Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.208
G. Sakhatova
Turkmen, when expressing the avertive meaning “an event almost realized”, applies an obligatory marker tas. Turkmen grammars traditionally describe it as a word that gives a negative connotation to the meaning . However, in Turkic linguistics and in Turkmen in particular, the status of tas as a modal word or a grammatical particle has not yet been studied. Moreover, there are no studies in Turcological linguistics, offering classifications of modal words and particles which are shaped on the basis of their meanings as well as grammatical and pragmatic functions. Nevertheless, the marker tas is of interest for the following two reasons. First, the narrow scope of use in Turkmen, i.e. only to express the avertive meaning. Second, the issue of the etymology of the roots tas-/daz-/tis- in Turkic languages is still one of the discussed matters. Moreover, there are various suggestions about their etymology, including the hypothesis of their Mongolian origin. In this context, the following paper aims to discuss a possible lexical origin of the marker tas in Turkmen, focusing on a special group of verbs of motion with the roots tas-/daz-/tis-. These verbs are of interest since they contain information not only about direction of motion but also: a) information about a manner of movement, b) judgment of the manner of movement, and c) information about emotional state, such as fear.
{"title":"On Special Verbs of Motion in Turkmen and Their Possible Etymological Connection with the Marker tas in Turkmen","authors":"G. Sakhatova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.208","url":null,"abstract":"Turkmen, when expressing the avertive meaning “an event almost realized”, applies an obligatory marker tas. Turkmen grammars traditionally describe it as a word that gives a negative connotation to the meaning . However, in Turkic linguistics and in Turkmen in particular, the status of tas as a modal word or a grammatical particle has not yet been studied. Moreover, there are no studies in Turcological linguistics, offering classifications of modal words and particles which are shaped on the basis of their meanings as well as grammatical and pragmatic functions. Nevertheless, the marker tas is of interest for the following two reasons. First, the narrow scope of use in Turkmen, i.e. only to express the avertive meaning. Second, the issue of the etymology of the roots tas-/daz-/tis- in Turkic languages is still one of the discussed matters. Moreover, there are various suggestions about their etymology, including the hypothesis of their Mongolian origin. In this context, the following paper aims to discuss a possible lexical origin of the marker tas in Turkmen, focusing on a special group of verbs of motion with the roots tas-/daz-/tis-. These verbs are of interest since they contain information not only about direction of motion but also: a) information about a manner of movement, b) judgment of the manner of movement, and c) information about emotional state, such as fear.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130346850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.405
O. Bernikova, O. Redkin
In the current paper basing on the available online resources the morphology and semantics in the Qur’ān as well as the distribution of morphological models in suras and their role in depicting basic ideas of the sacred text are analyzed. Every stage of the study of the Qur’ān requires appropriate approaches and often unparalleled solutions as well as new research tools. The study of the peculiarities of the Qur’ānic text in some cases is possible only with the use of the methods of the interdisciplinary research, both traditional ones as well as newly emerging digital technologies. The current research is a continuation of the earlier works of the authors which address the quantitative analysis of the morphology of the language of the Qur’ān. The indicators obtained earlier are compared with the new results about frequency of masdars and participles of the derived forms in the sacred text. The results of a comparative analysis are illustrated by graphs and diagrams. In this research authors analyze the development of the vocabulary of the Arabic language in diachrony on the basis of various thematic corpuses of texts. As an object of the corpus research the most frequent 15 verbs in derivatives in the text of the Qur’ān are considered. Using the Arabic language corpus, the frequency of these lexemes, as well as in subsections related to the media and Islamic discourse, is analyzed. The results of this research allow to take a new look at the verbal morphology of the sacred text of the Qur’an as well as to set new goals and research objectives.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Most Frequent Verbs and Their Derivatives in the Text of the Qur’ān and Modern Standard Arabic","authors":"O. Bernikova, O. Redkin","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.405","url":null,"abstract":"In the current paper basing on the available online resources the morphology and semantics in the Qur’ān as well as the distribution of morphological models in suras and their role in depicting basic ideas of the sacred text are analyzed. Every stage of the study of the Qur’ān requires appropriate approaches and often unparalleled solutions as well as new research tools. The study of the peculiarities of the Qur’ānic text in some cases is possible only with the use of the methods of the interdisciplinary research, both traditional ones as well as newly emerging digital technologies. The current research is a continuation of the earlier works of the authors which address the quantitative analysis of the morphology of the language of the Qur’ān. The indicators obtained earlier are compared with the new results about frequency of masdars and participles of the derived forms in the sacred text. The results of a comparative analysis are illustrated by graphs and diagrams. In this research authors analyze the development of the vocabulary of the Arabic language in diachrony on the basis of various thematic corpuses of texts. As an object of the corpus research the most frequent 15 verbs in derivatives in the text of the Qur’ān are considered. Using the Arabic language corpus, the frequency of these lexemes, as well as in subsections related to the media and Islamic discourse, is analyzed. The results of this research allow to take a new look at the verbal morphology of the sacred text of the Qur’an as well as to set new goals and research objectives.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126488779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.205
Nadezhda Ye. Tikhonova, Andrei S. Ryzhenkov
At the last decades of the long 19th century, a prominent Russian Muslim journalist and educator, Ismail Gasprinskii (1851–1914), promoted a cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, which after the Revolution of 1905 gradually shifted to the idea of national-cultural autonomy within Russian empire, long after some of Gasprinskii’s ideas were reinterpreted and he personally became known as a pan-Turkist, especially in the USSR and in Turkey. This case study aims at examining how the image of Ismail Gasprinskii was embedded into pan-Turkic discourse in Turkey. Hence, we focus on key authors, including founders of pan-Turkism Yusuf Akçura and Ziya Gökalp, who initiated the process of portraying Gasprinskii as one of the “ideologists of pan-Turkism”. Following the main aim of the study, we also briefly analyze Gasprinskii’s cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, along with the ideas of pan-Turkism per se. We argue that there are two central narratives, which solidified the imagination of Gasprinskii as a “pan-Turkist”. First, the myth of his studying in Moscow military gymnasium amidst the “militant pan-Slavism”, and second, the pan-Turkic reinterpretation of the slogan “Unity in language, thoughts, deeds”, which appeared on the heading of Gasprinskii’s newspaper Perevodchik-Terjiman in October of 1912, two years before his death.
{"title":"“Unity in Language, Thoughts, Deeds”: The Ideas of Ismail Gasprinskii and Conceptualization of Turkic Nationalism in Turkey","authors":"Nadezhda Ye. Tikhonova, Andrei S. Ryzhenkov","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.205","url":null,"abstract":"At the last decades of the long 19th century, a prominent Russian Muslim journalist and educator, Ismail Gasprinskii (1851–1914), promoted a cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, which after the Revolution of 1905 gradually shifted to the idea of national-cultural autonomy within Russian empire, long after some of Gasprinskii’s ideas were reinterpreted and he personally became known as a pan-Turkist, especially in the USSR and in Turkey. This case study aims at examining how the image of Ismail Gasprinskii was embedded into pan-Turkic discourse in Turkey. Hence, we focus on key authors, including founders of pan-Turkism Yusuf Akçura and Ziya Gökalp, who initiated the process of portraying Gasprinskii as one of the “ideologists of pan-Turkism”. Following the main aim of the study, we also briefly analyze Gasprinskii’s cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, along with the ideas of pan-Turkism per se. We argue that there are two central narratives, which solidified the imagination of Gasprinskii as a “pan-Turkist”. First, the myth of his studying in Moscow military gymnasium amidst the “militant pan-Slavism”, and second, the pan-Turkic reinterpretation of the slogan “Unity in language, thoughts, deeds”, which appeared on the heading of Gasprinskii’s newspaper Perevodchik-Terjiman in October of 1912, two years before his death.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":" 22","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120834535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.405
Alateng Aoqier, N. Yakhontova, Natalia V. Yampolskaya
The authors of this article present a summary of the unpublished catalogue of Oirat manuscripts and xylographs preserved at the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities, the National Affairs Committee of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Ürümqi), compiled by the keeper of the collection Do. Galdan. The fund contains around 400 books that have been collected among the Mongolian population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region since 1984. The Catalogue compiled by Do. Galdan is a list of 397 entries structured according to the order of shelfmarks: the items are neither classified by topic nor indexed, which does not allow to search for a particular text inside the collection. Therefore, classifying and grouping the items is the principal task pursued in this article. Its main focus is a thematic index to the upcoming catalogue. The index is preceded by commentary that introduces the classification of texts and notes the highlights of the collection. The texts were classified based on their titles and the descriptions of their content provided by Do. Galdan in his draft catalogue. The overall number of surviving Oirat manuscripts is limited, and the value of the materials preserved in Ürümqi is beyond dispute. What makes this collection exceptional is its local and popular character which reflects the tradition of text-related practices spread among the Oirat population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the 20th century.
{"title":"Oirat Manuscripts in the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities in Ürümqi (Part One)","authors":"Alateng Aoqier, N. Yakhontova, Natalia V. Yampolskaya","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.405","url":null,"abstract":"The authors of this article present a summary of the unpublished catalogue of Oirat manuscripts and xylographs preserved at the Cabinet for Collecting, Cataloguing and Publishing Old Books of Ethnic Minorities, the National Affairs Committee of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Ürümqi), compiled by the keeper of the collection Do. Galdan. The fund contains around 400 books that have been collected among the Mongolian population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region since 1984. The Catalogue compiled by Do. Galdan is a list of 397 entries structured according to the order of shelfmarks: the items are neither classified by topic nor indexed, which does not allow to search for a particular text inside the collection. Therefore, classifying and grouping the items is the principal task pursued in this article. Its main focus is a thematic index to the upcoming catalogue. The index is preceded by commentary that introduces the classification of texts and notes the highlights of the collection. The texts were classified based on their titles and the descriptions of their content provided by Do. Galdan in his draft catalogue. The overall number of surviving Oirat manuscripts is limited, and the value of the materials preserved in Ürümqi is beyond dispute. What makes this collection exceptional is its local and popular character which reflects the tradition of text-related practices spread among the Oirat population of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121168005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.205
I. Gerasimov, Yaser H. Akel
The article is based on the manuscript “Hundred books on skills of Medicine” by Abu Sahl al-Masihi from the collection of the Oriental Department of the Gorky Library of St. Petersburg State University (Ms. O 667). The author of this written monument was regarded as the teacher of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). The text of Abu Sahl al-Masihi is an encyclopedic medical treatise of the XI century. It consists of one hundred “books”, each of which is a separate and independent chapter dedicated to a specific problem of theoretical or practical medicine. The article presents an analysis of Arabic medical terms found in the table of contents to the first book. They can be divided into four categories: borrowings from other languages, obsolete terms, terms found in the Qur’an, and terms with Arabic roots. The authors of the article cited fragments of Quranic texts as an illustration of the early origin of some terms for physiological states. The medical knowledge and traditions of the Arabs played a decisive role in the development of Arab-Muslim medieval medicine. Medical terms of the Arabs, introduced into scientific circulation in the early Middle Ages, are actively used in modern Arabic. The results of the lexical analysis of medical terminology from the first “book” of the treatise reflect the scale of the phenomenon called Arab-Muslim medieval medicine.
{"title":"Medical Terms in the Arabic Manuscript Kitāb al-mi’a fi al-ṭibb (“Hundred Books on the Skills of Medicine”) by Abu Sahl Isa b. Yahya al-Masihi (the 11th Century)","authors":"I. Gerasimov, Yaser H. Akel","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.205","url":null,"abstract":"The article is based on the manuscript “Hundred books on skills of Medicine” by Abu Sahl al-Masihi from the collection of the Oriental Department of the Gorky Library of St. Petersburg State University (Ms. O 667). The author of this written monument was regarded as the teacher of Ibn Sina (Avicenna). The text of Abu Sahl al-Masihi is an encyclopedic medical treatise of the XI century. It consists of one hundred “books”, each of which is a separate and independent chapter dedicated to a specific problem of theoretical or practical medicine. The article presents an analysis of Arabic medical terms found in the table of contents to the first book. They can be divided into four categories: borrowings from other languages, obsolete terms, terms found in the Qur’an, and terms with Arabic roots. The authors of the article cited fragments of Quranic texts as an illustration of the early origin of some terms for physiological states. The medical knowledge and traditions of the Arabs played a decisive role in the development of Arab-Muslim medieval medicine. Medical terms of the Arabs, introduced into scientific circulation in the early Middle Ages, are actively used in modern Arabic. The results of the lexical analysis of medical terminology from the first “book” of the treatise reflect the scale of the phenomenon called Arab-Muslim medieval medicine.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115961367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.210
Alexandra. I. Luneva
The article explores the novel Manjali and Cakrabirawa (2010) by one of the most outstanding modern Indonesian writers, Ayu Utami (born in 1968), whose philosophical and intellectual work marked the beginning of a new era in Indonesian literature. The novel was not translated into English and has not been the subject of research in Russia. Articles on the topic are few and only deal with themes of gender studies and feminism. This article provides an analysis of the interpretation of the plot-forming mythological layer of the novel. Utami boldly raises the topic of political repression through mythological optics, offers her own view on the construction of the image of a witch called Calon Arang, supposedly a political rival of a historical figure — Raja Airlangga (1000–1049), the ruler of the Javanese-Balinese state of Kediri (1042–1222). Calon Arang, nicknamed Rangda (“widow”), is a well-known character in folklore, the story has many versions. The relevance of the article is due to the paradox of the myth of Calon Arang: on the one hand, its characters and plot are well known to Indonesians (primarily Javanese and Balinese), but on the other hand, the myth remains poorly understood. Cultural-historical, comparative-typological and mythopoetic methods make it possible to analyze the mythological images in her novel “Manjali and Cakrabirava”, which is, as the events of the mythological plot of the 11th century, associated with political issues — the struggle for power and the demonization of the opponent.
本文探讨了印度尼西亚最杰出的现代作家之一Ayu Utami(生于1968年)的小说《Manjali and Cakrabirawa》(2010)，其哲学和智力作品标志着印度尼西亚文学新时代的开始。这部小说没有被翻译成英文，也没有成为俄罗斯的研究对象。关于这个话题的文章很少，而且只涉及性别研究和女权主义的主题。本文对小说中构成情节的神话层的解读进行了分析。乌塔米大胆地通过神话光学提出了政治压迫的话题，提出了她自己对一个名叫Calon Arang的女巫形象的建构的看法，她被认为是一个历史人物——拉贾·艾尔朗加(1000-1049)的政治对手，拉贾·艾尔朗加是爪哇-巴厘岛Kediri州的统治者(1042-1222)。Calon Arang，昵称Rangda(“寡妇”)，是一个著名的民间传说人物，这个故事有很多版本。这篇文章的相关性是由于Calon Arang神话的悖论:一方面，它的人物和情节为印度尼西亚人(主要是爪哇人和巴厘人)所熟知，但另一方面，这个神话仍然知之甚少。文化史学、比较类型学和神话学的方法使得分析《曼伽利与喀克拉比拉瓦》中的神话形象成为可能，这些神话形象作为11世纪神话情节中的事件，与政治问题——权力斗争和对手的妖魔化——联系在一起。
{"title":"Political Myth about the Witch Calon Arang in the Novel “Manjali and Chakrabirava” by the Indonesian Author Ayu Utami","authors":"Alexandra. I. Luneva","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.210","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the novel Manjali and Cakrabirawa (2010) by one of the most outstanding modern Indonesian writers, Ayu Utami (born in 1968), whose philosophical and intellectual work marked the beginning of a new era in Indonesian literature. The novel was not translated into English and has not been the subject of research in Russia. Articles on the topic are few and only deal with themes of gender studies and feminism. This article provides an analysis of the interpretation of the plot-forming mythological layer of the novel. Utami boldly raises the topic of political repression through mythological optics, offers her own view on the construction of the image of a witch called Calon Arang, supposedly a political rival of a historical figure — Raja Airlangga (1000–1049), the ruler of the Javanese-Balinese state of Kediri (1042–1222). Calon Arang, nicknamed Rangda (“widow”), is a well-known character in folklore, the story has many versions. The relevance of the article is due to the paradox of the myth of Calon Arang: on the one hand, its characters and plot are well known to Indonesians (primarily Javanese and Balinese), but on the other hand, the myth remains poorly understood. Cultural-historical, comparative-typological and mythopoetic methods make it possible to analyze the mythological images in her novel “Manjali and Cakrabirava”, which is, as the events of the mythological plot of the 11th century, associated with political issues — the struggle for power and the demonization of the opponent.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126709161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.102
Ai-chʿen d. Wu, Kun-Long Liu
The concept of national-oriented translation as a part of the cultural translation theory becomes most relevant during the translation of fiction books into languages where the native speakers’ cultural context is far from what is narrated in the text of the translated work. The problem may be even more complicated if the language of the translated work is not the language of the described culture. This problem is exemplified by the Chinese translation of V. G. Yan’s novel “Genghis Khan”, which was written in Russian and depicts the complexity of socio-cultural processes in Central Asia during the 13th century. The description of the most important elements of material culture presented in the novel reflects the diversity of the material culture of the peoples of Central Asia. The article analyzes typical errors and inaccuracies in the translation of concepts that denote objects of material culture of Central Asian peoples. The authors attempt to identify the causes of translation errors: translator errors that arose due to differences in the semantic systems of the Russian and Chinese languages, as well as errors related to cultural differences between the peoples of Central Asia and China. The methodological basis of the research is Yuri Naida’s concept of dynamic equivalence as well as the principles of functional equivalence of the original and translated texts proposed by L. K. Latyshev. The source of material for the comparative analysis is the translation of the novel “Genghis Khan” into Chinese by Chen Hongfa. As a result of the analysis of errors and generalization of theoretical provisions, the authors propose three translation principles in order to avoid errors in the translation of names for objects of material culture, namely: the principles of “Double definition”, “Semantic correspondence” and “Addition of translation by explaining the connotative meaning of the word”. Adherence to these principles will allow translators to bring the translated text closer to the original text in both functional and communicative as well as semantic and structural ways.
{"title":"Difficulties in Translating Concepts that Denote Objects and Phenomena of Material Culture of Central Asian Peoples, and the Principles of Overcoming Them (on the Example of the Translation of V. G. Yan’s Novel “Genghis Khan” from Russian into Chinese)","authors":"Ai-chʿen d. Wu, Kun-Long Liu","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2021.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.102","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of national-oriented translation as a part of the cultural translation theory becomes most relevant during the translation of fiction books into languages where the native speakers’ cultural context is far from what is narrated in the text of the translated work. The problem may be even more complicated if the language of the translated work is not the language of the described culture. This problem is exemplified by the Chinese translation of V. G. Yan’s novel “Genghis Khan”, which was written in Russian and depicts the complexity of socio-cultural processes in Central Asia during the 13th century. The description of the most important elements of material culture presented in the novel reflects the diversity of the material culture of the peoples of Central Asia. The article analyzes typical errors and inaccuracies in the translation of concepts that denote objects of material culture of Central Asian peoples. The authors attempt to identify the causes of translation errors: translator errors that arose due to differences in the semantic systems of the Russian and Chinese languages, as well as errors related to cultural differences between the peoples of Central Asia and China. The methodological basis of the research is Yuri Naida’s concept of dynamic equivalence as well as the principles of functional equivalence of the original and translated texts proposed by L. K. Latyshev. The source of material for the comparative analysis is the translation of the novel “Genghis Khan” into Chinese by Chen Hongfa. As a result of the analysis of errors and generalization of theoretical provisions, the authors propose three translation principles in order to avoid errors in the translation of names for objects of material culture, namely: the principles of “Double definition”, “Semantic correspondence” and “Addition of translation by explaining the connotative meaning of the word”. Adherence to these principles will allow translators to bring the translated text closer to the original text in both functional and communicative as well as semantic and structural ways.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.401
M. Albedil
Yu.V. Knorozov is known as a decipherer of the writing of the ancient Maya Indians. But his research included other historical writing systems, including Proto-Indian, much less is known about this. Yu.V. Knorozov began to study it in 1964 and continued with the Group of Ethnic Semiotics he created. Proto-Indian texts have preserved evidence of one of the greatest civilizations of antiquity, which existed in the III–II millennium BC in the northwest of Hindustan, in the valley of the Indus River. In proto-Indian writing, all the difficulties that are possible when studying a forgotten historical writing system were concentrated: neither the letter nor the language, a small number of texts, the absence of bilingualism, etc. are unknown. Nevertheless, in the study of proto-Indian texts, all the tasks necessary in such cases were consistently solved. After a deep analysis of the texts themselves, the type of writing was defined as hieroglyphic (morphemic-syllabic) with all its inherent features. On the basis of formal typological comparisons, it was proved that the language of the Proto-Indian inscriptions was Dravidian; a linguistic interpretation of a number of texts was proposed and a conditional phonetic reading of the signs of proto-Indian writing was established. Yu. V. Knorozov also studied images and symbols accompanying inscriptions on various archaeological sites. The main types of inscriptions were identified, described and analyzed. On this basis, it was possible to reconstruct some features of the religious and mythological ideas of the inhabitants of proto-Indian cities and their calendar and chronological system. The purpose of this article is to show all stages of the study of proto-Indian texts, methodological positions and main results obtained in the course of work under the guidance of Yu. V. Knorozov. The author’s task is to acquaint the scientific community with the significant contribution of Yu. V. Knorozov into work on the study of proto-Indian writing and thereby resurrect one of the facets of the multifaceted image of the great Russian scientist.
{"title":"Yu. V. Knorozov: Studies of Proto-Indian Texts. To the Centenary of the Birth","authors":"M. Albedil","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.401","url":null,"abstract":"Yu.V. Knorozov is known as a decipherer of the writing of the ancient Maya Indians. But his research included other historical writing systems, including Proto-Indian, much less is known about this. Yu.V. Knorozov began to study it in 1964 and continued with the Group of Ethnic Semiotics he created. Proto-Indian texts have preserved evidence of one of the greatest civilizations of antiquity, which existed in the III–II millennium BC in the northwest of Hindustan, in the valley of the Indus River. In proto-Indian writing, all the difficulties that are possible when studying a forgotten historical writing system were concentrated: neither the letter nor the language, a small number of texts, the absence of bilingualism, etc. are unknown. Nevertheless, in the study of proto-Indian texts, all the tasks necessary in such cases were consistently solved. After a deep analysis of the texts themselves, the type of writing was defined as hieroglyphic (morphemic-syllabic) with all its inherent features. On the basis of formal typological comparisons, it was proved that the language of the Proto-Indian inscriptions was Dravidian; a linguistic interpretation of a number of texts was proposed and a conditional phonetic reading of the signs of proto-Indian writing was established. Yu. V. Knorozov also studied images and symbols accompanying inscriptions on various archaeological sites. The main types of inscriptions were identified, described and analyzed. On this basis, it was possible to reconstruct some features of the religious and mythological ideas of the inhabitants of proto-Indian cities and their calendar and chronological system. The purpose of this article is to show all stages of the study of proto-Indian texts, methodological positions and main results obtained in the course of work under the guidance of Yu. V. Knorozov. The author’s task is to acquaint the scientific community with the significant contribution of Yu. V. Knorozov into work on the study of proto-Indian writing and thereby resurrect one of the facets of the multifaceted image of the great Russian scientist.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117272871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2021.402
A. Lyakhovich
The author of this article presents an analytical study of a poetry forum at kanoonline.com, which targets Northern Nigerian readership. The forum reflects emerging literature as it sets out to shape its own standards of literary creativity, transmission, circulation, as well as communication reality and perception in cyberspace. Poetic texts are created in a digital medium, a means that presents itself as an inexhaustible source for the rapid circulation and unlimited distribution of texts. The emergence of a text as a digital unit ensures the immediacy of its communication to an audience, which simultaneously generates intensive reader feedback. Based on an analysis of selected topics, the author discusses metatextuality as being the essential nature of a digital text. The posting of a text, which is obviously a completed product of individual creation, serves as a starting point for a further creative process. The agent of this textual reworking is the audience which generates different interpretations of a given literary piece. What we witness is a switch from an individual creative process to an impersonal collective deconstruction, a process engendering metatexts. Most of the abovementioned forum’s experimental poetic formations can hardly be captured, identified, comprehended or interpreted well in terms of both content and form for several reasons. The shape of virtual texts may be viewed as awkward, chaotic, and confusing. And the contents of the texts, while definitely reflecting African modernity, on the other hand, is determined by subjectively portrayed day-to-dayness, freely displaying open mundane experiences in a fragmentary and momentary way. Forum poetry — poetic creation, performance, publication, reading, and perception altogether — within the virtual space has an explosive effect, which is unpredictable, uncontrolled, chaotic and momentary. Moreover, poetic content often makes a strong reference to certain immediate and fragmentary environments of African everyday life which are most urgent and alive at the very time of creation, performance and perception. Thus, capturing virtual texts within this broad context — the context of author/reader interaction, communication and creation — enables one to read both the content and formal properties inherent in the genre of web-forum poetry.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.206
V. Pozdniakova, Yekaterina S. Aplonova
The paper presents a tentative overview of pronouns in Ginyanga, an understudied Kwa language spoken in Togo and Ghana; in particular, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstratives, and quantifiers. There are no subject pronouns in Ginyanga. We define two personal pronoun series with a designated pronoun for each noun class: basic (emphatic and possessive) and object. The basic set of pronouns is used in independent and possessive contexts, as well as in reflexive constructions. The overview of Guang pronoun systems shows that Ginyanga falls into the typical Guang pattern. Possessive pronouns of the 1st (human) class exhibit some irregularities when used with kinship terms. In some cases, the morphological agreement pattern between a noun and its coreferential object pronoun can be violated on a semantic basis, e. g. human referents of non-human noun classes. Additionally, there is some variation in usage of object pronoun series by different consultants of different age groups, which may be an indication of language change. There are two demonstratives, -balɪ “this” and -bʊnʊ “that”, also subject to class agreement. In contrast to -balɪ, the demonstrative -bʊnʊ is also used in relative clauses and can be anaphoric. The majority of quantifiers demonstrate no class agreement. The only exceptions in our data are -kʊ “one” and kpɛkpɛ “each”.
本文提出了在Ginyanga代词的初步概述，在多哥和加纳的夸瓦语的研究不足;特别是，人称代词，反身代词，指示词和量词。Ginyanga没有主语代词。我们定义了两个人称代词系列，每个名词类都有一个指定的代词:基本代词(强调代词和所有格代词)和宾语。基本代词组用于独立和所有格上下文中，以及反身结构中。综观广语代词系统，银阳嘎语属于典型的广语模式。第一类(人类)所有格代词在与亲属关系用语一起使用时表现出一些不规则性。在某些情况下，名词与其共指宾语代词之间的形态一致模式可能在语义基础上被违反，例如非人类名词类的人类指称物。此外，不同年龄段的咨询师对宾代词系列的使用也存在一定的差异，这可能是语言变化的一种表现。有两个指示词，-bal /“this”和-b / n /“that”，也受类协议的约束。与-bal /相反，指示代词-b / n /也用于关系从句中，可以指代。大多数量词没有表现出类一致性。在我们的数据中唯一的例外是-k /“one”和kp / kp /“each”。
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