Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170
Fei Sun , Chaowei Yang , Yi Zhang , Zhibin Qu , Jiayu Zuo , Jihui Gao , Shaoqin Liu , Yunfeng Lu
Carbonaceous electrocatalysts have demonstrated superior performance and cost-effectiveness in the field of electrocatalysis for sustainable energy development. Beyond the conventional focus on active site engineering, optimizing mass transfer across the multiscale functional units of carbon catalysts is also essential for bridging the lab-to-industry gap. Herein, this review provides a systematic overview of multiscale mass transfer dynamics at carbon-based electrocatalytic interfaces, aiming to establish mass transfer theories and principles from macroscale electrodes and mesoscale pores to nanoscale carbon surfaces. Building upon this foundation, the scale interactions within critical devices (e.g., membrane electrode assemblies [MEAs] and flow cells) are examined, and the broad applicability of this engineering philosophy is further demonstrated by extending the principles to non-carbon systems. Furthermore, a synergistic framework combining multiscale in situ characterization maps with a cross-scale modeling map is proposed for molecular-level insights. The review also outlines challenges and future directions for designing cross-scale processes from nano-catalysts to macro-reactors.
{"title":"Multiscale mass transfer at carbonaceous catalyst-mediated electrocatalytic interface","authors":"Fei Sun , Chaowei Yang , Yi Zhang , Zhibin Qu , Jiayu Zuo , Jihui Gao , Shaoqin Liu , Yunfeng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonaceous electrocatalysts have demonstrated superior performance and cost-effectiveness in the field of electrocatalysis for sustainable energy development. Beyond the conventional focus on active site engineering, optimizing mass transfer across the multiscale functional units of carbon catalysts is also essential for bridging the lab-to-industry gap. Herein, this review provides a systematic overview of multiscale mass transfer dynamics at carbon-based electrocatalytic interfaces, aiming to establish mass transfer theories and principles from macroscale electrodes and mesoscale pores to nanoscale carbon surfaces. Building upon this foundation, the scale interactions within critical devices (e.g., membrane electrode assemblies [MEAs] and flow cells) are examined, and the broad applicability of this engineering philosophy is further demonstrated by extending the principles to non-carbon systems. Furthermore, a synergistic framework combining multiscale <em>in situ</em> characterization maps with a cross-scale modeling map is proposed for molecular-level insights. The review also outlines challenges and future directions for designing cross-scale processes from nano-catalysts to macro-reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102170"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157
Addison Killean Stark , Ashwin Salvi , Todd Bandhauer
Dr. Addison Stark is co-founder and CEO of AtmosZero. He previously served as associate director for energy innovation at the Bipartisan Policy Center and as a fellow and acting program director at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E). Stark holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT. His work spans research, policy, and commercialization of technologies to decarbonize industry.
Dr. Ashwin Salvi is co-founder of AtmosZero. He previously served as an ARPA-E fellow at the U.S. Department of Energy, where he helped design and manage over $75 million in federal R&D programs. He earned his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan. His background covers thermodynamics, heat transfer, and technology commercialization in advanced energy systems.
Dr. Todd Bandhauer is co-founder and chief technology officer of AtmosZero and professor of mechanical engineering at Colorado State University. His research focuses on advanced thermal systems and industrial decarbonization. Bandhauer holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from Georgia Tech and is an inventor on over 20 patents.
{"title":"Waste heat is mostly a waste of time","authors":"Addison Killean Stark , Ashwin Salvi , Todd Bandhauer","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dr. Addison Stark is co-founder and CEO of AtmosZero. He previously served as associate director for energy innovation at the Bipartisan Policy Center and as a fellow and acting program director at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E). Stark holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from MIT. His work spans research, policy, and commercialization of technologies to decarbonize industry.</div><div>Dr. Ashwin Salvi is co-founder of AtmosZero. He previously served as an ARPA-E fellow at the U.S. Department of Energy, where he helped design and manage over $75 million in federal R&D programs. He earned his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan. His background covers thermodynamics, heat transfer, and technology commercialization in advanced energy systems.</div><div>Dr. Todd Bandhauer is co-founder and chief technology officer of AtmosZero and professor of mechanical engineering at Colorado State University. His research focuses on advanced thermal systems and industrial decarbonization. Bandhauer holds a PhD in mechanical engineering from Georgia Tech and is an inventor on over 20 patents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102157"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173
Dongsheng Xie , Baoqi Wu , Qiong Wu , Baozhong Deng , Jianglong Li , Zhili Chen , Jiayuan Zhu , Ruoxi Xia , Langheng Pan , Kangda Liu , Qiuju Jiang , Haozhe Feng , Xiyue Yuan , Yue Zhang , Qianqing Jiang , Dianyi Liu , Tao Xu , Hongxiang Li , Fei Huang , Yong Cao , Chunhui Duan
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%, yet the transition from lab to market remains challenging. This study proposes a systematic molecular engineering paradigm for developing cost-effective polymer donors, exemplified by PPT-3, specifically engineered for semitransparent solar windows. Using simple monocyclic aromatic units, we simplified the synthesis, enabling scalable production from milligrams to 20 g. Opaque OSCs based on PPT-3 achieved PCEs exceeding 18%, with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility across multiple scales, including three Stille batches (0.2–5.0 g) and four direct-arylation batches (0.2–20.0 g). Moreover, ambient blade-coated semitransparent modules achieved a record PCE of 6.69%, an average visible transmittance of 40.30%, and a light-utilization efficiency of 2.70% over a 120 cm2 active area. This work demonstrates the first scalable synthesis of high-performance polymers (PCE >18%) via a tin-free polymerization route, offering a transformative pathway for advancing OSCs from lab-scale research to commercial viability.
{"title":"Scalable polymer for large-area semitransparent organic photovoltaics","authors":"Dongsheng Xie , Baoqi Wu , Qiong Wu , Baozhong Deng , Jianglong Li , Zhili Chen , Jiayuan Zhu , Ruoxi Xia , Langheng Pan , Kangda Liu , Qiuju Jiang , Haozhe Feng , Xiyue Yuan , Yue Zhang , Qianqing Jiang , Dianyi Liu , Tao Xu , Hongxiang Li , Fei Huang , Yong Cao , Chunhui Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20%, yet the transition from lab to market remains challenging. This study proposes a systematic molecular engineering paradigm for developing cost-effective polymer donors, exemplified by PPT-3, specifically engineered for semitransparent solar windows. Using simple monocyclic aromatic units, we simplified the synthesis, enabling scalable production from milligrams to 20 g. Opaque OSCs based on PPT-3 achieved PCEs exceeding 18%, with excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility across multiple scales, including three Stille batches (0.2–5.0 g) and four direct-arylation batches (0.2–20.0 g). Moreover, ambient blade-coated semitransparent modules achieved a record PCE of 6.69%, an average visible transmittance of 40.30%, and a light-utilization efficiency of 2.70% over a 120 cm<sup>2</sup> active area. This work demonstrates the first scalable synthesis of high-performance polymers (PCE >18%) via a tin-free polymerization route, offering a transformative pathway for advancing OSCs from lab-scale research to commercial viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102173"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102196
Tiancheng Pu , Junzhong Xie , Ding Ma
Catalytic upgrading of CO2 waste with methane could be hailed as the “Holy Grail” reaction, as it simultaneously converts two greenhouse gases into building blocks. In a recent issue of Nature Chemistry, Lv et al. broke the thermodynamic constraints of super-dry reforming of methane with a tandem electro-thermocatalytic process.
{"title":"Synchronizing electro-thermocatalysis for fuel production with unprecedented carbon efficiency","authors":"Tiancheng Pu , Junzhong Xie , Ding Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic upgrading of CO<sub>2</sub> waste with methane could be hailed as the “Holy Grail” reaction, as it simultaneously converts two greenhouse gases into building blocks. In a recent issue of <em>Nature Chemistry</em>, Lv et al. broke the thermodynamic constraints of super-dry reforming of methane with a tandem electro-thermocatalytic process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102196"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102139
Benjamin L. Rogers , Sarbajit Banerjee
Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are a long-duration energy storage (LDES) technology at the forefront of grid stabilization and decarbonization. Alleviating materials criticality and addressing supply-chain risks of vanadium are key to sustaining the growth of VFB deployment. Here, we present living databases gathered from vanadium stakeholders across the world that capture a holistic, up-to-date snapshot of the vanadium economy along vectors of production, processing, and large-scale battery installations. To mitigate risks to vanadium supply chains and encourage long-term resource availability, numerous opportunities are evaluated, including expanded primary mining in untapped, resource-rich regions, increased secondary production to promote a circular resource economy, and the risks and benefits of state actors in incentivizing supply response and modifying market volatility. By aligning technological innovation with strategic resource management, vanadium can both advance the energy transition through energy storage and serve as an exemplar for building resilient supply chains for other critical materials.
{"title":"Mine the gap: Sourcing vanadium for the energy transition","authors":"Benjamin L. Rogers , Sarbajit Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) are a long-duration energy storage (LDES) technology at the forefront of grid stabilization and decarbonization. Alleviating materials criticality and addressing supply-chain risks of vanadium are key to sustaining the growth of VFB deployment. Here, we present living databases gathered from vanadium stakeholders across the world that capture a holistic, up-to-date snapshot of the vanadium economy along vectors of production, processing, and large-scale battery installations. To mitigate risks to vanadium supply chains and encourage long-term resource availability, numerous opportunities are evaluated, including expanded primary mining in untapped, resource-rich regions, increased secondary production to promote a circular resource economy, and the risks and benefits of state actors in incentivizing supply response and modifying market volatility. By aligning technological innovation with strategic resource management, vanadium can both advance the energy transition through energy storage and serve as an exemplar for building resilient supply chains for other critical materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102139"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145194940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102167
Ashutosh Rana , Saptarshi Paul , Ashutosh Bhadouria , James H. Nguyen , John F. Koons , Chunge Li , Arya Das , Kingshuk Roy , Brian M. Tackett , Jeffrey E. Dick
Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are attractive alternatives to Li/Na systems due to their abundance, safety, low cost, and high capacity. Unfortunately, cycling efficiency is hindered by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the anode. Paradoxically, higher current densities often yield improved Coulombic efficiency (CE), defying classical electrochemical expectations. Here, we resolve this paradox by revealing the role of interfacial pH gradients in zinc electrodeposition. Through advanced measurements, including electrochemical mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that steep pH gradients emerge at high currents and low capacities, fostering rapid formation of a uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that suppresses hydrogen evolution and enhances CE. This advantage diminishes at larger capacities or extreme currents due to convective instabilities. We present a unified framework, integrating pH gradients, SEI formation, HER suppression, zinc nucleation and growth, and convection, and we propose charge-discharge protocols that extend cycle life at practical and real capacities, advancing commercially relevant AZMBs.
{"title":"Interfacial pH gradients suppress HER at high currents in zinc metal batteries","authors":"Ashutosh Rana , Saptarshi Paul , Ashutosh Bhadouria , James H. Nguyen , John F. Koons , Chunge Li , Arya Das , Kingshuk Roy , Brian M. Tackett , Jeffrey E. Dick","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are attractive alternatives to Li/Na systems due to their abundance, safety, low cost, and high capacity. Unfortunately, cycling efficiency is hindered by hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the anode. Paradoxically, higher current densities often yield improved Coulombic efficiency (CE), defying classical electrochemical expectations. Here, we resolve this paradox by revealing the role of interfacial pH gradients in zinc electrodeposition. Through advanced measurements, including electrochemical mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy, we show that steep pH gradients emerge at high currents and low capacities, fostering rapid formation of a uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that suppresses hydrogen evolution and enhances CE. This advantage diminishes at larger capacities or extreme currents due to convective instabilities. We present a unified framework, integrating pH gradients, SEI formation, HER suppression, zinc nucleation and growth, and convection, and we propose charge-discharge protocols that extend cycle life at practical and real capacities, advancing commercially relevant AZMBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102167"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145283675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102164
Conor Hickey , Stuart Jenkins , Myles Allen
Net-zero targets are widely adopted by companies and countries worldwide. To achieve these goals, more companies are investing in diverse carbon removal portfolios. This study develops a new risk management framework that combines forestry, biochar, and geological storage offsets into portfolios that could stabilize global temperatures over multi-century time periods. We find that if a carbon storage portfolio reaches an equilibrium state of CO2 stored, it can be leveraged to stabilize global temperatures by increasing the size of the portfolio relative to the amount of removal claimed. For moderate-risk primarily forestry portfolios retaining 0.75–0.55 tCO2 of the 1 tCO2 stored, an additional 0.30–0.80 tCO2 removal is needed to offset re-releases over 1,000 years. High-risk portfolios retaining only 0.10 tCO2 require over 9 tCO2 additional removal. Portfolios that are predicted to re-release almost all CO2 cannot be leveraged and are ineffective at meeting temperature stabilization goals. These findings have implications for policy and corporate climate action.
{"title":"Carbon storage portfolios for the transition to net zero","authors":"Conor Hickey , Stuart Jenkins , Myles Allen","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Net-zero targets are widely adopted by companies and countries worldwide. To achieve these goals, more companies are investing in diverse carbon removal portfolios. This study develops a new risk management framework that combines forestry, biochar, and geological storage offsets into portfolios that could stabilize global temperatures over multi-century time periods. We find that if a carbon storage portfolio reaches an equilibrium state of CO<sub>2</sub> stored, it can be leveraged to stabilize global temperatures by increasing the size of the portfolio relative to the amount of removal claimed. For moderate-risk primarily forestry portfolios retaining 0.75–0.55 tCO<sub>2</sub> of the 1 tCO<sub>2</sub> stored, an additional 0.30–0.80 tCO<sub>2</sub> removal is needed to offset re-releases over 1,000 years. High-risk portfolios retaining only 0.10 tCO<sub>2</sub> require over 9 tCO<sub>2</sub> additional removal. Portfolios that are predicted to re-release almost all CO<sub>2</sub> cannot be leveraged and are ineffective at meeting temperature stabilization goals. These findings have implications for policy and corporate climate action.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102164"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102133
Zhizai Li , Kai Li , Yaxing Wang , Shuao Wang
Zhizai Li earned his PhD from Lanzhou University in 2024 and is now an associate professor in Professor Shuao Wang’s group. His research interests include the synthesis of novel metal halide photovoltaic materials, device structure design, and their applications in high-efficiency voltaic batteries.
Kai Li received his PhD in 2019 from the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. He is currently an associate professor in Professor Shuao Wang’s group. His research focuses on the synthesis of scintillators and phosphors, with an emphasis on their applications in high-efficiency and stable radioluminescent nuclear batteries.
Yaxing Wang is a professor at Soochow University. He completed his PhD at Sichuan University in 2019. His research focuses on radiochemistry and its interdisciplinary applications, including radionuclide separation, micronuclear battery, and environmental radionuclide detection.
Shuao Wang is the dean of the School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and a Professor at Soochow University. He earned his PhD from the University of Notre Dame and subsequently conducted postdoctoral research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Wang specializes in radiochemistry and radiation chemistry, with a focus on spent-fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, nuclear accident emergency response, and related fields.
{"title":"Coalescent energy transducer for future micronuclear battery","authors":"Zhizai Li , Kai Li , Yaxing Wang , Shuao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zhizai Li earned his PhD from Lanzhou University in 2024 and is now an associate professor in Professor Shuao Wang’s group. His research interests include the synthesis of novel metal halide photovoltaic materials, device structure design, and their applications in high-efficiency voltaic batteries.</div><div>Kai Li received his PhD in 2019 from the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. He is currently an associate professor in Professor Shuao Wang’s group. His research focuses on the synthesis of scintillators and phosphors, with an emphasis on their applications in high-efficiency and stable radioluminescent nuclear batteries.</div><div>Yaxing Wang is a professor at Soochow University. He completed his PhD at Sichuan University in 2019. His research focuses on radiochemistry and its interdisciplinary applications, including radionuclide separation, micronuclear battery, and environmental radionuclide detection.</div><div>Shuao Wang is the dean of the School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and a Professor at Soochow University. He earned his PhD from the University of Notre Dame and subsequently conducted postdoctoral research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Wang specializes in radiochemistry and radiation chemistry, with a focus on spent-fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, nuclear accident emergency response, and related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102133"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102174
Lina Wang , Ning Wang , Nikhil Kalasariya , Xianglang Sun , Xin Wu , Zexin Yu , Bo Li , Ying Qiao , Kin Long Wong , Andres Felipe Castro Mendez , Orestis Karalis , Chunlei Zhang , Danpeng Gao , Hannes Hempel , Jungan Wang , Jie Yang , Hao Jin , Yang Bai , Xinyu Zhang , Menglei Xu , Zonglong Zhu
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs) are advancing swiftly, with tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) silicon-based cells gaining prominence owing to their cost-effectiveness and market presence. However, perovskite/TOPCon silicon TSCs currently lag behind their heterojunction (HJT) silicon-based counterparts, due to challenges in depositing uniform films on micro-rough textured substrates. In this work, we introduce a novel interconnection layer (ICL) with an asymmetric molecule, (4-(3-methyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (3-Me-4PACz). The substantial dipole moment of the molecule effectively reduces the interfacial energy offset, significantly increasing the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.68-eV perovskite subcells over 1.30 V. Furthermore, this tailored ICL exhibits markedly improved wettability, homogeneity, and surface adhesion, successfully eliminating “wet patches.” Consequently, the resulting 1-cm2 perovskite/TOPCon silicon TSCs achieved a record certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.32% (in-house measurement of 33.12%), alongside an unprecedented VOC of 2.023 V (certified at 2.015 V), demonstrating a broadly applicable strategy for advancing industrially viable tandem photovoltaics.
{"title":"Ultra-uniform perovskite film with minimized interconnection energy loss for efficient perovskite/TOPCon tandem solar cells","authors":"Lina Wang , Ning Wang , Nikhil Kalasariya , Xianglang Sun , Xin Wu , Zexin Yu , Bo Li , Ying Qiao , Kin Long Wong , Andres Felipe Castro Mendez , Orestis Karalis , Chunlei Zhang , Danpeng Gao , Hannes Hempel , Jungan Wang , Jie Yang , Hao Jin , Yang Bai , Xinyu Zhang , Menglei Xu , Zonglong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs) are advancing swiftly, with tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) silicon-based cells gaining prominence owing to their cost-effectiveness and market presence. However, perovskite/TOPCon silicon TSCs currently lag behind their heterojunction (HJT) silicon-based counterparts, due to challenges in depositing uniform films on micro-rough textured substrates. In this work, we introduce a novel interconnection layer (ICL) with an asymmetric molecule, (4-(3-methyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (3-Me-4PACz). The substantial dipole moment of the molecule effectively reduces the interfacial energy offset, significantly increasing the open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em><sub><em>OC</em></sub>) of 1.68-eV perovskite subcells over 1.30 V. Furthermore, this tailored ICL exhibits markedly improved wettability, homogeneity, and surface adhesion, successfully eliminating “wet patches.” Consequently, the resulting 1-cm<sup>2</sup> perovskite/TOPCon silicon TSCs achieved a record certificated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.32% (in-house measurement of 33.12%), alongside an unprecedented <em>V</em><sub><em>OC</em></sub> of 2.023 V (certified at 2.015 V), demonstrating a broadly applicable strategy for advancing industrially viable tandem photovoltaics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102174"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2025.102194
Mario Alejandro Mejía Escobar , Carlos Algora
Flexible and lightweight solar arrays are crucial for advancing space missions by offering high specific power, compact stowage, and reliable deployment in various space environments. This review explores the development of flexible photovoltaic technologies, examining the evolution of solar cells, modules, and arrays, with a focus on their application in planetary science missions and orbital services. It details the fabrication of high-specific-power arrays, including commercial products and emerging technologies, and discusses the challenges in designing lightweight architectures and interconnections. The review also assesses the photovoltaic performance of these arrays in orbital and interplanetary missions, highlighting the trade-offs in power delivery and radiation hardness. The findings emphasize the role of flexible solar arrays in enabling scalable, power-efficient systems for upcoming missions, including lunar habitats and the exploration of Mars and Venus. This work underscores the importance of flexible and deployable photovoltaic technologies in shaping the future of space exploration and services, supporting next-generation space systems.
{"title":"Surveying the potential of flexible and high-specific-power photovoltaic assemblies and arrays for space applications","authors":"Mario Alejandro Mejía Escobar , Carlos Algora","doi":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.joule.2025.102194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible and lightweight solar arrays are crucial for advancing space missions by offering high specific power, compact stowage, and reliable deployment in various space environments. This review explores the development of flexible photovoltaic technologies, examining the evolution of solar cells, modules, and arrays, with a focus on their application in planetary science missions and orbital services. It details the fabrication of high-specific-power arrays, including commercial products and emerging technologies, and discusses the challenges in designing lightweight architectures and interconnections. The review also assesses the photovoltaic performance of these arrays in orbital and interplanetary missions, highlighting the trade-offs in power delivery and radiation hardness. The findings emphasize the role of flexible solar arrays in enabling scalable, power-efficient systems for upcoming missions, including lunar habitats and the exploration of Mars and Venus. This work underscores the importance of flexible and deployable photovoltaic technologies in shaping the future of space exploration and services, supporting next-generation space systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":343,"journal":{"name":"Joule","volume":"9 11","pages":"Article 102194"},"PeriodicalIF":35.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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