Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/SPBU13.2020.406
T. Kaiyrken, D. Makhat, A. Kadyskyzy
The article analyses the research work of Chinese scientist Su Beihai on Kazakh history, one of the oldest nationalities in Eurasia. This work has been preserved as a manuscript and its main merit is the study of Kazakh history from early times to the present. Moreover, it shows Chinese scientists’ attitude to Kazakh history. Su Beihai’s scientific analysis was written in the late 1980s in China. At that time, Kazakhstan was not yet an independent country. Su Beihai drew on various works, on his distant expedition materials and demonstrated with facts that Kazakh people living in their modern settlements have a 2,500-year history. Although the book was written in accordance with the principles of Chinese communist historiography, Chinese censorship prevented its publication. Today, Kazakh scientists are approaching the end of their study and translation of Su Beihai’s manuscript. Therefore, the article first analyses the most important and innovative aspects of this work for Kazakh history. It focuses on the stages of Kazakh history, traditions of statehood, economy, and culture. The Chinese scientist`s research on Kazakh history goes back to the ancient Saka period, to modern southern Kazakhstan, the emergence of the states of Dayuezhi and Wusuns in Zhetisu, Kangli state, the West Turkic Kaganate, the Turkic steppe, unification of Kara khan and Kara kidan (Western Liao), Genghis Khan’s invasion into Central Asia and the Kazakh steppes, Russian colonization, resettlement of Kazakhs in Russia and the Man Qin Empire, and others. In addition to Su Beihai’s positive research on the entire Kazakh history, the article provides critical reviews in the historiographical and source-study of several Chinese-centrist points of view.
{"title":"Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis","authors":"T. Kaiyrken, D. Makhat, A. Kadyskyzy","doi":"10.21638/SPBU13.2020.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/SPBU13.2020.406","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the research work of Chinese scientist Su Beihai on Kazakh history, one of the oldest nationalities in Eurasia. This work has been preserved as a manuscript and its main merit is the study of Kazakh history from early times to the present. Moreover, it shows Chinese scientists’ attitude to Kazakh history. Su Beihai’s scientific analysis was written in the late 1980s in China. At that time, Kazakhstan was not yet an independent country. Su Beihai drew on various works, on his distant expedition materials and demonstrated with facts that Kazakh people living in their modern settlements have a 2,500-year history. Although the book was written in accordance with the principles of Chinese communist historiography, Chinese censorship prevented its publication. Today, Kazakh scientists are approaching the end of their study and translation of Su Beihai’s manuscript. Therefore, the article first analyses the most important and innovative aspects of this work for Kazakh history. It focuses on the stages of Kazakh history, traditions of statehood, economy, and culture. The Chinese scientist`s research on Kazakh history goes back to the ancient Saka period, to modern southern Kazakhstan, the emergence of the states of Dayuezhi and Wusuns in Zhetisu, Kangli state, the West Turkic Kaganate, the Turkic steppe, unification of Kara khan and Kara kidan (Western Liao), Genghis Khan’s invasion into Central Asia and the Kazakh steppes, Russian colonization, resettlement of Kazakhs in Russia and the Man Qin Empire, and others. In addition to Su Beihai’s positive research on the entire Kazakh history, the article provides critical reviews in the historiographical and source-study of several Chinese-centrist points of view.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121515610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2020.204
S. Klyuev, Valeria N. Semenova
The article is devoted to the results of studies of little-known monuments of the church architecture of the Tәgray region (Ethiopia) — semi-rock-hewn and cave churches of historical provinces of Sä ḥ art, Tämben and ᵓ Ǝ ndärta. The authors consider the most interesting exam-ples of both individual churches and monastery-complexes created on the basis of cave forma-tions. These monuments illustrate various options for the interaction between architecture and landscape. These monuments have been studied much lesser than the rock-hewn basilicas of the Gär ʽ alta district. The article presents an analysis of new material collected as a result of the expedition carried out as part of the project no. 19–012–00299 with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; issues of dating, historical and cultural significance of monuments and their preservation are considered. The article is devoted to the following monuments: the semi-rock-hewn, cave churches of Yo ḥ annәs Mä ṭ mәq Koholo (near Mäq ̱ älä) and Mika ʼ el Ṣ ä ḥ ilo in the G ǝ ğät area, the semi-rock monastery complex Abunä Arägawi Zäyä and Kidanä M ǝḥ rät Täns ǝḥ e in D ǝ gg w ǝ ʽ a Tämben. Especially examined surviving fragments of murals of Yo ḥ annәs Mä ṭ mәq Koholo church, dating from the 17 th century. This church is noted in the report of the expedition of the University of Hamburg under the guidance of D. Nosnitsin, but its architecture was not specifically considered. This article first publishes architectural plan and section of this monument. The church of Mika ʼ el Ṣ ä ḥ ilo was first dis-covered and briefly described by R. Plant in the 1970s. However, from that time this church has not been studied. R. Plant described the monastery of Abunä Arägawi in general terms, but she could not visit the complex, and, as a result, its internal structure, the location of the buildings were not published previously. In this work, for the first time, a plan of the complex and its longitudinal section are published. Kidanä ǝḥ e previously in the scientific literature were presented very fragmentary. Unfortunately, both of its semi-rock-hewn cave churches are lost today. The article also indicates some features of these
{"title":"The Role of Landscape in Semi-rock-hewn and Cave Churches of Tämben and ᵓƎndärta (Tәgray region, Ethiopia)","authors":"S. Klyuev, Valeria N. Semenova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2020.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.204","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the results of studies of little-known monuments of the church architecture of the Tәgray region (Ethiopia) — semi-rock-hewn and cave churches of historical provinces of Sä ḥ art, Tämben and ᵓ Ǝ ndärta. The authors consider the most interesting exam-ples of both individual churches and monastery-complexes created on the basis of cave forma-tions. These monuments illustrate various options for the interaction between architecture and landscape. These monuments have been studied much lesser than the rock-hewn basilicas of the Gär ʽ alta district. The article presents an analysis of new material collected as a result of the expedition carried out as part of the project no. 19–012–00299 with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; issues of dating, historical and cultural significance of monuments and their preservation are considered. The article is devoted to the following monuments: the semi-rock-hewn, cave churches of Yo ḥ annәs Mä ṭ mәq Koholo (near Mäq ̱ älä) and Mika ʼ el Ṣ ä ḥ ilo in the G ǝ ğät area, the semi-rock monastery complex Abunä Arägawi Zäyä and Kidanä M ǝḥ rät Täns ǝḥ e in D ǝ gg w ǝ ʽ a Tämben. Especially examined surviving fragments of murals of Yo ḥ annәs Mä ṭ mәq Koholo church, dating from the 17 th century. This church is noted in the report of the expedition of the University of Hamburg under the guidance of D. Nosnitsin, but its architecture was not specifically considered. This article first publishes architectural plan and section of this monument. The church of Mika ʼ el Ṣ ä ḥ ilo was first dis-covered and briefly described by R. Plant in the 1970s. However, from that time this church has not been studied. R. Plant described the monastery of Abunä Arägawi in general terms, but she could not visit the complex, and, as a result, its internal structure, the location of the buildings were not published previously. In this work, for the first time, a plan of the complex and its longitudinal section are published. Kidanä ǝḥ e previously in the scientific literature were presented very fragmentary. Unfortunately, both of its semi-rock-hewn cave churches are lost today. The article also indicates some features of these","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122449173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.209
Victor V. Pallades
The paper is devoted to understanding of the taboo phenomenon in language as a component of invective vocabulary on the example of Arabic, English and Russian languages, and also to study of the borders of this phenomenon and methods of its determination. In his study of conceptual features of forbidden words the author of the article refers to the works of K. Allen and K. Burridge, as well as M. Ljung. In addition to the theoretical works of linguists, the author analyzes the existing practice of implementing linguistic prohibitions in Russian, English, which affects such areas as legislation and media. Especially valuable material that was analyzed, was studies of English-speaking media regulators and major broadcasting companies. The main purpose of these surveys was to identify the list of words that audience considered unacceptable on the air, i.e. taboo. As for Arab law, there is no separation of vocabulary on permissible and unacceptable, as well as there is no obvious border and in Arabic language standards or usage. However, this does not mean the lack of prohibited words and the author clearly demonstrates the presence of taboos on examples from Arab media. In addition, the article discusses the works of Arab linguists M. A. Khatyab and N. Ya. Kanbar, dedicated to taboo vocabulary. Nevertheless, the problem of reliable determination and identification of language taboos has not been solved yet, and the author of the paper proposes a relevant criterion to determine the taboo words on the basis of the approaches existing in modern linguistics.
本文以阿拉伯语、英语和俄语为例，探讨了语言禁忌现象作为谩骂词汇的组成部分，并研究了这种现象的边界及其确定方法。本文作者在研究禁忌词的概念特征时，参考了K. Allen和K. Burridge以及M. Ljung的著作。除了语言学家的理论著作外，作者还分析了俄语、英语中实施语言禁令的现行做法，这些做法影响到立法和媒体等领域。研究分析的特别有价值的材料是对英语媒体监管机构和主要广播公司的研究。这些调查的主要目的是确定观众认为不可接受的词汇列表，即禁忌。就阿拉伯法律而言，在允许和不可接受的词汇上没有区分，在阿拉伯语的标准或用法上也没有明显的边界。然而，这并不意味着没有禁忌语，作者从阿拉伯媒体的例子中清楚地证明了禁忌语的存在。此外，本文还讨论了阿拉伯语言学家M. A. Khatyab和N. Ya的著作。Kanbar，致力于禁忌词汇。然而，语言禁忌语的可靠确定和识别问题尚未得到解决，本文作者在现代语言学现有方法的基础上，提出了确定禁忌语的相关标准。
{"title":"Taboo Words as a Component of Invective Vocabulary and Their Determining in Arabic against the Background of Russian and English Languages","authors":"Victor V. Pallades","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.209","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to understanding of the taboo phenomenon in language as a component of invective vocabulary on the example of Arabic, English and Russian languages, and also to study of the borders of this phenomenon and methods of its determination. In his study of conceptual features of forbidden words the author of the article refers to the works of K. Allen and K. Burridge, as well as M. Ljung. In addition to the theoretical works of linguists, the author analyzes the existing practice of implementing linguistic prohibitions in Russian, English, which affects such areas as legislation and media. Especially valuable material that was analyzed, was studies of English-speaking media regulators and major broadcasting companies. The main purpose of these surveys was to identify the list of words that audience considered unacceptable on the air, i.e. taboo. As for Arab law, there is no separation of vocabulary on permissible and unacceptable, as well as there is no obvious border and in Arabic language standards or usage. However, this does not mean the lack of prohibited words and the author clearly demonstrates the presence of taboos on examples from Arab media. In addition, the article discusses the works of Arab linguists M. A. Khatyab and N. Ya. Kanbar, dedicated to taboo vocabulary. Nevertheless, the problem of reliable determination and identification of language taboos has not been solved yet, and the author of the paper proposes a relevant criterion to determine the taboo words on the basis of the approaches existing in modern linguistics.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123585816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2019.304
M. Suvorov
Around the mid–1990s, President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s regime in Yemen began to realize the rapid decline in its popularity among the citizens. Total corruption, unemployment, unprecedented poverty growth, stagnation of all social services — all this turned the lives of thousands of Yemenis into daily struggle for survival. In the conditions of Yemeni population’s growing discontent, one of the regime’s instruments to keep control over the situation was the state media which implemented all means of propaganda to improve the image of the government in the eyes of the citizens. At the same time, printed and electronic publications of the opposition movements confronted the state media by revealing their lies and explaining to the readers the authoritarian and corrupt nature of the ruling regime. This information war which lasted until the fall of the regime in 2011 became the main theme of two Yemeni novels: War under the Skin (2010) by Aḥmad Zayn (Zein) and Happy Land of Intrigues (2018) by Wajdī alAhdal. Aḥmad Zayn concentrates on the inner world of his protagonist, a journalist working for the regime, and shows how he gradually comes to the understanding of his negative role in the information war. Wajdī al-Ahdal’s protagonist, also a journalist working for the regime, discovers in his personal story all the methods, techniques, and tactics of this war.
大约在20世纪90年代中期，也门总统阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫(Ali Abdullah Saleh)的政权开始意识到其在公民中的受欢迎程度迅速下降。彻底的腐败、失业、前所未有的贫困增长、所有社会服务的停滞——所有这一切使成千上万也门人的生活变成了每天为生存而斗争。在也门人民日益不满的情况下，政权控制局势的工具之一是国家媒体，它实施了一切宣传手段，以改善政府在公民眼中的形象。与此同时，反对派运动的印刷和电子出版物通过揭露其谎言并向读者解释统治政权的独裁和腐败性质来对抗国家媒体。这场信息战一直持续到2011年政权倒台，成为两部也门小说的主题:Aḥmad Zayn (Zein)的《皮下的战争》(2010)和wajdalahdal的《阴谋乐土》(2018)。Aḥmad Zayn专注于为政权工作的记者主人公的内心世界，并展示了他如何逐渐认识到自己在信息战中的负面作用。wajdal - ahdal的主人公，也是一名为政权工作的记者，在他的个人故事中发现了这场战争的所有方法、技巧和战术。
{"title":"Two Novels about the Information War in Yemen on the Eve of the Revolution of 2011","authors":"M. Suvorov","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2019.304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.304","url":null,"abstract":"Around the mid–1990s, President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s regime in Yemen began to realize the rapid decline in its popularity among the citizens. Total corruption, unemployment, unprecedented poverty growth, stagnation of all social services — all this turned the lives of thousands of Yemenis into daily struggle for survival. In the conditions of Yemeni population’s growing discontent, one of the regime’s instruments to keep control over the situation was the state media which implemented all means of propaganda to improve the image of the government in the eyes of the citizens. At the same time, printed and electronic publications of the opposition movements confronted the state media by revealing their lies and explaining to the readers the authoritarian and corrupt nature of the ruling regime. This information war which lasted until the fall of the regime in 2011 became the main theme of two Yemeni novels: War under the Skin (2010) by Aḥmad Zayn (Zein) and Happy Land of Intrigues (2018) by Wajdī alAhdal. Aḥmad Zayn concentrates on the inner world of his protagonist, a journalist working for the regime, and shows how he gradually comes to the understanding of his negative role in the information war. Wajdī al-Ahdal’s protagonist, also a journalist working for the regime, discovers in his personal story all the methods, techniques, and tactics of this war.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128905607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.207
Sergey Yu. Dmitrenko
This paper considers causal markers in Old Khmer, the language of epigraphic 7th–15th century monuments found in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Consistently looking at the contexts of two lexemes, hetu and man, it ascertains that hetu (traceable to the Sanskrit noun “cause”) was used in the 10th–11th centuries as a specialized conjunction to introduce causal clauses. Modern Khmer has transformed hetu into the conjunction haet tae. Modern Khmer also widely uses haet in various consequence phrases (as against its merely sporadic occurrences in this meaning in Old Khmer). The conjunction man is another ancient causal marker, probably ascending to Old Javanese. In consistence with modern views on the emergence of causal markers, its causal function may have developed from its earlier temporal uses (“when”). Man is not found in Modern Khmer, having fallen out of use as early as in the Middle Khmer, the language of the 15th–18th century monuments. Our probe into causal constructions with hetu and man could not come up with any examples of Old Khmer constructions with dependent nominal causal phrases, while these are common in Modern Khmer, though evidently — as derivatives of dependent causal clauses. The paper also looks into the potential emergence paths for the modern causal markers prʊəh and daoj(-saː). Our conclusion is that the registered occurrences of the Old Khmer ancestors of these words (roḥ and toy, respectively) provide no definite clue as to their evolution or the exact period when they or their derivatives assumed the causal function. Nevertheless, the existence of their modern Thai (pʰrɔ́ʔ, dûay) and Lao (pʰɔ̄ʔ, dûay ) counterparts suggests that the Old Khmer also used the respective causal markers that were later borrowed by Tai languages.
本文考虑了古高棉语的因果标记，这是在柬埔寨、越南、老挝和泰国发现的7 - 15世纪铭文纪念碑的语言。通过对“hetu”和“man”这两个词的语境的持续研究，该研究确定了“hetu”(可追溯到梵语名词“cause”)在10 - 11世纪被用作引入因果从句的专门连词。现代高棉语将hetu转化为连词haet tae。现代高棉语也广泛使用haet在各种结果短语中(相对于它在古高棉语中只是偶尔出现)。连词man是另一个古老的因果标记，可能上升到古爪哇语。与现代关于因果标记出现的观点一致，其因果功能可能是从其早期的时间用法(“when”)发展而来的。现代高棉语中没有人类，早在15 - 18世纪纪念碑的语言——中高棉语中就不再使用了。我们对hetu和man的因果结构的研究没有发现任何古高棉语结构中有从属名义因果短语的例子，而这些结构在现代高棉语中很常见，尽管很明显是作为从属因果从句的衍生物。本文还探讨了现代因果标记pr / h和daj (-sa /)的可能出现路径。我们的结论是，这些词的古高棉祖先(分别是rotah和toy)所记录的出现并没有提供关于它们的演变或它们或它们的衍生物承担因果函数的确切时期的明确线索。然而，它们的现代泰语(p * r * * *， d ay)和老挝语(p * * * * *， d ay)的存在表明，古高棉语也使用了各自的因果标记，这些标记后来被泰语借用。
{"title":"Сausal markers in Old Khmer","authors":"Sergey Yu. Dmitrenko","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.207","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers causal markers in Old Khmer, the language of epigraphic 7th–15th century monuments found in Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Consistently looking at the contexts of two lexemes, hetu and man, it ascertains that hetu (traceable to the Sanskrit noun “cause”) was used in the 10th–11th centuries as a specialized conjunction to introduce causal clauses. Modern Khmer has transformed hetu into the conjunction haet tae. Modern Khmer also widely uses haet in various consequence phrases (as against its merely sporadic occurrences in this meaning in Old Khmer). The conjunction man is another ancient causal marker, probably ascending to Old Javanese. In consistence with modern views on the emergence of causal markers, its causal function may have developed from its earlier temporal uses (“when”). Man is not found in Modern Khmer, having fallen out of use as early as in the Middle Khmer, the language of the 15th–18th century monuments. Our probe into causal constructions with hetu and man could not come up with any examples of Old Khmer constructions with dependent nominal causal phrases, while these are common in Modern Khmer, though evidently — as derivatives of dependent causal clauses. The paper also looks into the potential emergence paths for the modern causal markers prʊəh and daoj(-saː). Our conclusion is that the registered occurrences of the Old Khmer ancestors of these words (roḥ and toy, respectively) provide no definite clue as to their evolution or the exact period when they or their derivatives assumed the causal function. Nevertheless, the existence of their modern Thai (pʰrɔ́ʔ, dûay) and Lao (pʰɔ̄ʔ, dûay ) counterparts suggests that the Old Khmer also used the respective causal markers that were later borrowed by Tai languages.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129589691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.406
Ksenya Maretina
In the novel The Palace of Illusions (2008) by the popular Indian-American writer Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, the ancient Indian epic Mahābhārata is narrated from the point of view of its main heroine Draupadi. Thus, the author gives a new reading and interpretation to the text, which is an extremely important and revered part of the Indian cultural heritage. The image of Draupadi in the novel does not correspond to the traditional figure of the epic heroine. Her motives and character are “modernized” and are made easy to connect for a contemporary and reader; her aspirations and her voice belong to a woman of the present day. At the same time, it can be found that on the ideological level the novel follows quite closely the philosophical concepts of the ancient Indian epic. To come to this conclusion, in my study the main ideas of the novel were compared with the philosophical provisions present in the Bhagavadgītā, that is part of the sixth book of the epic and is perceived today as the doctrinal, philosophical and moral core of the Mahābhārata. In the novel by Ch. B. Divakaruni, the stories of mythical past are reconstructed, reinterpreted from the standpoint of modernity, and used to find answers to questions that are relevant to us today (about an individual quest for purpose, love and happiness, place in the world, etc.). At the same time, The Palace of Illusions combines elements of modern Western and traditional Indian worldviews. Thus, the novel is addressed both to orthodox traditionalists and to representatives of the diaspora, who are losing touch with their cultural heritage. It can be viewed as an interesting example of cultural, as well as cross-cultural hybridization.
在印度裔美国作家吉特拉·班纳吉·迪瓦卡鲁尼的小说《幻宫》(2008)中，古印度史诗Mahābhārata是从女主角德拉帕迪的角度叙述的。因此，作者对文本进行了新的阅读和解释，这是印度文化遗产中极其重要和受人尊敬的一部分。小说中德拉帕迪的形象并不符合传统的史诗女主人公形象。她的动机和性格是“现代化的”，很容易让当代人和读者联系起来;她的抱负和声音属于当代女性。同时，我们可以发现，在思想层面上，小说与古印度史诗的哲学观念有着密切的联系。为了得出这个结论，在我的研究中，将小说的主要思想与《博伽梵歌》中的哲学规定进行了比较，《博伽梵歌》是史诗的第六本书的一部分，今天被认为是Mahābhārata的教义、哲学和道德核心。在Ch. B. Divakaruni的小说中，神话般的过去的故事被重建，从现代性的角度重新解释，并用于寻找与我们今天相关的问题的答案(关于个人对目的，爱和幸福，在世界上的位置等的追求)。同时，《幻宫》结合了现代西方和传统印度世界观的元素。因此，这部小说既针对正统的传统主义者，也针对散居海外的代表，他们正在与自己的文化遗产失去联系。它可以被看作是文化和跨文化杂交的一个有趣的例子。
{"title":"Novel “The Palace of Illusions” (2008) by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni as an Example of Cross-cultural Hybridization","authors":"Ksenya Maretina","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.406","url":null,"abstract":"In the novel The Palace of Illusions (2008) by the popular Indian-American writer Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, the ancient Indian epic Mahābhārata is narrated from the point of view of its main heroine Draupadi. Thus, the author gives a new reading and interpretation to the text, which is an extremely important and revered part of the Indian cultural heritage. The image of Draupadi in the novel does not correspond to the traditional figure of the epic heroine. Her motives and character are “modernized” and are made easy to connect for a contemporary and reader; her aspirations and her voice belong to a woman of the present day. At the same time, it can be found that on the ideological level the novel follows quite closely the philosophical concepts of the ancient Indian epic. To come to this conclusion, in my study the main ideas of the novel were compared with the philosophical provisions present in the Bhagavadgītā, that is part of the sixth book of the epic and is perceived today as the doctrinal, philosophical and moral core of the Mahābhārata. In the novel by Ch. B. Divakaruni, the stories of mythical past are reconstructed, reinterpreted from the standpoint of modernity, and used to find answers to questions that are relevant to us today (about an individual quest for purpose, love and happiness, place in the world, etc.). At the same time, The Palace of Illusions combines elements of modern Western and traditional Indian worldviews. Thus, the novel is addressed both to orthodox traditionalists and to representatives of the diaspora, who are losing touch with their cultural heritage. It can be viewed as an interesting example of cultural, as well as cross-cultural hybridization.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129929075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2022.302
Victoria G. Sharonova
Starting from the mid-1890s, Manchuria came into the sphere of political interests of Imperial Russia in China. From 1896 to 1898, a number of Russian-Chinese agreements were made on mutual cooperation, the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Russian-Chinese Bank, the lease of Chinese territories, security, etc. Situated on the coast of the Liaohe River in South Manchuria, the city of Yingkou played an important role in this mutually beneficial process. Yingkou, a tractate port, was called the “Gate of Manchuria”, it has been known since 1861 as a center of junk trade and a center of commercial activity. The Russian presence increased here from 1896, and in 1899 a Russian imperial consulate was opened here. The city played a big role in economic and political cooperation during the construction of Port Arthur and Dalian. Starting from 1900, the order of the Russian Temporary Administration was introduced in Yingkou, which significantly strengthened Russia’s position in the region. Diplomats were appointed to the posts of mayors - Russian consuls in the port city: A. N. Ostroverkhov and V. F. Grosse. Among the many questions associated with solving diplomatic, commercial and organizational issues were issues of socio-cultural activities. The article describes details and analyzes the measures initiated and carried out in Yingkou, mainly at the expense of Russian funds, connected to the anti-epidemiological situation, the fight against plague, specific measures to improve the sanitary condition of the city; considers issues related to the improvement of urban infrastructure, security and social sphere; speaks about the opening of the Russian-Chinese school and its importance for the promotion of the Russian language in China. The article uses a large number of archival sources which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
{"title":"Socio-cultural Activities of the Russian Imperial Consulate in Yingkou (China) during the Period of Temporary Russian Administration (1900-1904)","authors":"Victoria G. Sharonova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2022.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.302","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from the mid-1890s, Manchuria came into the sphere of political interests of Imperial Russia in China. From 1896 to 1898, a number of Russian-Chinese agreements were made on mutual cooperation, the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the Russian-Chinese Bank, the lease of Chinese territories, security, etc. Situated on the coast of the Liaohe River in South Manchuria, the city of Yingkou played an important role in this mutually beneficial process. Yingkou, a tractate port, was called the “Gate of Manchuria”, it has been known since 1861 as a center of junk trade and a center of commercial activity. The Russian presence increased here from 1896, and in 1899 a Russian imperial consulate was opened here. The city played a big role in economic and political cooperation during the construction of Port Arthur and Dalian. Starting from 1900, the order of the Russian Temporary Administration was introduced in Yingkou, which significantly strengthened Russia’s position in the region. Diplomats were appointed to the posts of mayors - Russian consuls in the port city: A. N. Ostroverkhov and V. F. Grosse. Among the many questions associated with solving diplomatic, commercial and organizational issues were issues of socio-cultural activities. The article describes details and analyzes the measures initiated and carried out in Yingkou, mainly at the expense of Russian funds, connected to the anti-epidemiological situation, the fight against plague, specific measures to improve the sanitary condition of the city; considers issues related to the improvement of urban infrastructure, security and social sphere; speaks about the opening of the Russian-Chinese school and its importance for the promotion of the Russian language in China. The article uses a large number of archival sources which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132759919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2023.109
N. Galistcheva, M. Reshchikova
The article analyses India’s and China’s policy in South Asia, as well as key elements of their interaction with the regional states from the perspective of competition between the two Asian giants for regional leadership and influence in the South Asian countries. It is emphasized that nowadays China is pursuing active policy regarding South Asia. China develops trade and investment ties with the countries of the region, military cooperation, infrastructural projects, participates in the peace process in Afghanistan. The article pays particular attention to the recent events caused by the global coronavirus pandemic and the efforts made by India and China in order to fight the consequences of the spread of the disease, restore the broken connections and benefit from the situation for strengthening cooperation with the South Asian countries. It is pointed out that such Chinese activities in South Asia are of serious concern to India, and they are regarded as a threat to the national security. Due to its financial investment to the economies of the regional states, China not only displaces India from the territories of its traditional influence, but also gets various advantages and benefits in these countries, as well as access to strategic resources and assets. India is seeking to revive and strengthen its positions in South Asia, but it is difficult for it to rival with China’s huge economy, and regarding presence in the region and influence on the politics and economy of South Asia, India loses to China by many measures.
{"title":"India and China in South Asia: Struggle for Political and Economic Influence in the Region","authors":"N. Galistcheva, M. Reshchikova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2023.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.109","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses India’s and China’s policy in South Asia, as well as key elements of their interaction with the regional states from the perspective of competition between the two Asian giants for regional leadership and influence in the South Asian countries. It is emphasized that nowadays China is pursuing active policy regarding South Asia. China develops trade and investment ties with the countries of the region, military cooperation, infrastructural projects, participates in the peace process in Afghanistan. The article pays particular attention to the recent events caused by the global coronavirus pandemic and the efforts made by India and China in order to fight the consequences of the spread of the disease, restore the broken connections and benefit from the situation for strengthening cooperation with the South Asian countries. It is pointed out that such Chinese activities in South Asia are of serious concern to India, and they are regarded as a threat to the national security. Due to its financial investment to the economies of the regional states, China not only displaces India from the territories of its traditional influence, but also gets various advantages and benefits in these countries, as well as access to strategic resources and assets. India is seeking to revive and strengthen its positions in South Asia, but it is difficult for it to rival with China’s huge economy, and regarding presence in the region and influence on the politics and economy of South Asia, India loses to China by many measures.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132056283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2023.111
S. Klyuev, Valeria N. Semenova
The article, based on the results of field research in the fall of 2020, focuses on four churches in the mountainous Gärʽalta district in central Tǝgray. This strategically located most important role in the history of the Ethiopian state and region. There are many hard-to-reach rock-hewn churches that were centers of monastic activity. Gärʽalta’s many rock-hewn churches are well represented in the scientific literature. The focus of the work is three rock-hewn and one built churches, little studied in terms of analyzing their architectural plans and forms: Arbaʽǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mikaʼel) Gundo, Abunä Zärʼa Buruk, Kidanä Mǝḥrät Yaʽid, Maryam Pappasäyti. The article puts forward proposals on the typology of monuments, their dating; features characteristic of the architectural tradition of the historical period and, on the contrary, unique, inherent in the churches. Special attention is paid to the works of religious painting found in the interiors of these churches. Arbaʽǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mikaʼel) Gundo combines the features of two types of temples: traditional three-aisled basilicas and “open” plan basilicas. Abunä Zärʼa Buruk is an open plan temple. Kidanä Mǝḥrät Yaʽid characterizes the roughness of the forms, while retaining the common features of the three-nave plan. The temple at Pappasäyti continues to a certain extent the tradition of building church buildings in caves or in close association with rock formations. Additional relevance of the work is given by the fact that data collection in the course of field research immediately before the armed conflict in the northern Ethiopian region of Tǝgray started.
这篇文章基于2020年秋季的实地调查结果，重点关注了中部Tǝgray al - alta山区的四个教堂。这是埃塞俄比亚国家和地区历史上最重要的战略位置。有许多难以到达的岩石凿成的教堂是修道院活动的中心。Gär阿尔塔的许多岩石教堂在科学文献中有很好的代表性。工作的重点是三座岩石凿成的教堂和一座建造的教堂，在分析它们的建筑平面图和形式方面研究得很少:Arba ai ǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mika el) Gundo, Abunä Zär a Buruk, Kidanä Mǝḥrät Ya ai, Maryam Pappasäyti。文章从古迹的类型学、年代确定等方面提出了建议;具有历史时期建筑传统的特征，相反，是教堂固有的独特特征。特别值得注意的是在这些教堂内部发现的宗教绘画作品。Arba ai ǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mika el) Gundo结合了两种类型寺庙的特点:传统的三过道长方形教堂和“开放式”计划长方形教堂。Abunä Zär’a Buruk是一座开放式的寺庙。Kidanä Mǝḥrät Ya id的特点是粗糙的形式，同时保留了三中殿计划的共同特征。Pappasäyti的寺庙在一定程度上延续了在洞穴中或与岩层密切相关的教堂建筑的传统。由于在埃塞俄比亚北部Tǝgray地区武装冲突开始之前的实地研究过程中收集了数据，因此这项工作具有更大的相关性。
{"title":"Monuments of Ethiopian Church Architecture in the Geralta Region: Materials of Field Research in Autumn 2020 in the Tigray Region (Ethiopia)","authors":"S. Klyuev, Valeria N. Semenova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2023.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.111","url":null,"abstract":"The article, based on the results of field research in the fall of 2020, focuses on four churches in the mountainous Gärʽalta district in central Tǝgray. This strategically located most important role in the history of the Ethiopian state and region. There are many hard-to-reach rock-hewn churches that were centers of monastic activity. Gärʽalta’s many rock-hewn churches are well represented in the scientific literature. The focus of the work is three rock-hewn and one built churches, little studied in terms of analyzing their architectural plans and forms: Arbaʽǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mikaʼel) Gundo, Abunä Zärʼa Buruk, Kidanä Mǝḥrät Yaʽid, Maryam Pappasäyti. The article puts forward proposals on the typology of monuments, their dating; features characteristic of the architectural tradition of the historical period and, on the contrary, unique, inherent in the churches. Special attention is paid to the works of religious painting found in the interiors of these churches. Arbaʽǝtu Ǝnsǝsa (Mikaʼel) Gundo combines the features of two types of temples: traditional three-aisled basilicas and “open” plan basilicas. Abunä Zärʼa Buruk is an open plan temple. Kidanä Mǝḥrät Yaʽid characterizes the roughness of the forms, while retaining the common features of the three-nave plan. The temple at Pappasäyti continues to a certain extent the tradition of building church buildings in caves or in close association with rock formations. Additional relevance of the work is given by the fact that data collection in the course of field research immediately before the armed conflict in the northern Ethiopian region of Tǝgray started.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128685988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.21638/spbu13.2020.203
E. Napolnova
been borrowed from Persian. The source of the figurative meaning of hava ‘appearance, be-havior, style’ is most likely the French language, which in the 19 th century was widespread among the intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire. The meaning of hava ‘void, empty’ is involved in a number of stable expressions and is not represented in either Arabic or Persian. Its source may have been naive ideas about the world structure, namely the part of it located between yer (‘earth’) and gök (‘sky’), in modern Western languages called prostranstvo , Raum, space etc., which have no direct equivalent in modern Turkish. “Materiality” as a characteristic feature of “naive space” in this case is expressed in the presence of a number of features available for sensory perception-the degree of illumination, temperature, clouds, pressure. This factor brings hava closer to the ancient kün in the above meaning.
{"title":"Analysis of Semantics of Lexeme hava in Turkish","authors":"E. Napolnova","doi":"10.21638/spbu13.2020.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2020.203","url":null,"abstract":"been borrowed from Persian. The source of the figurative meaning of hava ‘appearance, be-havior, style’ is most likely the French language, which in the 19 th century was widespread among the intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire. The meaning of hava ‘void, empty’ is involved in a number of stable expressions and is not represented in either Arabic or Persian. Its source may have been naive ideas about the world structure, namely the part of it located between yer (‘earth’) and gök (‘sky’), in modern Western languages called prostranstvo , Raum, space etc., which have no direct equivalent in modern Turkish. “Materiality” as a characteristic feature of “naive space” in this case is expressed in the presence of a number of features available for sensory perception-the degree of illumination, temperature, clouds, pressure. This factor brings hava closer to the ancient kün in the above meaning.","PeriodicalId":342908,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125979692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：