Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107545
Y. Abdallah, Ranya El-Ashmony, A. Abdelrhim
Paenibacillus polymyxa bacterium has been known as a biocontrol agent (BCA) for various plant diseases, and it promotes the growth of several treated plants. On the other hand, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is an important bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) to rice plants, and cause high yield loss during the growing season. In this study, P. polymyxa SX3 inhibited the in vitro growth of Xoo by 80% and affected the biofilm formation. Also, the cell membrane of Xoo lost its permeability after treating it with culture filtrate of P. polymyxa at its MIC (40%). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations showed an influence of the culture filtrate of P. polymyxa on the cell morphology of Xoo. Applying P. polymyxa decreased the severity of bacterial leaf blight on rice seedlings to 4.9%, compared to 42.5% of the control. Moreover, this strain also improved the growth parameters of the rice seedlings significantly by increasing the shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight by 166.7%, 168.2%, 100%, and 255.6%; respectively, compared to the positive control (Xoo only). Three antimicrobial related genes; pmxB, pmxD, and Fusdel were detected in P. polymyxa SX3 using nine specific gene markers. The aims of the study were to investigate the impact of P. polymyxa SX3 on in vitro growth of Xoo, in vivo growth of the rice seedlings in the greenhouse, and to detect the presence of related antimicrobial genes.
{"title":"Detection of the antibacterial efficacy of Paenibacillus polymyxa against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice seedlings, and the antimicrobial related genes","authors":"Y. Abdallah, Ranya El-Ashmony, A. Abdelrhim","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107545","url":null,"abstract":"Paenibacillus polymyxa bacterium has been known as a biocontrol agent (BCA) for various plant diseases, and it promotes the growth of several treated plants. On the other hand, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is an important bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB) to rice plants, and cause high yield loss during the growing season. In this study, P. polymyxa SX3 inhibited the in vitro growth of Xoo by 80% and affected the biofilm formation. Also, the cell membrane of Xoo lost its permeability after treating it with culture filtrate of P. polymyxa at its MIC (40%). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations showed an influence of the culture filtrate of P. polymyxa on the cell morphology of Xoo. Applying P. polymyxa decreased the severity of bacterial leaf blight on rice seedlings to 4.9%, compared to 42.5% of the control. Moreover, this strain also improved the growth parameters of the rice seedlings significantly by increasing the shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight by 166.7%, 168.2%, 100%, and 255.6%; respectively, compared to the positive control (Xoo only). Three antimicrobial related genes; pmxB, pmxD, and Fusdel were detected in P. polymyxa SX3 using nine specific gene markers. The aims of the study were to investigate the impact of P. polymyxa SX3 on in vitro growth of Xoo, in vivo growth of the rice seedlings in the greenhouse, and to detect the presence of related antimicrobial genes.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48654468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107539
Mati Ullah Dad Ullah, M. Ibrar, S. Khan, H. Ullah, N. Khan
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has created a global alarming situation. Initially, diagnosis of the virus was conducted by a combination of different assays including; electron microscopy (EM), computed tomography (CT) scan and whole-genome sequencing. However, such time-consuming diagnosis has critically highlighted the need for a fast and specific testing approach for earlier detection. It is expected that the ongoing research advances and the continuing efforts for the fight against COVID-19 will soon bring a fruitful discovery in in vitro diagnostics techniques. Meanwhile, the efficiency and performance of any novel diagnostic approach should be censoriously analyzed before it comes into practice. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the different diagnostic tests recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for earlier detection of the novel SARS-CoV-2. We found that the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic sequence (CRISPR/Cas) detection has relatively higher efficiency, compared to all the other tests. Therefore from this report, we concluded that the discovery of CRISPR/Cas based in vitro diagnostics will minimize the time limit as well as the cost for COVID-19 detection.
{"title":"COVID-19 detection: Comparison and accuracy of several diagnostic tests","authors":"Mati Ullah Dad Ullah, M. Ibrar, S. Khan, H. Ullah, N. Khan","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107539","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has created a global alarming situation. Initially, diagnosis of the virus was conducted by a combination of different assays including; electron microscopy (EM), computed tomography (CT) scan and whole-genome sequencing. However, such time-consuming diagnosis has critically highlighted the need for a fast and specific testing approach for earlier detection. It is expected that the ongoing research advances and the continuing efforts for the fight against COVID-19 will soon bring a fruitful discovery in in vitro diagnostics techniques. Meanwhile, the efficiency and performance of any novel diagnostic approach should be censoriously analyzed before it comes into practice. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the different diagnostic tests recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for earlier detection of the novel SARS-CoV-2. We found that the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic sequence (CRISPR/Cas) detection has relatively higher efficiency, compared to all the other tests. Therefore from this report, we concluded that the discovery of CRISPR/Cas based in vitro diagnostics will minimize the time limit as well as the cost for COVID-19 detection.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44059685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lipid droplets (LDs) are conserved specialized organelles that are surrounded by a single phospholipid layer, enclosing neutral lipids in form of triacylglycerol (TAG) and/or sterol ester. They are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and stay connected to it in the yeast cell. These LDs mainly play major roles in lipid storage and homeostasis. Moreover, they have several functions in the yeast cell including; protein degradation, protein glycosylation, response to ER stress, in addition to providing substrate for energy metabolism and for membrane synthesis. In general, TAG and phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis share the same precursor; phosphatidic acid (PA), which controls their level. By the actions of lipases, phosphatases and/or kinases; one can act as a precursor for another, thus explaining the reason of their inverse correlation. TAG lipolysis is catalyzed by TAG lipases producing fatty acids and diacylglycerol (DAG). The DAG produced from lipolysis is phosphorylated by diacylglycerol kinase (Dgk1) to form PA. On the other hand, PA is a cell signaling molecule and once increased, it upregulates cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) pathway for the PI synthesis. Major TAG lipases are mainly localized in LD, whereas minor amounts of them are localized in ER. Once DAG is produced inside the LD, it is transferred to the ER by inheritance cortical ER protein, Ice2, for further reactions. The TAG and PI levels are also controlled by transcriptional regulation in response to inositol and zinc. The aim of this study was to clarify how LDs regulate lipid homeostasis in the yeast cell, and particularly focuses on the balance between TAG and PI.
{"title":"Lipid droplets formation and their effects on phosphatidylinositol level in yeasts","authors":"Fabrice Mutijima, Mostafa Basiony, Morihisa Fujita","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107537","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid droplets (LDs) are conserved specialized organelles that are surrounded by a single phospholipid layer, enclosing neutral lipids in form of triacylglycerol (TAG) and/or sterol ester. They are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and stay connected to it in the yeast cell. These LDs mainly play major roles in lipid storage and homeostasis. Moreover, they have several functions in the yeast cell including; protein degradation, protein glycosylation, response to ER stress, in addition to providing substrate for energy metabolism and for membrane synthesis. In general, TAG and phosphatidylinositol (PI) synthesis share the same precursor; phosphatidic acid (PA), which controls their level. By the actions of lipases, phosphatases and/or kinases; one can act as a precursor for another, thus explaining the reason of their inverse correlation. TAG lipolysis is catalyzed by TAG lipases producing fatty acids and diacylglycerol (DAG). The DAG produced from lipolysis is phosphorylated by diacylglycerol kinase (Dgk1) to form PA. On the other hand, PA is a cell signaling molecule and once increased, it upregulates cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) pathway for the PI synthesis. Major TAG lipases are mainly localized in LD, whereas minor amounts of them are localized in ER. Once DAG is produced inside the LD, it is transferred to the ER by inheritance cortical ER protein, Ice2, for further reactions. The TAG and PI levels are also controlled by transcriptional regulation in response to inositol and zinc. The aim of this study was to clarify how LDs regulate lipid homeostasis in the yeast cell, and particularly focuses on the balance between TAG and PI.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41276248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107541
S. Rai, Pallabi Banerjee, Anshuman Chandra, I. Qamar
A novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) overflow event, with its epicenter point in the Wuhan (China), has risen as the health of the public crisis is of global concern. This started as an episode in the December, (2019), and till the 28th of February, (2020), there have about 83,704 committed cases of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease at the global level, including 2,859 deaths. This showed overall cases including 3.41% of the fatality rate. At this point more than 58 nations or regions were affected with SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease. As an important role of the worldwide response to manage and contain this pandemic, significant accentuation was put to create research knowledge in order to manage proof based response to carry the infection. This disease was named as severe respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its hereditary similarities with the SARS infection. Individual to-individual transmission of the COVID-19 contamination led to the isolation of the patients that were treated with various types of treatments. Various measures have been executed to decrease the individual to-individual transmission of the SARS-CoV-2, to stop the present outbreak. Unique considerations and many efforts ought to be applied in the populations to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 including health care providers, kids and older individuals. The aims of this review were to highlight the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis and future instructions of COVID-19 to stop spreading of this lethal disease.
{"title":"An overview of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease pandemic","authors":"S. Rai, Pallabi Banerjee, Anshuman Chandra, I. Qamar","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107541","url":null,"abstract":"A novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) overflow event, with its epicenter point in the Wuhan (China), has risen as the health of the public crisis is of global concern. This started as an episode in the December, (2019), and till the 28th of February, (2020), there have about 83,704 committed cases of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease at the global level, including 2,859 deaths. This showed overall cases including 3.41% of the fatality rate. At this point more than 58 nations or regions were affected with SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease. As an important role of the worldwide response to manage and contain this pandemic, significant accentuation was put to create research knowledge in order to manage proof based response to carry the infection. This disease was named as severe respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its hereditary similarities with the SARS infection. Individual to-individual transmission of the COVID-19 contamination led to the isolation of the patients that were treated with various types of treatments. Various measures have been executed to decrease the individual to-individual transmission of the SARS-CoV-2, to stop the present outbreak. Unique considerations and many efforts ought to be applied in the populations to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 including health care providers, kids and older individuals. The aims of this review were to highlight the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis and future instructions of COVID-19 to stop spreading of this lethal disease.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42926631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107540
Rabaa Yaseen, Ahmed I. S. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Mohamed K. M. Agha, T. M. Emam
At the global level, sustainable horticulture faces many challenges due to climate changes in addition to limitations in water and land resources. Nanotechnology is an innovate strategy for sustainable agricultural development. This eco-friendly technology is becoming vital in modern agricultural practices, due to its role in improving plants production, protection with environmental security, biological supportability and financial steadiness. Production of nano-fertilizers is considered as the most important alternative to the conventional fertilizers and pesticides, due to their potential roles in crop production, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and mitigating the adverse impacts in soil. The aims of the current study were to highlight nanotechnology in terms of several important definitions including; nano-fertilization, biosynthesis of nano-fertilizers and the use of nanomaterial as an alternative to the traditional mineral fertilizers. This is in addition to the control of nutrient release in the soil, nanoparticles (NPs) role in enhancing the bio-agent activity, and the fate of nanomaterials in plants with respect to the toxicological data of any nano-product.
{"title":"Nano-fertilizers: Bio-fabrication, application and biosafety","authors":"Rabaa Yaseen, Ahmed I. S. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Mohamed K. M. Agha, T. M. Emam","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107540","url":null,"abstract":"At the global level, sustainable horticulture faces many challenges due to climate changes in addition to limitations in water and land resources. Nanotechnology is an innovate strategy for sustainable agricultural development. This eco-friendly technology is becoming vital in modern agricultural practices, due to its role in improving plants production, protection with environmental security, biological supportability and financial steadiness. Production of nano-fertilizers is considered as the most important alternative to the conventional fertilizers and pesticides, due to their potential roles in crop production, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and mitigating the adverse impacts in soil. The aims of the current study were to highlight nanotechnology in terms of several important definitions including; nano-fertilization, biosynthesis of nano-fertilizers and the use of nanomaterial as an alternative to the traditional mineral fertilizers. This is in addition to the control of nutrient release in the soil, nanoparticles (NPs) role in enhancing the bio-agent activity, and the fate of nanomaterials in plants with respect to the toxicological data of any nano-product.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41628468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107542
N. Hagaggi
In the current work, different studies were carried out on the lipase enzyme produced by the halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain QCS, with an expectation to be an important candidate in the industrial applications. Lipase of strain QCS was halo-alkali-thermo-detergent-solvent stable. Maximum production of lipase was obtained after 72 h of incubation, at 40oC and pH 8 and 9 in a medium containing 25 % (w/v) NaCl and 1% (v/v) olive oil as a lipid substrate. This lipase was partially purified, highest lipase activity was obtained in 80% ammonium sulfate saturation, and in fraction eight of the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. Lipase displayed wide spectrum of activity within a broad range of conditions including salinity, temperature and pH, it was optimally active at 25% (w/v) NaCl, 40°C and pH 8 and 9, respectively. The effect of many metal ions, detergents and organic solvents on the activity of lipase was evaluated. Interestingly, lipase was able to retain the majority of its activity in the presence of Ni2+, Mg2+, Oxi and Fairy detergents, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide and toluene, respectively. Overall, as the lipase from O. iheyensis strain QCS has a number of interesting properties especially its stability at extreme conditions; it could be used as a potential promising candidate for detergents industry, and as a biocatalyst in low water enzymatic processes.
{"title":"Studies on the extremo-lipase produced by the halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain QCS","authors":"N. Hagaggi","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107542","url":null,"abstract":"In the current work, different studies were carried out on the lipase enzyme produced by the halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain QCS, with an expectation to be an important candidate in the industrial applications. Lipase of strain QCS was halo-alkali-thermo-detergent-solvent stable. Maximum production of lipase was obtained after 72 h of incubation, at 40oC and pH 8 and 9 in a medium containing 25 % (w/v) NaCl and 1% (v/v) olive oil as a lipid substrate. This lipase was partially purified, highest lipase activity was obtained in 80% ammonium sulfate saturation, and in fraction eight of the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. Lipase displayed wide spectrum of activity within a broad range of conditions including salinity, temperature and pH, it was optimally active at 25% (w/v) NaCl, 40°C and pH 8 and 9, respectively. The effect of many metal ions, detergents and organic solvents on the activity of lipase was evaluated. Interestingly, lipase was able to retain the majority of its activity in the presence of Ni2+, Mg2+, Oxi and Fairy detergents, ethyl acetate, dimethyl formamide and toluene, respectively. Overall, as the lipase from O. iheyensis strain QCS has a number of interesting properties especially its stability at extreme conditions; it could be used as a potential promising candidate for detergents industry, and as a biocatalyst in low water enzymatic processes.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49397635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.95323
Rabaa Yaseen
This work aimed to produce antifungal bioactive compounds from agro-wastes using cellulolytic bacteria, and to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against faba bean damping off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. To achieve this purpose, a total of 34 rhizospheric bacterial isolates were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulosic compounds. The bacterial isolate which gave the best cellulolytic activity was identified as Bosea thiooxidans, according to its morphological, biochemical characteristics, and according to its 16S rRNA sequencing. Five native plants remains including; Pomegranate peel, chili waste, prickly peel, olive leaves and garlic stalks, were hydrolyzed by the selected cellulolytic B. thiooxidans strain UAB7, and their extracts were tested for in vitro antifungal potential against a number of fungal phytopathogens mainly; Rizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliform; Pythium sp. and Phytophothora sp. Extracts of the decomposed garlic and olive wastes gave inhibition percentages ranging from 25-100%, against the tested fungal pathogens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed cyto-morphological alterations and empty cavities in hyphae of the treated R. solani. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phenolic compounds present in the tested extracts were carried out. Results showed that among the tested phenolic compounds, kaempferol and phenanthrene were more abundant in the decomposed garlic and olive extracts, respectively. The fermented garlic and olive extracts were evaluated for their in vivo potency to suppress the damping off disease of faba bean caused by R. solani. Faba bean plants treated with the fermented garlic and olive extracts demonstrated significantly better disease suppression, compared to the infested control. Furthermore, bands recovered through the electrophoretic patterns of the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase isozymes in the infested control plants, showed wide differentiation in their intensities and forms, compared to the healthy and the treated plants.
{"title":"Antifungal potential of extracts produced from decomposed agricultural wastes by Bosea thiooxidans","authors":"Rabaa Yaseen","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.95323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.95323","url":null,"abstract":"This work aimed to produce antifungal bioactive compounds from agro-wastes using cellulolytic bacteria, and to evaluate their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against faba bean damping off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. To achieve this purpose, a total of 34 rhizospheric bacterial isolates were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulosic compounds. The bacterial isolate which gave the best cellulolytic activity was identified as Bosea thiooxidans, according to its morphological, biochemical characteristics, and according to its 16S rRNA sequencing. Five native plants remains including; Pomegranate peel, chili waste, prickly peel, olive leaves and garlic stalks, were hydrolyzed by the selected cellulolytic B. thiooxidans strain UAB7, and their extracts were tested for in vitro antifungal potential against a number of fungal phytopathogens mainly; Rizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliform; Pythium sp. and Phytophothora sp. Extracts of the decomposed garlic and olive wastes gave inhibition percentages ranging from 25-100%, against the tested fungal pathogens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed cyto-morphological alterations and empty cavities in hyphae of the treated R. solani. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the phenolic compounds present in the tested extracts were carried out. Results showed that among the tested phenolic compounds, kaempferol and phenanthrene were more abundant in the decomposed garlic and olive extracts, respectively. The fermented garlic and olive extracts were evaluated for their in vivo potency to suppress the damping off disease of faba bean caused by R. solani. Faba bean plants treated with the fermented garlic and olive extracts demonstrated significantly better disease suppression, compared to the infested control. Furthermore, bands recovered through the electrophoretic patterns of the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase isozymes in the infested control plants, showed wide differentiation in their intensities and forms, compared to the healthy and the treated plants.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48424210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.95319
R. Bhandari, F. Sun, Qiuhui Pan
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative agent of COVID-19 infections. In late December, 2019 emergence and pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus has created serious health threat globally, unlike emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012. Globally, about 4,434,653 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections are reported including 302,169 deaths. Wild animals’ bat, snakes, and pangolins are potential sources of this virus, based on the sequence homology of these animals and the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated from infected persons. Human infection occurs due to the inhalation of respiratory droplets, which mainly infects the lower respiratory tract causing a mild flu like symptoms that may extend to severe pneumonia. Currently, there are no any vaccines or antiviral drugs against this virus. Treatment of patients is based mainly on symptomatic management. The aims of the present study were to summarize the information on the origin, evolution, structure and genomes, epidemiology, molecular immunopathogenesis, and diagnostic approaches of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Moreover, we discuss the current approaches, progress in vaccine development, and the antiviral therapies to cope with COVID-19 infection. Thus, the information and data gathered on coronavirus will be helpful in understanding all the aspects on SARS-CoV-2 virus, and helps to reduce the global health threat and economic impact.
{"title":"An overview of SARS-COV-2: Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment","authors":"R. Bhandari, F. Sun, Qiuhui Pan","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.95319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.95319","url":null,"abstract":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative agent of COVID-19 infections. In late December, 2019 emergence and pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 virus has created serious health threat globally, unlike emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) in 2012. Globally, about 4,434,653 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections are reported including 302,169 deaths. Wild animals’ bat, snakes, and pangolins are potential sources of this virus, based on the sequence homology of these animals and the nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated from infected persons. Human infection occurs due to the inhalation of respiratory droplets, which mainly infects the lower respiratory tract causing a mild flu like symptoms that may extend to severe pneumonia. Currently, there are no any vaccines or antiviral drugs against this virus. Treatment of patients is based mainly on symptomatic management. The aims of the present study were to summarize the information on the origin, evolution, structure and genomes, epidemiology, molecular immunopathogenesis, and diagnostic approaches of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Moreover, we discuss the current approaches, progress in vaccine development, and the antiviral therapies to cope with COVID-19 infection. Thus, the information and data gathered on coronavirus will be helpful in understanding all the aspects on SARS-CoV-2 virus, and helps to reduce the global health threat and economic impact.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47629541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.95324
M. E. Nkereuwem, O. Fagbola, I. E. Okon, I. Edem, A. Adeleye, V. Onokebhagbe
Considering the detrimental effects of crude oil pollution on plants, and its implications on food security and environmental safety, it becomes imperative to screen for plants with strong tolerance to crude oil contaminated soil. This study was conducted to assess the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM) and a mineral fertilizer (NPK 15 15 15 grade), on the performance of African spiral ginger (Costus lucanusianus) plant, under crude oil contaminated soil. About 10 kg of sterilized soil was contaminated with Bonny light crude oil at different concentrations of; 0, 200, 300 and 500 ml/ pot. Moreover, a fertilizer (i.e. NPK) was applied at three different levels (0, 0.7 and 1.2 g/ pot) to the crude oil contaminated soil in the pots, and then inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus; consisting of 20 g of Glomus clarum. After that, Costus lucanusianus was planted in the pot soil by stem cuttings. Results of this greenhouse assay involving; the residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the soil, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights, percent of mycorrhizal root colonization, and fungal total colony count, were collected at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP). Current results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer application enhanced the tolerance and growth of C. lucanusianus plant to the crude oil contaminated soil. Mycorrhizal inoculation and NPK fertilizer application at 1.2 g/ pot recorded higher and significantly (p < 0.05) different plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of C. lucanusianus. The TPH degradation and removal was higher in soil inoculated with AM, compared to non AM inoculated control treatments. Similarly, NPK fertilizer application also resulted in lower residual TPH content in the crude oil contaminated soil, compared to the control. Combined AM colonization and NPK fertilizer application resulted in improved physiological parameters of the C. lucanusianus plant.
{"title":"Influence of a mycorrhizal fungus and mineral fertilizer on the performance of Costus lucanusianus under crude oil contaminated soil","authors":"M. E. Nkereuwem, O. Fagbola, I. E. Okon, I. Edem, A. Adeleye, V. Onokebhagbe","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.95324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.95324","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the detrimental effects of crude oil pollution on plants, and its implications on food security and environmental safety, it becomes imperative to screen for plants with strong tolerance to crude oil contaminated soil. This study was conducted to assess the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM) and a mineral fertilizer (NPK 15 15 15 grade), on the performance of African spiral ginger (Costus lucanusianus) plant, under crude oil contaminated soil. About 10 kg of sterilized soil was contaminated with Bonny light crude oil at different concentrations of; 0, 200, 300 and 500 ml/ pot. Moreover, a fertilizer (i.e. NPK) was applied at three different levels (0, 0.7 and 1.2 g/ pot) to the crude oil contaminated soil in the pots, and then inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus; consisting of 20 g of Glomus clarum. After that, Costus lucanusianus was planted in the pot soil by stem cuttings. Results of this greenhouse assay involving; the residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of the soil, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights, percent of mycorrhizal root colonization, and fungal total colony count, were collected at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP). Current results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer application enhanced the tolerance and growth of C. lucanusianus plant to the crude oil contaminated soil. Mycorrhizal inoculation and NPK fertilizer application at 1.2 g/ pot recorded higher and significantly (p < 0.05) different plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights of C. lucanusianus. The TPH degradation and removal was higher in soil inoculated with AM, compared to non AM inoculated control treatments. Similarly, NPK fertilizer application also resulted in lower residual TPH content in the crude oil contaminated soil, compared to the control. Combined AM colonization and NPK fertilizer application resulted in improved physiological parameters of the C. lucanusianus plant.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47988022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-12DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.95325
A. Ahmad, Heba A. Shehta
The present study aimed to investigate the benefits of ultrasonic method of extraction compared to maceration method, on intensifying the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity activities of Eruca sativa leaves and sprouts ethanolic extracts. The ultrasonic treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were tested after 10, 20 and 30 min., whereas, maceration treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were considered after 72 h. Results of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that E. sativa leaves and sprouts are reach sources of active components such as phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, the sprout macerated extracts showed higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), compared to those of the sprout ultrasonic extracts. On the contrary, the ultrasonic extraction of leaves was more efficient than maceration. Results of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity showed that ultrasonic treated leaves, sprouts (10 min.), and macerated sprouts (72 h), recorded the lowest effective concentrations (EC50) of; 2.77, 3.846, and 3.676 mg/100 ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using the well diffusion method. Results showed that ultrasonic treated sprouts (10 min.) and ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 30 min.) have better antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (recording diameter of inhibition zone of 13 mm) and Candida albicans (recording diameters of inhibition zones of 13 and 11 mm, respectively). For bacteria, the Staphylococcus aureus was effectively inhibited (recording inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm) by the ultrasonic treated leaves (20 min.), Bacillus cereus was effectively inhibited with ultrasonic treated sprouts (20 and 30 min., both recording 13 mm), ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 20 min., recording 14, 13 mm, respectively), and the macerated leaves (72 h, recording 13 mm). Salmonella typhimurium recorded (13 mm) with ultrasonic treated leaves (10 min.), and (12 mm) with macerated sprouts. Results of the cytotoxic potency demonstrated high activity of the macerated sprouts on HepG2 cell lines, whereas the macerated sprouts and ultrasonic treated leaves (30 min.) presented high efficacy on the HT-29 cells. Thus we concluded that extracts of E. sativa leaves and sprouts produced using different extraction methods, have a substantial beneficial antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
{"title":"Assessment of the effects of different extraction methods on the phytochemicals, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Eruca sativa extracts","authors":"A. Ahmad, Heba A. Shehta","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.95325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.95325","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to investigate the benefits of ultrasonic method of extraction compared to maceration method, on intensifying the phytochemicals, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity activities of Eruca sativa leaves and sprouts ethanolic extracts. The ultrasonic treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were tested after 10, 20 and 30 min., whereas, maceration treatments of E. sativa leaves and sprout, were considered after 72 h. Results of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that E. sativa leaves and sprouts are reach sources of active components such as phenols and flavonoids. Moreover, the sprout macerated extracts showed higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), compared to those of the sprout ultrasonic extracts. On the contrary, the ultrasonic extraction of leaves was more efficient than maceration. Results of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity showed that ultrasonic treated leaves, sprouts (10 min.), and macerated sprouts (72 h), recorded the lowest effective concentrations (EC50) of; 2.77, 3.846, and 3.676 mg/100 ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using the well diffusion method. Results showed that ultrasonic treated sprouts (10 min.) and ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 30 min.) have better antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus (recording diameter of inhibition zone of 13 mm) and Candida albicans (recording diameters of inhibition zones of 13 and 11 mm, respectively). For bacteria, the Staphylococcus aureus was effectively inhibited (recording inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm) by the ultrasonic treated leaves (20 min.), Bacillus cereus was effectively inhibited with ultrasonic treated sprouts (20 and 30 min., both recording 13 mm), ultrasonic treated leaves (10 and 20 min., recording 14, 13 mm, respectively), and the macerated leaves (72 h, recording 13 mm). Salmonella typhimurium recorded (13 mm) with ultrasonic treated leaves (10 min.), and (12 mm) with macerated sprouts. Results of the cytotoxic potency demonstrated high activity of the macerated sprouts on HepG2 cell lines, whereas the macerated sprouts and ultrasonic treated leaves (30 min.) presented high efficacy on the HT-29 cells. Thus we concluded that extracts of E. sativa leaves and sprouts produced using different extraction methods, have a substantial beneficial antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46863782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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