Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102230
Shengyu Tao , Guannan He , Changfu Zou
Zhou et al. introduce a multi-channel, multi-frequency electrical response (MMER) method that diagnoses hundreds of lithium-ion cells within 1 s. By replacing sequential impedance sweeps with parallel time-domain excitation, MMER bridges laboratory precision and factory-scale speed, enabling real-time, sustainable battery field testing across massive manufacturing, second-life reuse, and end-of-life recycling.
{"title":"Multi-frequency excitation enables one-second battery diagnostics across life cycle chain","authors":"Shengyu Tao , Guannan He , Changfu Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zhou et al. introduce a multi-channel, multi-frequency electrical response (MMER) method that diagnoses hundreds of lithium-ion cells within 1 s. By replacing sequential impedance sweeps with parallel time-domain excitation, MMER bridges laboratory precision and factory-scale speed, enabling real-time, sustainable battery field testing across massive manufacturing, second-life reuse, and end-of-life recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102230"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145766029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102217
Cuiping Zhang , Li Yang , Yufan Wu , Kun Wei , Dachang Liu , Jianfei Hu , Wanhai Wang , Shuping Pang , Bo Xu , Jinbao Zhang
High-efficiency n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs) inherently rely on doped 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) as hole transport layers (HTLs). Yet, dopants (tert-butylpyridine [tBP] and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [LiTFSI]) instigate energy-level disorder and morphological degradation in HTLs, hampering technological advancement. Herein, we propose a redox-mediated nanoscale solid-state doping strategy using multifunctional CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots (CISQDs) to enhance the performance and operational stability of HTLs. The Cu2+/Cu+ redox-active centers in CISQD promote Spiro-OMeTAD⋅+ cation formation, facilitating efficient charge collection. Additionally, uncoordinated sulfur sites on the ZnS shell act as ionic traps, effectively immobilizing Li+ ions to further fortify the structural stability of HTLs. Based on this non-volatile solid-state doping strategy, tBP-free devices have achieved a record certified power conversion efficiency of 26.34% and demonstrate unprecedented operational reliability. The devices retain over 90% of initial performance after 2,000 h of continuous 1-sun illumination. This study presents a universal approach for reliable doping of organic materials in optoelectronic devices.
{"title":"Redox-mediated solid-state doping of Spiro-OMeTAD for efficient and robust perovskite photovoltaics","authors":"Cuiping Zhang , Li Yang , Yufan Wu , Kun Wei , Dachang Liu , Jianfei Hu , Wanhai Wang , Shuping Pang , Bo Xu , Jinbao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-efficiency n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs) inherently rely on doped 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) as hole transport layers (HTLs). Yet, dopants (tert-butylpyridine [tBP] and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [LiTFSI]) instigate energy-level disorder and morphological degradation in HTLs, hampering technological advancement. Herein, we propose a redox-mediated nanoscale solid-state doping strategy using multifunctional CuInS<sub>2</sub>/ZnS quantum dots (CISQDs) to enhance the performance and operational stability of HTLs. The Cu<sup>2+</sup>/Cu<sup>+</sup> redox-active centers in CISQD promote Spiro-OMeTAD<sup>⋅+</sup> cation formation, facilitating efficient charge collection. Additionally, uncoordinated sulfur sites on the ZnS shell act as ionic traps, effectively immobilizing Li<sup>+</sup> ions to further fortify the structural stability of HTLs. Based on this non-volatile solid-state doping strategy, tBP-free devices have achieved a record certified power conversion efficiency of 26.34% and demonstrate unprecedented operational reliability. The devices retain over 90% of initial performance after 2,000 h of continuous 1-sun illumination. This study presents a universal approach for reliable doping of organic materials in optoelectronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102217"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar distillation with backward-evaporating structures has recently exhibited promising freshwater-production performance and attractive application prospects for alleviating global water scarcity using solar energy. Although sustainably efficient distillation approaches have been developed, extensive potential still exists in its efficiency promotion and sustainable operation, and specific pathways need to be explored toward practical applications. In this perspective, we discuss the theoretical limits of solar-to-water energy conversion efficiency and identify key approaches to improve the distillation process. We reveal the underlying mechanism of salt-ion movement of current effective anti-salt-precipitation approaches, and we illustrate how to accelerate or inhibit salt removal through tailored driving-force combinations. In addition, we highlight the balance between brine discharge and energy efficiency under brine conditions for sustainable and efficient distillation. Toward a wide application level, we summarize the integrated applications of backward-evaporating solar distillation in energy-resource co-production. We also propose scalable water-production operation modes and indicate the realistic challenges for scaled-up deployment. Finally, we conduct an economic assessment and technology comparison with other solar thermal desalination technologies, and we propose a cost evaluation method for guiding multistage system design, aiming to move this technology forward to practical applications.
{"title":"Backward-evaporating solar distillation: From efficiency promotion to practical application","authors":"Ziye Zhu , Yanjie Zheng , Hongfei Zheng , Jianyin Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar distillation with backward-evaporating structures has recently exhibited promising freshwater-production performance and attractive application prospects for alleviating global water scarcity using solar energy. Although sustainably efficient distillation approaches have been developed, extensive potential still exists in its efficiency promotion and sustainable operation, and specific pathways need to be explored toward practical applications. In this perspective, we discuss the theoretical limits of solar-to-water energy conversion efficiency and identify key approaches to improve the distillation process. We reveal the underlying mechanism of salt-ion movement of current effective anti-salt-precipitation approaches, and we illustrate how to accelerate or inhibit salt removal through tailored driving-force combinations. In addition, we highlight the balance between brine discharge and energy efficiency under brine conditions for sustainable and efficient distillation. Toward a wide application level, we summarize the integrated applications of backward-evaporating solar distillation in energy-resource co-production. We also propose scalable water-production operation modes and indicate the realistic challenges for scaled-up deployment. Finally, we conduct an economic assessment and technology comparison with other solar thermal desalination technologies, and we propose a cost evaluation method for guiding multistage system design, aiming to move this technology forward to practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102193"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145442075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177
Ruqing Fang , Junning Jiao , Wei Li , Royal C. Ihuaenyi , Martin Z. Bazant , Juner Zhu
We introduce mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (MEIS) as a technique that complements electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by probing coupled mechanical-electrochemical dynamics in batteries. MEIS leverages electrode expansion and contraction during ion intercalation, which induces measurable pressure fluctuations under mechanical constraint. By applying a small sinusoidal current and recording the pressure response, MEIS defines its spectrum as the frequency-domain ratio of pressure to current. Experiments across multiple chemistries reveal distinct MEIS features that depend strongly on state of charge (SOC) and are sensitive to state of health (SOH), underscoring its diagnostic potential. An idealized analytical model links semicircles to mechanical stiffness and vertical features to intercalation-induced pseudo-damping, while a porous-electrode model incorporating a poro-viscoelastic bridge explains counterintuitive behaviors such as phase reversals and quadrant shifts. By connecting particle-scale deformation to electrode-level responses, MEIS opens new avenues for SOC estimation, degradation analysis, and health diagnostics in energy storage systems.
{"title":"Mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Experimentation, interpretation, and application","authors":"Ruqing Fang , Junning Jiao , Wei Li , Royal C. Ihuaenyi , Martin Z. Bazant , Juner Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce mechano-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (MEIS) as a technique that complements electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by probing coupled mechanical-electrochemical dynamics in batteries. MEIS leverages electrode expansion and contraction during ion intercalation, which induces measurable pressure fluctuations under mechanical constraint. By applying a small sinusoidal current and recording the pressure response, MEIS defines its spectrum as the frequency-domain ratio of pressure to current. Experiments across multiple chemistries reveal distinct MEIS features that depend strongly on state of charge (SOC) and are sensitive to state of health (SOH), underscoring its diagnostic potential. An idealized analytical model links semicircles to mechanical stiffness and vertical features to intercalation-induced pseudo-damping, while a porous-electrode model incorporating a poro-viscoelastic bridge explains counterintuitive behaviors such as phase reversals and quadrant shifts. By connecting particle-scale deformation to electrode-level responses, MEIS opens new avenues for SOC estimation, degradation analysis, and health diagnostics in energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102177"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198
Yucun Zhou , Xueyu Hu , Weilin Zhang , Zheyu Luo , Yuechao Yao , Tongtong Li , Yong Ding , Yu Chen , Meilin Liu
Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent a promising technology for efficient, long-term, and large-scale co-generation of power and fuel. However, commercializing RSOCs has been hindered by the inadequate electrocatalytic activity and stability of conventional oxygen (or air) electrode materials. In this work, we demonstrate that a high-entropy strategy effectively overcomes the classic activity-stability trade-off in perovskite-based air electrode materials. The developed Pr0.25Nd0.25Gd0.25Sm0.25Ba0.25La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.25Co2O5+δ (HE-PBC) air electrode exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic activity and stability under realistic operating conditions. When integrated into oxygen ion-conducting RSOCs, the HE-PBC electrode nearly doubles the cell performance compared with the conventional electrode while reducing the degradation rate by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, proton-conducting RSOCs with the HE-PBC electrode exhibit outstanding performance, achieving a peak power density of 1.13 W cm−2 in fuel cell mode and a current density of 2.56 A cm−2 at 1.3 V in electrolysis mode at 600°C while maintaining excellent stability for over 1,000 h.
可逆固体氧化物电池（rsoc）是一种很有前途的高效、长期和大规模热电联产技术。然而，由于传统氧（或空气）电极材料的电催化活性和稳定性不足，rsoc的商业化一直受到阻碍。在这项工作中，我们证明了高熵策略有效地克服了钙钛矿基空气电极材料中经典的活性-稳定性权衡。所研制的Pr0.25Nd0.25Gd0.25Sm0.25Ba0.25La0.25Sr0.25Ca0.25Co2O5+δ (HE-PBC)空气电极在实际操作条件下表现出优异的电催化活性和稳定性。当集成到氧离子导电rsoc中时，HE-PBC电极的电池性能几乎是传统电极的两倍，同时将降解率降低了一个数量级以上。此外，具有HE-PBC电极的质子导电rsoc表现出出色的性能，在燃料电池模式下实现了1.13 W cm - 2的峰值功率密度，在600°C电解模式下在1.3 V下实现了2.56 a cm - 2的电流密度，同时保持了1000小时以上的优异稳定性。
{"title":"Breaking the activity-stability trade-off with a high-entropy perovskite oxygen electrode for sustainable solid oxide cells","authors":"Yucun Zhou , Xueyu Hu , Weilin Zhang , Zheyu Luo , Yuechao Yao , Tongtong Li , Yong Ding , Yu Chen , Meilin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) represent a promising technology for efficient, long-term, and large-scale co-generation of power and fuel. However, commercializing RSOCs has been hindered by the inadequate electrocatalytic activity and stability of conventional oxygen (or air) electrode materials. In this work, we demonstrate that a high-entropy strategy effectively overcomes the classic activity-stability trade-off in perovskite-based air electrode materials. The developed Pr<sub>0.25</sub>Nd<sub>0.25</sub>Gd<sub>0.25</sub>Sm<sub>0.25</sub>Ba<sub>0.25</sub>La<sub>0.25</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Ca<sub>0.25</sub>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5+δ</sub> (HE-PBC) air electrode exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic activity and stability under realistic operating conditions. When integrated into oxygen ion-conducting RSOCs, the HE-PBC electrode nearly doubles the cell performance compared with the conventional electrode while reducing the degradation rate by more than an order of magnitude. Furthermore, proton-conducting RSOCs with the HE-PBC electrode exhibit outstanding performance, achieving a peak power density of 1.13 W cm<sup>−2</sup> in fuel cell mode and a current density of 2.56 A cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.3 V in electrolysis mode at 600°C while maintaining excellent stability for over 1,000 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 12","pages":"Article 102198"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145478123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spray coating offers great potential for optoelectronic devices with complex geometries, but uniform crystallization remains challenging because of limited control over the process. Herein, we present a localized high-concentration (LHC) precursor strategy that enables homogeneous and confined bulk-phase pre-nucleation within droplets during spraying, effectively addressing spatiotemporal inconsistencies in nucleation. The LHC approach employs weak ligand solvents to restrict the diffusion of A-site cations while enhancing their interaction with [PbIx]2−x complexes, thereby suppressing the formation of solvated intermediate phases and achieving direct α-phase perovskite with high crystallographic orientation and low defect-state density (∼1014 cm−3). This work also established a correlation between solvent-related parameters and device performance, using machine learning. The spray-coated devices achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.5% (0.09 cm2 small cells), 22.5% (14 cm2 mini-modules), and 23.2% (curved cells). The strategy has been proven to have versatile applications, including in high-humidity environments (relative humidity [(R.H.] ∼80%, 23.1%), complex surfaces, and mask-assisted patterning.
{"title":"Confined crystallization strategy enabling high-quality perovskite film for advanced photovoltaics","authors":"Xiaopeng Feng, Fuzong Xu, Cheng Peng, Zhipeng Shao, Zaiwei Wang, Chongwen Li, Qichao Meng, Bingqian Zhang, Hongguang Meng, Yaliang Han, Lin Han, Boyang Lu, Changcheng Cui, Hao Wei, Yimeng Li, Hongpei Ji, Qiangqiang Zhao, Kaiyu Wang, Xiaofan Du, Chaojie Chen, Guanglei Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.102228","url":null,"abstract":"Spray coating offers great potential for optoelectronic devices with complex geometries, but uniform crystallization remains challenging because of limited control over the process. Herein, we present a localized high-concentration (LHC) precursor strategy that enables homogeneous and confined bulk-phase pre-nucleation within droplets during spraying, effectively addressing spatiotemporal inconsistencies in nucleation. The LHC approach employs weak ligand solvents to restrict the diffusion of A-site cations while enhancing their interaction with [PbI<sub>x</sub>]<sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup><sup>x</sup> complexes, thereby suppressing the formation of solvated intermediate phases and achieving direct <em>α</em>-phase perovskite with high crystallographic orientation and low defect-state density (∼10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>). This work also established a correlation between solvent-related parameters and device performance, using machine learning. The spray-coated devices achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.5% (0.09 cm<sup>2</sup> small cells), 22.5% (14 cm<sup>2</sup> mini-modules), and 23.2% (curved cells). The strategy has been proven to have versatile applications, including in high-humidity environments (relative humidity [(R.H.] ∼80%, 23.1%), complex surfaces, and mask-assisted patterning.","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":39.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102232
Zikang Yu, Chenjie Gan, Siyuan Song, Pradeep Guduru, Kyung-Suk Kim, Brian W. Sheldon
Lithium dendrite penetration remains a critical challenge for solid-state batteries. In this study, we provide direct experimental evidence that compressive residual stress alone, without any chemical modification, can suppress lithium dendrite propagation and improve electrochemical performance. These stresses were generated by imposing sustained through-thickness thermal gradients across Li₆.₄La₃Zr₁.₅Ta₀.₅O₁₂ (LLZTO), leading to a consistent 3-fold increase in critical current density (CCD) compared with respective isothermal controls. The magnitude of the generated stresses in the solid electrolyte was independently verified through strain-gauge and optical curvature measurements. Finite element analysis (FEA) was also conducted to interpret these stress results and to provide a broader analysis of the relationship between compressive stress and dendrite suppression. Together, these results isolate mechanical contributions of residual compressive stress as a dominant factor in dendrite resistance, establishing a mechanically driven strategy for stress engineering in solid-state batteries and providing a general design principle for robust, dendrite-free operation.
{"title":"Dendrite suppression in garnet electrolytes via thermally induced compressive stress","authors":"Zikang Yu, Chenjie Gan, Siyuan Song, Pradeep Guduru, Kyung-Suk Kim, Brian W. Sheldon","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.102232","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium dendrite penetration remains a critical challenge for solid-state batteries. In this study, we provide direct experimental evidence that compressive residual stress alone, without any chemical modification, can suppress lithium dendrite propagation and improve electrochemical performance. These stresses were generated by imposing sustained through-thickness thermal gradients across Li₆.₄La₃Zr₁.₅Ta₀.₅O₁₂ (LLZTO), leading to a consistent 3-fold increase in critical current density (CCD) compared with respective isothermal controls. The magnitude of the generated stresses in the solid electrolyte was independently verified through strain-gauge and optical curvature measurements. Finite element analysis (FEA) was also conducted to interpret these stress results and to provide a broader analysis of the relationship between compressive stress and dendrite suppression. Together, these results isolate mechanical contributions of residual compressive stress as a dominant factor in dendrite resistance, establishing a mechanically driven strategy for stress engineering in solid-state batteries and providing a general design principle for robust, dendrite-free operation.","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"166 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":39.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145759485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102231
Haojiang Du, Weiming Lu, Xinrui An, Sheshicheng Chen, Zunke Liu, Shicheng Guo, Xun Fan, Mingming Zhang, Shaojian Fu, Wei Liu, Jing Qiu, Chuanxiao Xiao, Zhiqin Ying, Xi Yang, Zhenhai Yang, Yuheng Zeng, Jichun Ye
Tunnel oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) solar cells (SCs) have emerged as the dominant crystalline silicon technology in the photovoltaic industry. However, further improving efficiency while simultaneously reducing silver consumption for TOPCon SCs remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a synergistic strategy integrating high-precision steel-stencil printing technology and a local polysilicon contact design, achieving a certified efficiency of 26.09% on industrial-grade M10 silicon wafers. Specifically, transitioning from conventional screen printing to steel-stencil printing enables the fabrication of ultra-narrow fingers and a substantial reduction in silver consumption. The optimized silver paste formulation facilitates the formation of densely packed silver nanoparticles at the silver/silicon interface, resulting in lower contact resistivity. Additionally, our laser-patterned local polysilicon contact design effectively optimizes the trade-off between carrier transport and parasitic absorption losses while achieving high bifaciality (∼90%) that is beneficial for practical energy yield.
{"title":"Steel-stencil printing and local polysilicon contacts enable 26.09%-efficient industrial-grade tunnel oxide passivating contact solar cells","authors":"Haojiang Du, Weiming Lu, Xinrui An, Sheshicheng Chen, Zunke Liu, Shicheng Guo, Xun Fan, Mingming Zhang, Shaojian Fu, Wei Liu, Jing Qiu, Chuanxiao Xiao, Zhiqin Ying, Xi Yang, Zhenhai Yang, Yuheng Zeng, Jichun Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2025.102231","url":null,"abstract":"Tunnel oxide passivating contact (TOPCon) solar cells (SCs) have emerged as the dominant crystalline silicon technology in the photovoltaic industry. However, further improving efficiency while simultaneously reducing silver consumption for TOPCon SCs remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose a synergistic strategy integrating high-precision steel-stencil printing technology and a local polysilicon contact design, achieving a certified efficiency of 26.09% on industrial-grade M10 silicon wafers. Specifically, transitioning from conventional screen printing to steel-stencil printing enables the fabrication of ultra-narrow fingers and a substantial reduction in silver consumption. The optimized silver paste formulation facilitates the formation of densely packed silver nanoparticles at the silver/silicon interface, resulting in lower contact resistivity. Additionally, our laser-patterned local polysilicon contact design effectively optimizes the trade-off between carrier transport and parasitic absorption losses while achieving high bifaciality (∼90%) that is beneficial for practical energy yield.","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":39.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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