. This paper presents an overall risk assessment method for the host vehicle to achieve efficient motion planning considering uncertainties of the predicted driving behaviors of surrounding vehicles. A Social Temporal Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory network is constructed to capture the interactive characteristics among the host and surrounding vehicles and to predict the statistical distribution of the trajectory prediction uncertainty in the prediction horizon. Then a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution-based dynamic risk assessment with a soft update method is developed to spatially and temporally quantify the driving risk by constructing the occupancy map based on the multi-modal distribution of the predicted trajectories for the surrounding vehicles. The optimal motion of the host vehicle is determined by minimizing a multi-objective function of the alternative driving behaviors. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified under typical driving scenarios extracted from the NGSIM dataset. The results show that the proposed method can comprehensively evaluate the potential risk and efficiently achieve motion planning while minimizing the driving risk.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"1386-1399"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427326
Takamasa Higuchi;Lei Zhong;Ryokichi Onishi
The increasing network traffic from connected vehicles is putting a strain on the limited bandwidth resources of cellular networks. Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) over vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications has been considered as an effective means of offloading the cellular data traffic, while its quantitative performance in urban road traffic remains unclear in many aspects. In this paper, we unveil the benefits of data offloading over vehicular DTNs by city-scale network simulations in Nagoya, Japan. The simulation scenario embraces more than 8 million vehicle trips over five consecutive days. The vehicle routes are carefully calibrated against public statistics on the road traffic volume to enable realistic simulations of V2V communication opportunities between vehicles on the road. The results indicate the strong potential of vehicular DTNs in mixed urban road traffic, comprised of both public transport and privately owned vehicles – a large amount data traffic can be offloaded from cellular networks to V2V communication networks even with the limited ratio of vehicles participating the vehicular DTNs.
{"title":"Data Offloading Over Vehicular DTNs: City-Wide Feasibility Study in Nagoya","authors":"Takamasa Higuchi;Lei Zhong;Ryokichi Onishi","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427326","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing network traffic from connected vehicles is putting a strain on the limited bandwidth resources of cellular networks. Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) over vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications has been considered as an effective means of offloading the cellular data traffic, while its quantitative performance in urban road traffic remains unclear in many aspects. In this paper, we unveil the benefits of data offloading over vehicular DTNs by city-scale network simulations in Nagoya, Japan. The simulation scenario embraces more than 8 million vehicle trips over five consecutive days. The vehicle routes are carefully calibrated against public statistics on the road traffic volume to enable realistic simulations of V2V communication opportunities between vehicles on the road. The results indicate the strong potential of vehicular DTNs in mixed urban road traffic, comprised of both public transport and privately owned vehicles – a large amount data traffic can be offloaded from cellular networks to V2V communication networks even with the limited ratio of vehicles participating the vehicular DTNs.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"940-949"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427722
Vladimir Prakht;Vladimir Dmitrievskii;Vadim Kazakbaev;Eduard Valeev;Aleksey Paramonov;Alecksey Anuchin
Synchronous homopolar machines (SHMs) have established their merit in various applications, including pulse heating generators and automotive generators. They offer such advantages as a simple and dependable rotor design devoid of windings and permanent magnets, and a reliable field winding consisting of a small number of concentrated coils on the stator. This makes SHMs promising as traction motors for off-highway vehicles, such as mining dump trucks. Mining dump trucks confront the challenges of transporting hefty loads on dirt roads at speeds up to 60 km/h and conquering steep inclines. Although conventional induction motors (IMs) are widely used in these trucks, they suffer from rotor overheating, vulnerability to broken rotor bar faults, and substantial low-frequency current oscillations when braking on a slope. These problems stimulate the search for alternatives. This article conducts a theoretical analysis comparing optimized designs of IM and SHM for driving a mining dump truck with a payload of 90 tons. The comparison encompasses critical parameters such as efficiency, losses, torque ripple, required inverter power, dimensions, weight, active material cost, and inverter reliability. The study employs the downhill simplex method for optimization and the finite element method. The study shows that the benefits of SHM include reduced active material costs and improved motor and inverter reliability.
同步同极性机器（SHMs）在脉冲加热发电机和汽车发电机等各种应用中都有不俗的表现。它们具有转子设计简单可靠、无绕组和永久磁铁、定子上由少量集中线圈组成的可靠磁场绕组等优点。这使得 SHM 很有希望成为非公路车辆（如采矿倾卸卡车）的牵引电机。矿用自卸卡车面临着在泥土路上以最高 60 km/h 的速度运输重型货物以及征服陡峭斜坡的挑战。虽然传统的感应电机（IM）被广泛应用于这些卡车中，但它们存在转子过热、转子杆容易断裂以及在斜坡上制动时出现大量低频电流振荡等问题。这些问题促使人们寻找替代品。本文对用于驱动有效载荷为 90 吨的矿用自卸卡车的 IM 和 SHM 优化设计进行了理论分析比较。比较包括效率、损耗、扭矩纹波、所需逆变器功率、尺寸、重量、活性材料成本和逆变器可靠性等关键参数。研究采用下坡单纯形法和有限元法进行优化。研究表明，SHM 的优点包括降低有源材料成本、提高电机和变频器的可靠性。
{"title":"Assessment of the Feasibility of Using a Synchronous Homopolar Motor Instead of an Induction Motor in a Traction Drive With a Wide Constant Power Speed Range","authors":"Vladimir Prakht;Vladimir Dmitrievskii;Vadim Kazakbaev;Eduard Valeev;Aleksey Paramonov;Alecksey Anuchin","doi":"10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJVT.2024.3427722","url":null,"abstract":"Synchronous homopolar machines (SHMs) have established their merit in various applications, including pulse heating generators and automotive generators. They offer such advantages as a simple and dependable rotor design devoid of windings and permanent magnets, and a reliable field winding consisting of a small number of concentrated coils on the stator. This makes SHMs promising as traction motors for off-highway vehicles, such as mining dump trucks. Mining dump trucks confront the challenges of transporting hefty loads on dirt roads at speeds up to 60 km/h and conquering steep inclines. Although conventional induction motors (IMs) are widely used in these trucks, they suffer from rotor overheating, vulnerability to broken rotor bar faults, and substantial low-frequency current oscillations when braking on a slope. These problems stimulate the search for alternatives. This article conducts a theoretical analysis comparing optimized designs of IM and SHM for driving a mining dump truck with a payload of 90 tons. The comparison encompasses critical parameters such as efficiency, losses, torque ripple, required inverter power, dimensions, weight, active material cost, and inverter reliability. The study employs the downhill simplex method for optimization and the finite element method. The study shows that the benefits of SHM include reduced active material costs and improved motor and inverter reliability.","PeriodicalId":34270,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology","volume":"5 ","pages":"950-966"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10598229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1109/OJVT.2024.3426989
Hossam M. Abdelghaffar;Mónica Menéndez
Autonomous vehicles will be widely operated on roadways in the near future. Prior to the broad adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs), conventional human-driven vehicles would coexist with their AVs counterparts on the same roads, resulting in traffic scenarios that had never been observed before. One such scenario involves the merging of AVs onto a main road. This study assesses the effects of incorporating AVs into a transportation system at different levels of AV penetration. This research analyzes AVs' influence by examining performance metrics such as travel time, delay, number of stops, and stop delay. The results demonstrate that introducing AVs at penetration rates of 10%, 25%, and 50% leads to an average total network delay increase of 4%, 7%, and 18%, respectively. A variety of parameters influence AV performance. To improve AV performance and, consequently, performance metrics, it is critical to identify and effectively control the influential parameters that have a significant impact on AV performance. Consequently, in this paper, we employ the quasi-optimized trajectory elementary effect sensitivity analysis approach, to identify the parameters whose variations are anticipated to significantly impact the performance metrics. The research findings reveal that the time gap, standstill distance, acceleration from a standstill, and the following distance oscillation are all influential parameters affecting the performance metrics of the network, the merging road, and the main road at various levels of AV penetration rate.
在不久的将来，自动驾驶汽车将在道路上广泛运行。在广泛采用自动驾驶汽车（AVs）之前，传统的人类驾驶汽车会与自动驾驶汽车在同一条道路上并存，从而导致前所未有的交通场景。其中一种情况是自动驾驶汽车并入主干道。本研究评估了在不同的自动驾驶汽车普及水平下，将自动驾驶汽车纳入交通系统的影响。研究通过考察旅行时间、延误、停车次数和停车延误等性能指标来分析自动驾驶汽车的影响。结果表明，在 10%、25% 和 50%的渗透率下引入自动驾驶汽车，会导致网络总延迟平均分别增加 4%、7% 和 18%。AV 性能受多种参数影响。要提高 AV 性能，进而改善性能指标，关键是要识别并有效控制对 AV 性能有重大影响的参数。因此，在本文中，我们采用了准优化轨迹基本效应灵敏度分析方法，以确定预计其变化会对性能指标产生重大影响的参数。研究结果表明，时间间隙、静止距离、静止加速度和跟随距离振荡都是影响网络、合流道路和主干道在不同水平的自动驾驶普及率下的性能指标的影响参数。
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Hardware impairments (HWI) are imperfections in hardware components that diminish wireless communication performance. Unlike Geometric-based Stochastic Models (GBSMs), existing works on the impact of HWI on cooperative-relay (CR) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) systems employ the Correlated-based Stochastic Model (CBSM), which does not capture realistic propagation mechanisms. Moreover, studies on CR-NOMA with large antenna transmitters (LATs) using CBSM and GBSM have attracted little attention in academia. We consider this as a computational issue. Although considerable work has been done, there is still a significant knowledge gap about how HWI and imperfect successive interference cancellation affect far-users in CR-NOMA with the LAT system. In this study, the LAT is considered a cylindrical array, and parameters such as delay spread, angle of arrival, and departure are incorporated to achieve a CR-NOMA-GBSM system with amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes. To reduce computing demands, we offer a novel concept of using the physical dimensions of the array to derive the location vector of the antenna element. Using Monte Carlo simulation, near and far users' BER performances deteriorate for AF and DF at 15 dB and 5 dB or below, respectively. As far-users can receive comparable performances as near-users for both AF and DF in terms of achievable rates, this demonstrates the potential rewards of CR-NOMA with LAT.
硬件损伤（HWI）是硬件组件中的缺陷，会降低无线通信性能。与基于几何的随机模型（GBSM）不同，现有关于硬件损伤对合作中继（CR）非正交多址（NOMA）系统影响的研究采用的是基于相关的随机模型（CBSM），该模型无法捕捉现实的传播机制。此外，学术界对使用 CBSM 和 GBSM 的带有大型天线发射器 (LAT) 的 CR-NOMA 的研究也很少关注。我们认为这是一个计算问题。虽然已经做了大量工作，但对于 HWI 和不完美的连续干扰消除如何影响带有 LAT 系统的 CR-NOMA 中的远端用户，仍然存在很大的知识差距。在本研究中，LAT 被视为一个圆柱形阵列，并纳入了延迟扩散、到达角和离去角等参数，以实现具有放大-前向（AF）或解码-前向（DF）中继方案的 CR-NOMA-GBSM 系统。为了减少计算需求，我们提出了一个新概念，即利用阵列的物理尺寸来推导天线元件的位置矢量。通过蒙特卡洛仿真，AF 和 DF 的近端和远端用户误码率性能分别在 15 dB 和 5 dB 或更低时恶化。在可实现速率方面，AF 和 DF 的远端用户可获得与近端用户相当的性能，这证明了带有 LAT 的 CR-NOMA 的潜在回报。
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