Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177
Ruqing Fang , Junning Jiao , Wei Li , Royal C. Ihuaenyi , Martin Z. Bazant , Juner Zhu
We introduce mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (MEIS) as a technique that complements electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by probing coupled mechanical-electrochemical dynamics in batteries. MEIS leverages electrode expansion and contraction during ion intercalation, which induces measurable pressure fluctuations under mechanical constraint. By applying a small sinusoidal current and recording the pressure response, MEIS defines its spectrum as the frequency-domain ratio of pressure to current. Experiments across multiple chemistries reveal distinct MEIS features that depend strongly on state of charge (SOC) and are sensitive to state of health (SOH), underscoring its diagnostic potential. An idealized analytical model links semicircles to mechanical stiffness and vertical features to intercalation-induced pseudo-damping, while a porous-electrode model incorporating a poro-viscoelastic bridge explains counterintuitive behaviors such as phase reversals and quadrant shifts. By connecting particle-scale deformation to electrode-level responses, MEIS opens new avenues for SOC estimation, degradation analysis, and health diagnostics in energy storage systems.
{"title":"Mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Experimentation, interpretation, and application","authors":"Ruqing Fang , Junning Jiao , Wei Li , Royal C. Ihuaenyi , Martin Z. Bazant , Juner Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (MEIS) as a technique that complements electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by probing coupled mechanical-electrochemical dynamics in batteries. MEIS leverages electrode expansion and contraction during ion intercalation, which induces measurable pressure fluctuations under mechanical constraint. By applying a small sinusoidal current and recording the pressure response, MEIS defines its spectrum as the frequency-domain ratio of pressure to current. Experiments across multiple chemistries reveal distinct MEIS features that depend strongly on state of charge (SOC) and are sensitive to state of health (SOH), underscoring its diagnostic potential. An idealized analytical model links semicircles to mechanical stiffness and vertical features to intercalation-induced pseudo-damping, while a porous-electrode model incorporating a poro-viscoelastic bridge explains counterintuitive behaviors such as phase reversals and quadrant shifts. By connecting particle-scale deformation to electrode-level responses, MEIS opens new avenues for SOC estimation, degradation analysis, and health diagnostics in energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102177"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198
Yucun Zhou , Xueyu Hu , Weilin Zhang , Zheyu Luo , Yuechao Yao , Tongtong Li , Yong Ding , Yu Chen , Meilin Liu
Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent a promising technology for efficient, long-term, and large-scale co-generation of power and fuel. However, commercializing RSOCs has been hindered by the inadequate electrocatalytic activity and stability of conventional oxygen (or air) electrode materials. In this work, we demonstrate that a high-entropy strategy effectively overcomes the classic activity-stability trade-off in perovskite-based air electrode materials. The developed Pr0.25Nd0.25Gd0.25Sm0.25Ba0.25La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.25Co2O5+δ (HE-PBC) air electrode exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic activity and stability under realistic operating conditions. When integrated into oxygen ion-conducting RSOCs, the HE-PBC electrode nearly doubles the cell performance compared with the conventional electrode while reducing the degradation rate by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, proton-conducting RSOCs with the HE-PBC electrode exhibit outstanding performance, achieving a peak power density of 1.13 W cm−2 in fuel cell mode and a current density of 2.56 A cm−2 at 1.3 V in electrolysis mode at 600°C while maintaining excellent stability for over 1,000 h.
可逆固体氧化物电池（rsoc）是一种很有前途的高效、长期和大规模热电联产技术。然而，由于传统氧（或空气）电极材料的电催化活性和稳定性不足，rsoc的商业化一直受到阻碍。在这项工作中，我们证明了高熵策略有效地克服了钙钛矿基空气电极材料中经典的活性-稳定性权衡。所研制的Pr0.25Nd0.25Gd0.25Sm0.25Ba0.25La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.25Co2O5+δ (HE-PBC)空气电极在实际操作条件下表现出优异的电催化活性和稳定性。当集成到氧离子导电rsoc中时，HE-PBC电极的电池性能几乎是传统电极的两倍，同时将降解率降低了一个数量级以上。此外，具有HE-PBC电极的质子导电rsoc表现出出色的性能，在燃料电池模式下实现了1.13 W cm - 2的峰值功率密度，在600°C电解模式下在1.3 V下实现了2.56 a cm - 2的电流密度，同时保持了1000小时以上的优异稳定性。
{"title":"Breaking the activity-stability trade-off with a high-entropy perovskite oxygen electrode for sustainable solid oxide cells","authors":"Yucun Zhou , Xueyu Hu , Weilin Zhang , Zheyu Luo , Yuechao Yao , Tongtong Li , Yong Ding , Yu Chen , Meilin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent a promising technology for efficient, long-term, and large-scale co-generation of power and fuel. However, commercializing RSOCs has been hindered by the inadequate electrocatalytic activity and stability of conventional oxygen (or air) electrode materials. In this work, we demonstrate that a high-entropy strategy effectively overcomes the classic activity-stability trade-off in perovskite-based air electrode materials. The developed Pr<sub>0.25</sub>Nd<sub>0.25</sub>Gd<sub>0.25</sub>Sm<sub>0.25</sub>Ba<sub>0.25</sub>La<sub>0.25</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Ca<sub>0.25</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5+δ</sub> (HE-PBC) air electrode exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic activity and stability under realistic operating conditions. When integrated into oxygen ion-conducting RSOCs, the HE-PBC electrode nearly doubles the cell performance compared with the conventional electrode while reducing the degradation rate by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, proton-conducting RSOCs with the HE-PBC electrode exhibit outstanding performance, achieving a peak power density of 1.13 W cm<sup>−2</sup> in fuel cell mode and a current density of 2.56 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.3 V in electrolysis mode at 600°C while maintaining excellent stability for over 1,000 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102198"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145478123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spray coating offers great potential for optoelectronic devices with complex geometries, but uniform crystallization remains challenging because of limited control over the process. Herein, we present a localized high-concentration (LHC) precursor strategy that enables homogeneous and confined bulk-phase pre-nucleation within droplets during spraying, effectively addressing spatiotemporal inconsistencies in nucleation. The LHC approach employs weak ligand solvents to restrict the diffusion of A-site cations while enhancing their interaction with [PbIx]2−x complexes, thereby suppressing the formation of solvated intermediate phases and achieving direct α-phase perovskite with high crystallographic orientation and low defect-state density (∼1014 cm−3). This work also established a correlation between solvent-related parameters and device performance, using machine learning. The spray-coated devices achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.5% (0.09 cm2 small cells), 22.5% (14 cm2 mini-modules), and 23.2% (curved cells). The strategy has been proven to have versatile applications, including in high-humidity environments (relative humidity [(R.H.] ∼80%, 23.1%), complex surfaces, and mask-assisted patterning.
{"title":"Confined crystallization strategy enabling high-quality perovskite film for advanced photovoltaics","authors":"Xiaopeng Feng, Fuzong Xu, Cheng Peng, Zhipeng Shao, Zaiwei Wang, Chongwen Li, Qichao Meng, Bingqian Zhang, Hongguang Meng, Yaliang Han, Lin Han, Boyang Lu, Changcheng Cui, Hao Wei, Yimeng Li, Hongpei Ji, Qiangqiang Zhao, Kaiyu Wang, Xiaofan Du, Chaojie Chen, Guanglei Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.102228","url":null,"abstract":"Spray coating offers great potential for optoelectronic devices with complex geometries, but uniform crystallization remains challenging because of limited control over the process. Herein, we present a localized high-concentration (LHC) precursor strategy that enables homogeneous and confined bulk-phase pre-nucleation within droplets during spraying, effectively addressing spatiotemporal inconsistencies in nucleation. The LHC approach employs weak ligand solvents to restrict the diffusion of A-site cations while enhancing their interaction with [PbI<sub>x</sub>]<sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup><sup>x</sup> complexes, thereby suppressing the formation of solvated intermediate phases and achieving direct <em>α</em>-phase perovskite with high crystallographic orientation and low defect-state density (∼10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>). This work also established a correlation between solvent-related parameters and device performance, using machine learning. The spray-coated devices achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.5% (0.09 cm<sup>2</sup> small cells), 22.5% (14 cm<sup>2</sup> mini-modules), and 23.2% (curved cells). The strategy has been proven to have versatile applications, including in high-humidity environments (relative humidity [(R.H.] ∼80%, 23.1%), complex surfaces, and mask-assisted patterning.","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":39.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102165
Celine Wing See Yeung , Yongpeng Liu , David M. Vahey , Samuel J. Cobb , Virgil Andrei , Ana M. Coito , Rita R. Manuel , Inês A.C. Pereira , Erwin Reisner
Photoelectrochemical biohybrids combine the advantages of light-harvesting semiconductors and biocatalysts into a single compact device. However, limited device stability, the use of toxic elements, and non-innocent external components make a sustainable artificial photosynthetic reaction difficult to achieve. Here, we introduce organic photoelectrodes connected to an inverse opal TiO2 matrix that hosts efficient hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase, driving direct solar fuel synthesis. By co-immobilizing carbonic anhydrase, the organic bulk heterojunction photobiocathodes generate onset potentials of 1 V vs. RHE and photocurrent densities of up to −8 mA cm−2 in a pH-neutral bicarbonate solution, attaining stable H2 production or selective CO2-to-formate conversion over 10 h. Sufficient aqueous formate was produced (∼2.5 mM) to serve as a hydride source for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone using a synthetic Noyori-Ikariya catalyst. The semi-artificial organic semiconductor—BiVO4 tandem leaves achieve a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 0.6% and a Faradaic yield of 87% for formate.
光电化学生物杂化体将光收集半导体和生物催化剂的优点结合到一个单一的紧凑装置中。然而，有限的设备稳定性、有毒元素的使用以及非无害的外部成分使得可持续的人工光合反应难以实现。在这里，我们引入了有机光电极连接到反向蛋白石TiO2基质，该基质承载高效的氢化酶或甲酸脱氢酶，驱动直接太阳能燃料合成。通过共固定化碳酸酐酶，有机体异质结光生物阴极在ph中性碳酸氢盐溶液中产生1 V相对于RHE的起始电位和高达- 8 mA cm - 2的光电流密度，在10小时内实现稳定的H2生成或选择性的二氧化碳到甲酸转化。使用合成Noyori-Ikariya催化剂产生足够的甲酸水（~ 2.5 mM）作为苯乙酮不对称氢化的氢化物源。半人工有机半导体- bivo4串联叶片的太阳能-燃料效率为0.6%，甲酸的法拉第产率为87%。
{"title":"Semi-artificial leaf interfacing organic semiconductors and enzymes for solar chemical synthesis","authors":"Celine Wing See Yeung , Yongpeng Liu , David M. Vahey , Samuel J. Cobb , Virgil Andrei , Ana M. Coito , Rita R. Manuel , Inês A.C. Pereira , Erwin Reisner","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoelectrochemical biohybrids combine the advantages of light-harvesting semiconductors and biocatalysts into a single compact device. However, limited device stability, the use of toxic elements, and non-innocent external components make a sustainable artificial photosynthetic reaction difficult to achieve. Here, we introduce organic photoelectrodes connected to an inverse opal TiO<sub>2</sub> matrix that hosts efficient hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase, driving direct solar fuel synthesis. By co-immobilizing carbonic anhydrase, the organic bulk heterojunction photobiocathodes generate onset potentials of 1 V vs. RHE and photocurrent densities of up to −8 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> in a pH-neutral bicarbonate solution, attaining stable H<sub>2</sub> production or selective CO<sub>2</sub>-to-formate conversion over 10 h. Sufficient aqueous formate was produced (∼2.5 mM) to serve as a hydride source for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone using a synthetic Noyori-Ikariya catalyst. The semi-artificial organic semiconductor—BiVO<sub>4</sub> tandem leaves achieve a solar-to-fuel efficiency of 0.6% and a Faradaic yield of 87% for formate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102165"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102210
Quentin Meyer , Chuan Zhao
In a recent issue of Nature, Wang and co-workers present a new Fe/N–C catalyst for fuel cells, achieving a record power density of 0.75 W cm−2 under 1.0 bar H₂-air and 86% of retention over 303 h of operations.1 This preview highlights the significance of this breakthrough, placing platinum-free catalysts in close competition with platinum for fuel cells.
在最近一期的《自然》杂志上，Wang和他的同事们展示了一种新的用于燃料电池的Fe/ N-C催化剂，在1.0 bar H₂-空气下实现了0.75 W cm - 2的创纪录功率密度，在运行303小时内保持了86%这个预览强调了这一突破的重要性，将无铂催化剂与铂燃料电池密切竞争。
{"title":"Paving the way for high activity and stability platinum-free fuel cells","authors":"Quentin Meyer , Chuan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a recent issue of <em>Nature</em>, Wang and co-workers present a new Fe/N–C catalyst for fuel cells, achieving a record power density of 0.75 W cm<sup>−2</sup> under 1.0 bar H₂-air and 86% of retention over 303 h of operations.<span><span><sup>1</sup></span></span> This preview highlights the significance of this breakthrough, placing platinum-free catalysts in close competition with platinum for fuel cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102220
Wenjuan Wang , Xin Xiao , Qiang Xu
In a recent issue of Nature Chemical Engineering, Zhao and coworkers reported a scalable and rapid synthesis of a cobalt-cerium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) for an alkaline water-splitting electrolyzer, achieving low energy consumption and outstanding stability. This preview provides insights into the development of MOF-based electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production.
{"title":"A robust metal-organic framework-based electrocatalyst for durable green hydrogen production","authors":"Wenjuan Wang , Xin Xiao , Qiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a recent issue of <em>Nature Chemical Engineering</em>, Zhao and coworkers reported a scalable and rapid synthesis of a cobalt-cerium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) for an alkaline water-splitting electrolyzer, achieving low energy consumption and outstanding stability. This preview provides insights into the development of MOF-based electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102220"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102166
Zhaoyu Sun , Yuxuan Liu , Jiahe Chen , Junhao Liu , Xuanyi Zhou , Fangkun Li , Jingwei Zhao , Min Zhu , Jun Liu
The potential risk of transition-metal (TM) ion dissolution is a prevalent issue in nearly all layered TM oxide cathodes. Severe decomposition of the electrolyte frequently occurs after the dissolution of TM ions. This phenomenon is typically attributed to the catalytic effects of TM ions. However, there is a lack of research that clearly explains this destabilization of the electrolyte. This study provides an explanation of the interfacial behavior of Co ions and addresses the issue of dissolved Co ions in the electrolyte through a hybridization strategy. LiCoO2 (LCO) batteries utilizing the isobutyronitrile (IBN)-F electrolyte demonstrate an impressive increase in capacity retention, rising from 56.6% to 84.5% after 300 cycles at 4.7 V. Additionally, the capacity retention of LCO batteries in this electrolyte is 73.3% after 200 cycles at 4.8 V. This electrolyte is flame retardant. 1 Ah pouch cells with the IBN-F electrolyte remain fireproof even when punctured in a charged state.
{"title":"Unraveling degradation mechanism of electrolyte at high voltage and a hybridization strategy for non-flammable 4.8 V LiCoO2 battery","authors":"Zhaoyu Sun , Yuxuan Liu , Jiahe Chen , Junhao Liu , Xuanyi Zhou , Fangkun Li , Jingwei Zhao , Min Zhu , Jun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential risk of transition-metal (TM) ion dissolution is a prevalent issue in nearly all layered TM oxide cathodes. Severe decomposition of the electrolyte frequently occurs after the dissolution of TM ions. This phenomenon is typically attributed to the catalytic effects of TM ions. However, there is a lack of research that clearly explains this destabilization of the electrolyte. This study provides an explanation of the interfacial behavior of Co ions and addresses the issue of dissolved Co ions in the electrolyte through a hybridization strategy. LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (LCO) batteries utilizing the isobutyronitrile (IBN)-F electrolyte demonstrate an impressive increase in capacity retention, rising from 56.6% to 84.5% after 300 cycles at 4.7 V. Additionally, the capacity retention of LCO batteries in this electrolyte is 73.3% after 200 cycles at 4.8 V. This electrolyte is flame retardant. 1 Ah pouch cells with the IBN-F electrolyte remain fireproof even when punctured in a charged state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102166"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170
Fei Sun , Chaowei Yang , Yi Zhang , Zhibin Qu , Jiayu Zuo , Jihui Gao , Shaoqin Liu , Yunfeng Lu
Carbonaceous electrocatalysts have demonstrated superior performance and cost-effectiveness in the field of electrocatalysis for sustainable energy development. Beyond the conventional focus on active site engineering, optimizing mass transfer across the multiscale functional units of carbon catalysts is also essential for bridging the lab-to-industry gap. Herein, this review provides a systematic overview of multiscale mass transfer dynamics at carbon-based electrocatalytic interfaces, aiming to establish mass transfer theories and principles from macroscale electrodes and mesoscale pores to nanoscale carbon surfaces. Building upon this foundation, the scale interactions within critical devices (e.g., membrane electrode assemblies [MEAs] and flow cells) are examined, and the broad applicability of this engineering philosophy is further demonstrated by extending the principles to non-carbon systems. Furthermore, a synergistic framework combining multiscale in situ characterization maps with a cross-scale modeling map is proposed for molecular-level insights. The review also outlines challenges and future directions for designing cross-scale processes from nano-catalysts to macro-reactors.
{"title":"Multiscale mass transfer at carbonaceous catalyst-mediated electrocatalytic interface","authors":"Fei Sun , Chaowei Yang , Yi Zhang , Zhibin Qu , Jiayu Zuo , Jihui Gao , Shaoqin Liu , Yunfeng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonaceous electrocatalysts have demonstrated superior performance and cost-effectiveness in the field of electrocatalysis for sustainable energy development. Beyond the conventional focus on active site engineering, optimizing mass transfer across the multiscale functional units of carbon catalysts is also essential for bridging the lab-to-industry gap. Herein, this review provides a systematic overview of multiscale mass transfer dynamics at carbon-based electrocatalytic interfaces, aiming to establish mass transfer theories and principles from macroscale electrodes and mesoscale pores to nanoscale carbon surfaces. Building upon this foundation, the scale interactions within critical devices (e.g., membrane electrode assemblies [MEAs] and flow cells) are examined, and the broad applicability of this engineering philosophy is further demonstrated by extending the principles to non-carbon systems. Furthermore, a synergistic framework combining multiscale <em>in situ</em> characterization maps with a cross-scale modeling map is proposed for molecular-level insights. The review also outlines challenges and future directions for designing cross-scale processes from nano-catalysts to macro-reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102170"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157
Addison Killean Stark , Ashwin Salvi , Todd Bandhauer
Dr. Addison Stark is co-founder and CEO of AtmosZero. He previously served as associate director for energy innovation at the Bipartisan Policy Center and as a fellow and acting program director at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E). Stark holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT. His work spans research, policy, and commercialization of technologies to decarbonize industry.
Dr. Ashwin Salvi is co-founder of AtmosZero. He previously served as an ARPA-E fellow at the U.S. Department of Energy, where he helped design and manage over $75 million in federal R&D programs. He earned his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan. His background covers thermodynamics, heat transfer, and technology commercialization in advanced energy systems.
Dr. Todd Bandhauer is co-founder and chief technology officer of AtmosZero and professor of mechanical engineering at Colorado State University. His research focuses on advanced thermal systems and industrial decarbonization. Bandhauer holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from Georgia Tech and is an inventor on over 20 patents.
{"title":"Waste heat is mostly a waste of time","authors":"Addison Killean Stark , Ashwin Salvi , Todd Bandhauer","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dr. Addison Stark is co-founder and CEO of AtmosZero. He previously served as associate director for energy innovation at the Bipartisan Policy Center and as a fellow and acting program director at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E). Stark holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT. His work spans research, policy, and commercialization of technologies to decarbonize industry.</div><div>Dr. Ashwin Salvi is co-founder of AtmosZero. He previously served as an ARPA-E fellow at the U.S. Department of Energy, where he helped design and manage over $75 million in federal R&D programs. He earned his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan. His background covers thermodynamics, heat transfer, and technology commercialization in advanced energy systems.</div><div>Dr. Todd Bandhauer is co-founder and chief technology officer of AtmosZero and professor of mechanical engineering at Colorado State University. His research focuses on advanced thermal systems and industrial decarbonization. Bandhauer holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from Georgia Tech and is an inventor on over 20 patents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102157"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173
Dongsheng Xie , Baoqi Wu , Qiong Wu , Baozhong Deng , Jianglong Li , Zhili Chen , Jiayuan Zhu , Ruoxi Xia , Langheng Pan , Kangda Liu , Qiuju Jiang , Haozhe Feng , Xiyue Yuan , Yue Zhang , Qianqing Jiang , Dianyi Liu , Tao Xu , Hongxiang Li , Fei Huang , Yong Cao , Chunhui Duan
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%, yet the transition from lab to market remains challenging. This study proposes a systematic molecular engineering paradigm for developing cost-effective polymer donors, exemplified by PPT-3, specifically engineered for semitransparent solar windows. Using simple monocyclic aromatic units, we simplified the synthesis, enabling scalable production from milligrams to 20 g. Opaque OSCs based on PPT-3 achieved PCEs exceeding 18%, with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility across multiple scales, including three Stille batches (0.2–5.0 g) and four direct-arylation batches (0.2–20.0 g). Moreover, ambient blade-coated semitransparent modules achieved a record PCE of 6.69%, an average visible transmittance of 40.30%, and a light-utilization efficiency of 2.70% over a 120 cm2 active area. This work demonstrates the first scalable synthesis of high-performance polymers (PCE >18%) via a tin-free polymerization route, offering a transformative pathway for advancing OSCs from lab-scale research to commercial viability.
{"title":"Scalable polymer for large-area semitransparent organic photovoltaics","authors":"Dongsheng Xie , Baoqi Wu , Qiong Wu , Baozhong Deng , Jianglong Li , Zhili Chen , Jiayuan Zhu , Ruoxi Xia , Langheng Pan , Kangda Liu , Qiuju Jiang , Haozhe Feng , Xiyue Yuan , Yue Zhang , Qianqing Jiang , Dianyi Liu , Tao Xu , Hongxiang Li , Fei Huang , Yong Cao , Chunhui Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%, yet the transition from lab to market remains challenging. This study proposes a systematic molecular engineering paradigm for developing cost-effective polymer donors, exemplified by PPT-3, specifically engineered for semitransparent solar windows. Using simple monocyclic aromatic units, we simplified the synthesis, enabling scalable production from milligrams to 20 g. Opaque OSCs based on PPT-3 achieved PCEs exceeding 18%, with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility across multiple scales, including three Stille batches (0.2–5.0 g) and four direct-arylation batches (0.2–20.0 g). Moreover, ambient blade-coated semitransparent modules achieved a record PCE of 6.69%, an average visible transmittance of 40.30%, and a light-utilization efficiency of 2.70% over a 120 cm<sup>2</sup> active area. This work demonstrates the first scalable synthesis of high-performance polymers (PCE >18%) via a tin-free polymerization route, offering a transformative pathway for advancing OSCs from lab-scale research to commercial viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102173"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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