Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.407
T. Ryzhenkova
The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.
{"title":"The Ottoman-Mamluk War of 1516–1517 as Described by the Egyptian Historian Ibn Zunbul","authors":"T. Ryzhenkova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.407","url":null,"abstract":"The author of this article focuses on the 16th century work “The End of the Temporary Dynasty and the Rise to Power of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Egyptian historian Ibn Zunbul Al-Rammal (“History” by Ibn Zunbul) and the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516–1517 described in it. This book is the author’s most significant work. It is written in an artistic style and recounts the defeat of the penultimate Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri in the war with the Ottoman ruler Selim I and the subsequent occupation of Syria and Egypt by the Ottomans. In the work, Ibn Zunbul takes the greatest interest in two topics. First, he examines the causes of the conflict, which broke out between Selim I and Qansuh al-Ghuri and led to the collapse of the Mamluk empire. Second, Ibn Zunbul pose the question why the Mamluks lost the war against the Ottomans. Despite his undisguised admiration for the fighting qualities of the Mamluks as knights, their combat tactics and courage, he is forced to admit that they could not resist the firearms of the Ottomans, which they had been actively using for many decades. Ibn Zunbul’s “History” is one of three works in Arabic written by contemporaries that detail the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. The author attempts to define the significance of Ibn Zunbul’s work as a source in the history of Egypt in the first half of the 16th century.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127795317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.203
O. Zavyalova
The Manden Charter, according to tradition, was adopted in 1236 at Kurukan Fuga (Mali), after the victory of Sunjata Keita, legendary Mali ruler, over Sumaoro Kante, general of susu troops. It is a corpus of rules that was created to organize the Mali Empire. In 2009, UNESCO inscribed the Charter on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Charter, like the Hunters’ Oath (1222), belongs to the oral tradition and was documented only in 1998. Therer are many oral variants of text. So there is controversy about its authenticity. Basing on the results of my previous research, it is safe to say that the Charter conveys the main social norms of Manden society and its social structure, however, it contains also some modern ideas. In Guinea, near Niagassola village, there is a place similar to Kurukan Fuga, where until recently the main Manden families gathered to make important decisions. Informants said that Sundiata himself was there also. The Charter may be even more significant today than it used to be, which is why it has become the center of attention both among the Manden peoples and abroad. Like every oral tradition the Charter makes changes in history, and this alternation of history is inevitable, because history is important not just for the past, but for present and future of the peoples. Today the Charter is an important element in Manden’s self-identification.
{"title":"The Neo-traditionalism of the Manden Charter","authors":"O. Zavyalova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.203","url":null,"abstract":"The Manden Charter, according to tradition, was adopted in 1236 at Kurukan Fuga (Mali), after the victory of Sunjata Keita, legendary Mali ruler, over Sumaoro Kante, general of susu troops. It is a corpus of rules that was created to organize the Mali Empire. In 2009, UNESCO inscribed the Charter on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The Charter, like the Hunters’ Oath (1222), belongs to the oral tradition and was documented only in 1998. Therer are many oral variants of text. So there is controversy about its authenticity. Basing on the results of my previous research, it is safe to say that the Charter conveys the main social norms of Manden society and its social structure, however, it contains also some modern ideas. In Guinea, near Niagassola village, there is a place similar to Kurukan Fuga, where until recently the main Manden families gathered to make important decisions. Informants said that Sundiata himself was there also. The Charter may be even more significant today than it used to be, which is why it has become the center of attention both among the Manden peoples and abroad. Like every oral tradition the Charter makes changes in history, and this alternation of history is inevitable, because history is important not just for the past, but for present and future of the peoples. Today the Charter is an important element in Manden’s self-identification.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116419727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.203
S. Klyuev, Valeria N. Semenova
The article is devoted to the results of research focused on three rock-hewn churches, which are not well-represented in literature, in Kola Tembien of the Tigray region in Ethiopia. Fieldwork was carried out with the financial support of the Russian foundation for Basic Research. Trips to the site were conducted in the autumn of 2019 and 2020. The problems of dating and typology is the focus of this research. In the article, three churches are described — Mikaʼel ʽAddi Kawa, Abunä Fäqadä Amlak in ʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako. Special reference is made to the architectural ties of these three monuments with others of the region in order to reveal the possible mutual influence of architectural constructions and some decorative elements. Information on these churches has not been published since the time of cooperative research by Ruth Plant and David Buxton in the 1970s. Particular attention in the article is paid to the churches Abunä Fäqadä Amlak inʽAdi Śərä and Maryam Degol Chako as they have very rich paintings on canvas dating from the middle of the XX century. These paintings are valuable not only as art objects of Christian Ethiopia, but also as important sources of the cultural and political history of Tigray. Unfortunately, the preservation of these paintings in the studied churches raises concerns. The article presents new authentic material on the described churches. Photographs of the interiors are published for the first time. In addition, on the basis of the iconographic and architectural analysis, a number of hypotheses by the author are presented for further discussion and verification. It is worth noting the possibility of reconstructing the previous basilica rock-hewn churches into centric structures by building the interior the walls.
本文致力于研究埃塞俄比亚提格雷地区Kola Tembien的三座岩石教堂，这些教堂在文学中没有得到很好的代表。实地工作是在俄罗斯基础研究基金会的财政支持下进行的。2019年秋季和2020年秋季进行了实地考察。年代和类型学问题是本研究的重点。在文章中，描述了三个教堂- Mika ' el khadi Kawa, Abunä Fäqadä Amlak In khadi Ś / rä和Maryam Degol Chako。特别提到了这三个纪念碑与该地区其他纪念碑的建筑联系，以揭示建筑结构和一些装饰元素可能的相互影响。自20世纪70年代露丝·普兰特和大卫·巴克斯顿合作研究以来，这些教堂的信息就没有发表过。文章特别关注了Abunä Fäqadä Amlak在Adi Ś / rä和Maryam Degol Chako教堂，因为它们有非常丰富的帆布画，可以追溯到20世纪中叶。这些绘画不仅是基督教埃塞俄比亚的艺术品，而且是提格雷文化和政治历史的重要来源。不幸的是，这些画作在被研究的教堂里的保存引起了人们的关注。本文介绍了有关所描述教堂的新的真实材料。室内的照片是第一次公布。此外，在图像和建筑分析的基础上，作者提出了一些假设，以供进一步讨论和验证。值得注意的是，通过建造内部墙壁，可以将以前的长方形岩石凿成的教堂重建为中心结构。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.305
A. Lyakhovich
This paper addresses the novel Kukan so (Cry of love) by Jamila Muhammad Danfajo (2007). This survey presents textual analysis of two parts of the book in respect to the nature, characteristic features, and functions of Hausa-English code-switching within the literary text. A growing body of literature provides sociolinguistic study of code-switching within the speeches and conversation of Hausa-English bilinguals (Nasiru Ajatau, Yusuf Nuhu Inuwa, and the others). The roots of this phenomenon within the literary texts are still to be explored. Despite a large amount of works on African literatures, only a few of scholars draw attention to how African authors use code-switching in their writing (Bandia, Larsson, and the others). Unlike those authors who write in Western languages, Jamila Danfajo uses African language, Hausa. The writer switches to English quite regularly, both in the author’s speech and that of the characters. The survey shows that Hausa-English CS displayed in Jamila Danfajo’s novel allows the matrix language exert varying degrees of control over insertion. The described models of CS are obviously determined by the degree of congruence between Hausa and English with regard to particular grammatical categories. In many cases, the contradiction between formally non-congruent categories (as lexical gender) is not resolved by the use of embedded language islands. In contrast, interpretation-based patterns are established. CS patterns are often provided by pre-existing models of loanwords adaptation. However, in some cases the foundation for how the congruence is achieved is not obvious.
本文探讨了Jamila Muhammad Danfajo(2007)的小说《爱的呐喊》(Kukan so)。本文从文学文本中豪英语码转换的性质、特征和功能三个方面对该书的两个部分进行了语篇分析。越来越多的文献提供了豪萨语-英语双语者(Nasiru Ajatau, Yusuf Nuhu Inuwa等)讲话和对话中的语码转换的社会语言学研究。这一现象在文学文本中的根源仍有待探讨。尽管有大量关于非洲文学的著作，但只有少数学者注意到非洲作家如何在其写作中使用语码转换(Bandia, Larsson等)。与那些用西方语言写作的作家不同，贾米拉·丹法霍使用的是非洲语言豪萨语。无论是在作者的演讲中还是在人物的演讲中，作者都经常使用英语。调查显示，在贾米拉·丹法霍的小说中，豪萨-英语的CS表现出了矩阵语言对插入的不同程度的控制。豪萨语和英语在特定语法范畴上的一致性程度显然决定了所描述的语言模式。在许多情况下，形式上不一致的范畴(如词汇性别)之间的矛盾不能通过使用嵌入式语言岛来解决。相反，建立了基于解释的模式。CS模式通常是由已有的外来词适应模型提供的。然而，在某些情况下，如何实现一致性的基础并不明显。
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.110
A. S. Suleimanova, Mark A. Kozintcev, Aleksey V. Obraztsov
This article centers around the figure of Peyami Safa, a classic of Turkish literary modernism, and particularly around his creative activities that have not yet received enough attention in Turkish studies in Russia, especially his contribution into Turkish mass (popular) literature. Under examination is the story “A Young Girl Among The Bektashi”, which combines erotic, detective, and gothic plot lines. The story was published in 1927 under the name Server Bedi, a widely known pseudonym of Peyami Safa. In this work he manifests as a writer extremely sensitive to the political situation, to government ideology, and to state policy. A decree aimed at secularization of the state was issued in Turkey in 1925, according to which dervishes’ tekkes were to be closed. Even though the struggle against “popular” forms of Islam started much earlier, in the late 19th century, when Sultan Mahmud II took steps to eradicate the Bektashi Order of dervishes, the Republican government was still in need of legitimizing its activities at all levels and in all forms of social influencing, including such media as literature and fiction. To further discredit the Alevi and Bektashi religious minorities, Peyami Safa builds his story around (and actively uses) various misconceptions about dervishes’ customs, rituals, and religious practices, misconceptions that were purported and widely circulated among the Sunni Turks. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that it gives the fullest biography of the writer available in Russian, which, in turn, reveals major underlying reasons that determined the author’s choice of narrative strategies. Due to Peyami Safa’s personal features that were exacerbated by a serious disease he suffered, he failed to create a literary piece of mass literature of the same high quality which characterizes modernism writings created under his own name.
{"title":"From the History of Turkish Popular Literature: The Novel of Peyami Safa “A Young Girl Among The Bektashi”","authors":"A. S. Suleimanova, Mark A. Kozintcev, Aleksey V. Obraztsov","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.110","url":null,"abstract":"This article centers around the figure of Peyami Safa, a classic of Turkish literary modernism, and particularly around his creative activities that have not yet received enough attention in Turkish studies in Russia, especially his contribution into Turkish mass (popular) literature. Under examination is the story “A Young Girl Among The Bektashi”, which combines erotic, detective, and gothic plot lines. The story was published in 1927 under the name Server Bedi, a widely known pseudonym of Peyami Safa. In this work he manifests as a writer extremely sensitive to the political situation, to government ideology, and to state policy. A decree aimed at secularization of the state was issued in Turkey in 1925, according to which dervishes’ tekkes were to be closed. Even though the struggle against “popular” forms of Islam started much earlier, in the late 19th century, when Sultan Mahmud II took steps to eradicate the Bektashi Order of dervishes, the Republican government was still in need of legitimizing its activities at all levels and in all forms of social influencing, including such media as literature and fiction. To further discredit the Alevi and Bektashi religious minorities, Peyami Safa builds his story around (and actively uses) various misconceptions about dervishes’ customs, rituals, and religious practices, misconceptions that were purported and widely circulated among the Sunni Turks. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that it gives the fullest biography of the writer available in Russian, which, in turn, reveals major underlying reasons that determined the author’s choice of narrative strategies. Due to Peyami Safa’s personal features that were exacerbated by a serious disease he suffered, he failed to create a literary piece of mass literature of the same high quality which characterizes modernism writings created under his own name.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131414776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.402
I. Kotin
This article covers history of Polish Indology in the second half of the 20th century and early 21st century. The end of World War II, and the independence obtained by India in 1947 are the factors that greatly influenced development of Indology in Poland and Polish-Russian Indological contacts. New centers of Indology in Wroclaw and Poznan developed. New themes of research appeared. Contacts with Russian colleagues intensified. The author reviews the history of Indology in Wrocław, Warsaw, Krakov and Poznan. In May 1945, Poland obtained new territories and Wrocław became a leading educational and science hub with many professors from Vilnius and Lvov joining Breslau’s former university staff. For example, S. Stasiak and Ludwik Skurzak joined the Indology unit at the University of Wrocław. Unfortunately, the Department of Indian Studies at the Jagiellonian University was closed from 1948 to 1973; it was re-opened in 1973. Despite institutional challenges, Indology in both countries continued to develop, and relations. Tatiana Rutkowskla (Nee Girillovich) from Leningrad University after post-graduate studies in Leningrad moved to Warsaw and started teaching Hindi. Now four Polish Universities continue long tradition of Indological studies and Russian-Polish Indological contacts there in 1950s.
{"title":"On the History of Polish Indology and Russian-Polish Indological Contacts in the Second Part of the 20th — and Start of the 21st Century","authors":"I. Kotin","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.402","url":null,"abstract":"This article covers history of Polish Indology in the second half of the 20th century and early 21st century. The end of World War II, and the independence obtained by India in 1947 are the factors that greatly influenced development of Indology in Poland and Polish-Russian Indological contacts. New centers of Indology in Wroclaw and Poznan developed. New themes of research appeared. Contacts with Russian colleagues intensified. The author reviews the history of Indology in Wrocław, Warsaw, Krakov and Poznan. In May 1945, Poland obtained new territories and Wrocław became a leading educational and science hub with many professors from Vilnius and Lvov joining Breslau’s former university staff. For example, S. Stasiak and Ludwik Skurzak joined the Indology unit at the University of Wrocław. Unfortunately, the Department of Indian Studies at the Jagiellonian University was closed from 1948 to 1973; it was re-opened in 1973. Despite institutional challenges, Indology in both countries continued to develop, and relations. Tatiana Rutkowskla (Nee Girillovich) from Leningrad University after post-graduate studies in Leningrad moved to Warsaw and started teaching Hindi. Now four Polish Universities continue long tradition of Indological studies and Russian-Polish Indological contacts there in 1950s.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131747410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.106
Olga V. Lundysheva
This article provides information about the Tocharian B collection of the IOM RAS. It is a unique collection of Tocharian B manuscripts in Russia. It includes 87 wooden tablets and 383 manuscript fragments. Due to historical circumstances, the collection was not put into scholarly circulation. Only a few manuscripts have been introduced to the academic community, although it would be hard to overestimate the importance of this collection for knowledge of Tocharian palaeography and literature. The St Petersburg collection includes manuscript fragments from all the Tarim sites where traces of the Tocharians were found. Moreover, they are varied in scripts and content. There are fragments in archaic, middle, and late forms of the so-called “North Turkestan Brāhmī” script in their calligraphic and cursive variations. Buddhist texts are most numerous in terms of content. They include jātakas and avadānas, Āgama-related texts, Abhidharma and Vinaya texts, stotras, and other Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna texts. The collection of documents on paper and wooden tablets is of special attractiveness as some of the paper documents are complete folios. The article is mainly dedicated to the formation of the collection. It also summarizes research already done to introduce the manuscripts to the academic community. The references also provide a complete list of publications of the collection materials.
{"title":"Tocharian B Manuscripts of the St Petersburg (IOM RAS) Collection","authors":"Olga V. Lundysheva","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.106","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides information about the Tocharian B collection of the IOM RAS. It is a unique collection of Tocharian B manuscripts in Russia. It includes 87 wooden tablets and 383 manuscript fragments. Due to historical circumstances, the collection was not put into scholarly circulation. Only a few manuscripts have been introduced to the academic community, although it would be hard to overestimate the importance of this collection for knowledge of Tocharian palaeography and literature. The St Petersburg collection includes manuscript fragments from all the Tarim sites where traces of the Tocharians were found. Moreover, they are varied in scripts and content. There are fragments in archaic, middle, and late forms of the so-called “North Turkestan Brāhmī” script in their calligraphic and cursive variations. Buddhist texts are most numerous in terms of content. They include jātakas and avadānas, Āgama-related texts, Abhidharma and Vinaya texts, stotras, and other Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna texts. The collection of documents on paper and wooden tablets is of special attractiveness as some of the paper documents are complete folios. The article is mainly dedicated to the formation of the collection. It also summarizes research already done to introduce the manuscripts to the academic community. The references also provide a complete list of publications of the collection materials.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116245918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.204
Yurij V. Seleznev
In the first quarter of the 21st century, the verbal model of the Mongolian Empire as a “globalizing power” firmly entered scholarly discourse. Modern processes of globalization are compelling the study of similar manifestations in the past. The systematic method of historical modeling allows you to create a verbal model describing globalization, for example, in the 13th century. Thus, to introduce the concept of “globalization” in relation to the history of the Mongol Empire, the provision on the worldwide nature of the political, economic and ideological structures of the Genghisid state is used. The concept of “Mongolian/Horde globalism” is becoming widespread in the modern discursive field. Thus, during 2006–2020, the concept of “Mongolian globalism” became widespread not only in popular scientific works, but also in scientific articles and monographs. It is quite natural and natural that the largest conquests of the Genghisids in history led to the creation of a powerful state in which unified centralized control was established, including over transcontinental trade routes. The unified management contributed to the security of trade routes and, as a result, to the revival of trade and information exchange. Undoubtedly, the trade aspect, which is most clearly traced in the economy of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde, has a unifying and globalizing feature. However, its scientific assessment, as well as the identification of the nature and essence of the “Mongolian phenomenon” requires more in-depth research. The article explores the features of the formulated conceptual model, the accuracy and significance of the concepts involved for all participants of the discursive field. As a result, it is concluded that there is no reliable justification for the signs, forms and patterns of the development of the phenomenon of “Mongolian globalization” at the moment.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.408
Irina V. Sobakina
The preservation and expansion of the functioning sphere of the national languages of Russia is a requirement of modern times. Translation plays an important role in this, while, due to systemic discrepancies, literary and customary norms of the language occupy a dominant role. Translation is highly developed in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), works of oral folk art, fiction, some texts of the official business style are being translated, and the theoretical foundations of translation are being developed. Nevertheless, microtoponyms as an object of study of the private theory of Russian-Yakut translation have not been sufficiently studied, which determined the aim of the current study — the analysis of the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of the models for creating nomenclature clichés in the modern Yakut language based on the materials of the translation of bus stops into the Yakut language. The work is an attempt, for the first time, to consider models for translating microtoponyms, in particular, the names of bus stops. The subject of the study was deliberately chosen: when sound accompaniment in the Yakut language was introduced in the capital’s transport routes, the public was outraged at the quality of the translation of the names of bus stops, which determined its editing. The material is the second translation, made by staff at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by teachers of the department of stylistics of the Yakut language and Russian-Yakut translation of the NEFU named after M. K. Ammosov. The methods of continuous sampling, comparative and descriptive methods were used. The names of bus stops reflect important information about the history and culture of the locality. The stops in Yakutsk are named according to the objects in close proximity to the stops: territorial zones, streets, less often historical events and dates. The analysis has shown that the translation of bus stops names is primarily aimed at an easy perception by the recipient. Phonetic methods of translation are present: transliteration and transcription in combination with equivalent substitution, addition, amplification; lexical ones are represented by equivalent and adequate substitutions, tracing, concretization, generalization, addition, amplification and explication; grammatical — by permutation and replacement.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.403
Asylbek A. Bakirov
The problem of the emergence and development of the Kyrgyz heroic epic of Manas has attracted the attention of scholars since the very beginning of the study of this unique memorial. The first researchers in the 19th century, Kazakh scientist Ch. Ch. Valikhanov and academician V. V. Radlov, pointed to the antiquity of the Kyrgyz epic and expressed their thoughts about its composition and existence. The question of the composition and development of the epic of Manas on the basis of research on its plot, images and ideas was explained by scientists of the 20th century, such as V. M. Zhirmunsky, P. N. Berkov, S. M. Abramzon, R. Z. Kydyrbaeva, etc. However, the question remains relevant today. There is still no consensus among scholars as to the time of the epic’s origin and its main stages of development. The author of this article aims to continue the study of the genesis of the epic of Manas and attempts to establish the historical conditions that gave rise to the heroic epos as a new type of art and determined its further development. The author considers and analyzes the most ancient plots and characters of the epic of Manas, the formation and development of which largely predetermined the nature of epic creativity in subsequent eras. The subject of analysis is mainly the image of the protagonist and the most important themes of the archaic epic: the hero’s struggle with monsters, heroic matchmaking, and the fight against raids. All material, when possible, is considered in a comparative-historical perspective, in comparison with the epic work of Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia and Central Asia.
吉尔吉斯英雄史诗《玛纳斯》的产生和发展问题，从研究这一独特的纪念物开始，就引起了学者们的关注。19世纪，哈萨克科学家瓦利哈诺夫(Ch. Ch Valikhanov)和拉德洛夫(V. V. Radlov)院士作为第一批研究人员，指出吉尔吉斯史诗源远流长，并表达了他们对其构成和存在的看法。20世纪的科学家们，如V. M.日尔蒙斯基、P. N.伯科夫、S. M.艾布拉姆松、R. Z.基德巴耶娃等，在对《玛纳斯》的情节、形象和思想进行研究的基础上，解释了《玛纳斯》史诗的构成和发展问题。然而，这个问题在今天仍然具有相关性。关于史诗的起源时间和主要发展阶段，学者们仍然没有达成共识。本文旨在继续研究《玛纳斯》史诗的起源，并试图确定英雄史诗作为一种新的艺术类型产生并决定其进一步发展的历史条件。作者对《玛纳斯》史诗中最古老的情节和人物进行了思考和分析，这些情节和人物的形成和发展在很大程度上决定了后世史诗创作的性质。分析的主题主要是主角的形象和古代史诗最重要的主题:英雄与怪物的斗争，英雄的配对，以及对抗突袭的战斗。所有的材料，在可能的情况下，都是从比较历史的角度来考虑的，与西伯利亚南部和中亚的突厥人的史诗作品进行比较。
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