Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.259623
E. Rajni, Vishnu Kumar Garg, R. Vohra, Yogita Jangid, Richa Sharma
Candidemia is the most common recorded invasive fungal infection worldwide. During the last couple of years, the world has been struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2), during which an increase in the incidence of candidemia and Candida auris cases were reported by several researchers. This study aimed to address how the entire landscape evolved during the downslide of the COVID-19 pandemic over the study period that spanned five years, including the pre-pandemic, peak, and waning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This retrospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of 1450 tertiary care cases in a University hospital in Jaipur, India, from July, 2017 to November, 2021. During the study period, all blood cultures of the suspected sepsis cases were screened for candidemia. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates were carried out using the standard assays. A consistent increase in the prevalence of candidemia has been observed during the current study period. Despite this, the prevalence of Non albicans Candida has remained almost steady. A sharp increase in C. auris candidemia during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed. The waning of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought the epidemiology of candidemia back to the pre-pandemic times, and C. tropicalis has become the predominant clinical isolate again. There is a slight fall in resistance to fluconazole. Echinocandins, which is considered as a remedy till few years back, has also showed first signs of emerging resistance in patients attending to Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology (MGUMST), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Due to the extreme overlapping of the associated disease/ risk factors observed between COVID-19 and candidemia, these two disease entities have definitely influenced the epidemiology of each other's. However, how the landscape will evolve in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic is yet to be detected.
{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic and the evolving epidemiology of Candidemia: A topic of concern!!!","authors":"E. Rajni, Vishnu Kumar Garg, R. Vohra, Yogita Jangid, Richa Sharma","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.259623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.259623","url":null,"abstract":"Candidemia is the most common recorded invasive fungal infection worldwide. During the last couple of years, the world has been struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2), during which an increase in the incidence of candidemia and Candida auris cases were reported by several researchers. This study aimed to address how the entire landscape evolved during the downslide of the COVID-19 pandemic over the study period that spanned five years, including the pre-pandemic, peak, and waning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This retrospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of 1450 tertiary care cases in a University hospital in Jaipur, India, from July, 2017 to November, 2021. During the study period, all blood cultures of the suspected sepsis cases were screened for candidemia. Identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates were carried out using the standard assays. A consistent increase in the prevalence of candidemia has been observed during the current study period. Despite this, the prevalence of Non albicans Candida has remained almost steady. A sharp increase in C. auris candidemia during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed. The waning of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought the epidemiology of candidemia back to the pre-pandemic times, and C. tropicalis has become the predominant clinical isolate again. There is a slight fall in resistance to fluconazole. Echinocandins, which is considered as a remedy till few years back, has also showed first signs of emerging resistance in patients attending to Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology (MGUMST), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Due to the extreme overlapping of the associated disease/ risk factors observed between COVID-19 and candidemia, these two disease entities have definitely influenced the epidemiology of each other's. However, how the landscape will evolve in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic is yet to be detected.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-23DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.255938
E. Gupta, N. Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Priyanka Singh, Uroosa Noor, Shashi Soni
Recently, and after its emergence in Wuhan, China, the COVID-19 infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread in almost every country in the world. This infection has appeared as a subject of intensive debate and concern among most of the government’s public health systems, researchers, and policymakers. The severity of this zoonotic disease upshot a pandemic situation, which has a long-term impact on the personal, behavioral, social, and economic, as well as on the political and state affairs. Variations in COVID-19 severity made the situation more critical to elucidate the genomics, and genetic pathways linked to susceptibility and transmission of SARS-Cov-2 infection. The current study aimed to shed some light on SARS-Cov-2 infection and COVID-19 introduction, as well as the evolutionary history, structure, pathophysiology, genetic modulation, diagnosis, and treatment, in order to provide insight into pandemic flinch, its emergence, and progression around the world. The current study also provides a summary of the near future possibility of developing the appropriate medication for COVID-19 treatment and management through the identification of new therapeutic target molecules, including vaccine development and appropriate preventive and control measures.
{"title":"Evolution, pathophysiology and genetic modulation of novel Coronavirus","authors":"E. Gupta, N. Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Priyanka Singh, Uroosa Noor, Shashi Soni","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.255938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.255938","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, and after its emergence in Wuhan, China, the COVID-19 infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread in almost every country in the world. This infection has appeared as a subject of intensive debate and concern among most of the government’s public health systems, researchers, and policymakers. The severity of this zoonotic disease upshot a pandemic situation, which has a long-term impact on the personal, behavioral, social, and economic, as well as on the political and state affairs. Variations in COVID-19 severity made the situation more critical to elucidate the genomics, and genetic pathways linked to susceptibility and transmission of SARS-Cov-2 infection. The current study aimed to shed some light on SARS-Cov-2 infection and COVID-19 introduction, as well as the evolutionary history, structure, pathophysiology, genetic modulation, diagnosis, and treatment, in order to provide insight into pandemic flinch, its emergence, and progression around the world. The current study also provides a summary of the near future possibility of developing the appropriate medication for COVID-19 treatment and management through the identification of new therapeutic target molecules, including vaccine development and appropriate preventive and control measures.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44840665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.253697
Vinita C. Patole, Jayashri G. Mahore, Tanaji D. Nandgude, Anil Gutte
Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a vaginal infection caused mainly by overgrowth of Escherichia coli and a reduction of Lactobacilli in the vagina. The infection is linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The current medical therapy for AV with antibiotics is associated with adverse effects and necessitates the use of alternative treatments. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural fermented product produced from apples and is reported to exhibit potent antibacterial activity. ACV also contains lactic acid bacteria, which can act as probiotics. Symptoms of AV can be improved by restoring the disturbed microbial imbalance rather than exposing the vagina to synthetic drugs. Hence, an attempt was made to investigate whether ACV could support growth of the beneficial bacteria and inhibit growth of the pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli in the vagina. In vitro evaluation of the anti-bacterial potential of ACV against E. coli showed a potent antibacterial activity, recording a zone of inhibition diameter of 32.9 ± 0.5 mm; however, no zone of inhibition was observed against Lactobacillus acidophilus . Turbidimetric analysis was used to ensure growth of the bacteria in a simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) by using a nephelometer as a Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). Both E. coli and L. acidophilus were grown individually in SVF containing ACV. The ACV expressed antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and favoured growth of L. acidophilus in the SVF. Conclusively, ACV can help in growth of the beneficial bacteria and restore the natural microbiota of the vagina, thus proving to be beneficial in the management of AV.
{"title":"Apple cider vinegar: Effective adjuvant treatment for aerobic vaginitis","authors":"Vinita C. Patole, Jayashri G. Mahore, Tanaji D. Nandgude, Anil Gutte","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.253697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.253697","url":null,"abstract":"Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a vaginal infection caused mainly by overgrowth of Escherichia coli and a reduction of Lactobacilli in the vagina. The infection is linked with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The current medical therapy for AV with antibiotics is associated with adverse effects and necessitates the use of alternative treatments. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural fermented product produced from apples and is reported to exhibit potent antibacterial activity. ACV also contains lactic acid bacteria, which can act as probiotics. Symptoms of AV can be improved by restoring the disturbed microbial imbalance rather than exposing the vagina to synthetic drugs. Hence, an attempt was made to investigate whether ACV could support growth of the beneficial bacteria and inhibit growth of the pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli in the vagina. In vitro evaluation of the anti-bacterial potential of ACV against E. coli showed a potent antibacterial activity, recording a zone of inhibition diameter of 32.9 ± 0.5 mm; however, no zone of inhibition was observed against Lactobacillus acidophilus . Turbidimetric analysis was used to ensure growth of the bacteria in a simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) by using a nephelometer as a Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). Both E. coli and L. acidophilus were grown individually in SVF containing ACV. The ACV expressed antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and favoured growth of L. acidophilus in the SVF. Conclusively, ACV can help in growth of the beneficial bacteria and restore the natural microbiota of the vagina, thus proving to be beneficial in the management of AV.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42406749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-06DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.253262
Jorge G. Robalino, Patricio A. Salazar, Nelson E. Muñóz, Diego M. Tene, Adriana B. Pedreáñez
In the recent years, studies of the human microbiome have aroused great interest. Several evidences suggest a connection between the gut microbiome and the human immune response at the pulmonary level, which has been defined as the "gut-lung axis". The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are varied and include gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea, which has been linked to alterations in the gut microbiome; imbalance of the immune response; and delayed viral clearance. The aim of this narrative review was to address the role of the gut microbiome in the respiratory health and in particular, its association with the severity of COVID-19. The gut microbiome plays several important roles therefore; its balance is determinant for the human health, due to its relationship with several essential physiological processes, including maturation of both of the innate and the adaptive immune responses. Intestinal dysbiosis has an impact on the respiratory mucosa, and in turn on infection of the intestinal epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2, which can induce intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms. All these symptoms could contribute to an altered inflammatory immune response to SARS-CoV-2, favoring infection, dissemination and severity of the disease. Knowledge about the roles of the gut microbiome and its interactions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection could help to find biomarkers involved in COVID-19-related dysbiosis, as well as to determine the possible therapeutic targets for treatment of these patients.
{"title":"The gut microbiome and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection: what is the link?","authors":"Jorge G. Robalino, Patricio A. Salazar, Nelson E. Muñóz, Diego M. Tene, Adriana B. Pedreáñez","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.253262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.253262","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent years, studies of the human microbiome have aroused great interest. Several evidences suggest a connection between the gut microbiome and the human immune response at the pulmonary level, which has been defined as the \"gut-lung axis\". The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are varied and include gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea, which has been linked to alterations in the gut microbiome; imbalance of the immune response; and delayed viral clearance. The aim of this narrative review was to address the role of the gut microbiome in the respiratory health and in particular, its association with the severity of COVID-19. The gut microbiome plays several important roles therefore; its balance is determinant for the human health, due to its relationship with several essential physiological processes, including maturation of both of the innate and the adaptive immune responses. Intestinal dysbiosis has an impact on the respiratory mucosa, and in turn on infection of the intestinal epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2, which can induce intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms. All these symptoms could contribute to an altered inflammatory immune response to SARS-CoV-2, favoring infection, dissemination and severity of the disease. Knowledge about the roles of the gut microbiome and its interactions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection could help to find biomarkers involved in COVID-19-related dysbiosis, as well as to determine the possible therapeutic targets for treatment of these patients.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45977286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.251024
B. Kumar Shrestha, M. Tumbahangphe, J. Shakya, S. Chauhan
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common pathological conditions observed in hospital settings and communities. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the causative agent of most of the UTIs, such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. The infectious complications may cause acute renal failure affecting both the healthy and renal transplant patient's. The untreated patients with UTI may exhibit septicemia and bacteremia. Furthermore, the multidrug resistance patterns of UPEC may result in severe septic shock. Factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of UPEC include; secreted proteins, haemolysins, capsule, lipopolysaccharides, biofilm, fimbriae adhesions and iron acquisition systems. In spite of several host protection mechanisms; however, UPEC may persist inside the urinary tract and serve as a reservoir of recurrent infections and complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of UTI with broad spectrum antibiotics are essential before this infection causes other medical complications. Generally, in clinical settings, diagnosis of UTIs involves bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility assay, in addition to other medical examinations, which aid the physicians to prescribe the appropriate drugs and measures during UTIs treatments. This review aims to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of UTIs caused by the uropathogenic E. coli .
{"title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections: A review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatments and prevention","authors":"B. Kumar Shrestha, M. Tumbahangphe, J. Shakya, S. Chauhan","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.251024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.251024","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common pathological conditions observed in hospital settings and communities. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the causative agent of most of the UTIs, such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. The infectious complications may cause acute renal failure affecting both the healthy and renal transplant patient's. The untreated patients with UTI may exhibit septicemia and bacteremia. Furthermore, the multidrug resistance patterns of UPEC may result in severe septic shock. Factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of UPEC include; secreted proteins, haemolysins, capsule, lipopolysaccharides, biofilm, fimbriae adhesions and iron acquisition systems. In spite of several host protection mechanisms; however, UPEC may persist inside the urinary tract and serve as a reservoir of recurrent infections and complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of UTI with broad spectrum antibiotics are essential before this infection causes other medical complications. Generally, in clinical settings, diagnosis of UTIs involves bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility assay, in addition to other medical examinations, which aid the physicians to prescribe the appropriate drugs and measures during UTIs treatments. This review aims to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of UTIs caused by the uropathogenic E. coli .","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.244415
Soumya Nigam, Urvashi Vijay, B. Kour
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global storm in the world, and nations worldwide are skirmishing with this unprecedented health crisis. The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease19 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARSCoV-2), had a significant impact on the healthcare system, especially in the clinical microbiology laboratories worldwide. The choice of a correct anatomical site for good samples collections with the proper precautions is essential for prompt and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. This review aimed to cover the challenges faced during the choice of appropriate sample collection sites, transport and tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diagnosis tests of COVID-19 can be divided into direct, indirect and complementary tests. In the direct tests, Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are the molecular tests of choice for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The remaining direct tests include GeneXpert and TrueNAT assays. In the indirect testing's; antigen-antibody-based techniques are recommended for surveillance of the disease, which may help to formulate the control measures. These tests not only help in assessing the disease severity, but also they benefit in evaluating the prognosis and management strategies.
{"title":"Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human infections by SARS-COVID-19: Prevalence and challenges","authors":"Soumya Nigam, Urvashi Vijay, B. Kour","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.244415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.244415","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has created a global storm in the world, and nations worldwide are skirmishing with this unprecedented health crisis. The outbreak of Corona Virus Disease19 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARSCoV-2), had a significant impact on the healthcare system, especially in the clinical microbiology laboratories worldwide. The choice of a correct anatomical site for good samples collections with the proper precautions is essential for prompt and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. This review aimed to cover the challenges faced during the choice of appropriate sample collection sites, transport and tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diagnosis tests of COVID-19 can be divided into direct, indirect and complementary tests. In the direct tests, Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays are the molecular tests of choice for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The remaining direct tests include GeneXpert and TrueNAT assays. In the indirect testing's; antigen-antibody-based techniques are recommended for surveillance of the disease, which may help to formulate the control measures. These tests not only help in assessing the disease severity, but also they benefit in evaluating the prognosis and management strategies.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41580596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-19DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.238325
G. Adam, Hong-Geun Oh
Mycotoxins represent a potential risk to humans and animals. Under certain ecosystems; such as high humidity and temperature, and poor storage conditions, the mycotoxins are released and leaked into the agricultural produce, mainly crops such as legumes, rice, etc. Mycotoxins can be detected in the food by using several techniques including chromatography, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biosensors and other advanced methods. However, it appears that analyzing the entire market's products is not possible, particularly in the developing countries. Therefore, the availability of suitable mycotoxin antidotes is necessary for health of both humans and animals due to their economic impact. This article aimed to provide a brief overview of the existing antimycotoxin drugs, chemicals, enzymes and medicinal plants; such as the mycotoxin antidotes. These antidotes range from binders, such as aluminosilicates and activated charcoal, to herbal compounds that are diverse. For instance, extracts of several plants such as Camellia sinensis leaves, Carum carve seeds, garlic, and many others, are frequently used to mitigate the mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. Besides, clinicians support the diagnosed patients with vitamins, minerals and fluids. It is worth mentioning that these antidotes remain unable to specifically target and degrade the mycotoxin, per se ; however, they are being considered as symptomatic treatments. There is a continued need for a specific antidote. Recently, enzymes were examined for their ability to destroy the mycotoxins during food processing. Prospective research is needed to adapt the enzymes or combine them with other medicines, so that they can specifically work as mycotoxin antidotes for the humans and animals.
{"title":"Mycotoxins and antidotes of herbal, binding and enzymatic nature","authors":"G. Adam, Hong-Geun Oh","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.238325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.238325","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins represent a potential risk to humans and animals. Under certain ecosystems; such as high humidity and temperature, and poor storage conditions, the mycotoxins are released and leaked into the agricultural produce, mainly crops such as legumes, rice, etc. Mycotoxins can be detected in the food by using several techniques including chromatography, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biosensors and other advanced methods. However, it appears that analyzing the entire market's products is not possible, particularly in the developing countries. Therefore, the availability of suitable mycotoxin antidotes is necessary for health of both humans and animals due to their economic impact. This article aimed to provide a brief overview of the existing antimycotoxin drugs, chemicals, enzymes and medicinal plants; such as the mycotoxin antidotes. These antidotes range from binders, such as aluminosilicates and activated charcoal, to herbal compounds that are diverse. For instance, extracts of several plants such as Camellia sinensis leaves, Carum carve seeds, garlic, and many others, are frequently used to mitigate the mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. Besides, clinicians support the diagnosed patients with vitamins, minerals and fluids. It is worth mentioning that these antidotes remain unable to specifically target and degrade the mycotoxin, per se ; however, they are being considered as symptomatic treatments. There is a continued need for a specific antidote. Recently, enzymes were examined for their ability to destroy the mycotoxins during food processing. Prospective research is needed to adapt the enzymes or combine them with other medicines, so that they can specifically work as mycotoxin antidotes for the humans and animals.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47143190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.234592
O. Odeniyi, Ladi Turaki
Phosphorus; is an essential element for plant growth, which may be abundant in the soil but unavailable, because it is poorly soluble and forms complexes with the metals. Microorganisms can solubilize and mineralize the insoluble phosphate into bioavailable forms. This study aimed to isolate and identify the phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), produce and characterize alkaline phosphatase, and determine their plant growth promoting abilities. About forty-one bacterial and twelve fungal isolates were isolated from the soil and water samples, and then screened for their phosphate solubilizing potentials on Pikovskaya (PVK), and the National Botanical Research Institute's Phosphate (NBRIP) growth media. The isolates of Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) and Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) produced the highest alkaline phosphatase at pH 8, 42 ο C on the 2 nd and 3 rd d of incubation; and they solubilized concentrations of 937.78 and 848.89 µg/ ml of phosphates, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH activity of the alkaline phosphatase produced by Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were recorded at 50°C (1.145 U/ ml) and pH 9 (1.147 U/ ml), respectively. On the other hand, Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) expressed maximum activity at 40°C (1.232 U/ ml) and pH 8 (1.39 U/ ml), respectively. The Michaelis constant (K m ) and maximum velocity (V max ) for Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were 23.596 mmol/ l and 2.940 µmol/ l/ min., whereas those for Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) were 11.889 mmol/ l and 0.0894 µmol/ l/ min., respectively. Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) enhanced the growth of both Amaranthus hybridus and Corchorus olitorius ; by increasing the plant shoot and root length, biomass and phosphorus content, while Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) did not support A. hybridus growth. Finally, Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) and Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were observed as potent bioagents for phosphate-solubilization during the farming activities.
{"title":"Soil-borne alkaline phosphatase-producing Bacillus and Penicillium species as growth promoters of the Corchorus olitorius and Amaranthus hybridus plants","authors":"O. Odeniyi, Ladi Turaki","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.234592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.234592","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus; is an essential element for plant growth, which may be abundant in the soil but unavailable, because it is poorly soluble and forms complexes with the metals. Microorganisms can solubilize and mineralize the insoluble phosphate into bioavailable forms. This study aimed to isolate and identify the phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), produce and characterize alkaline phosphatase, and determine their plant growth promoting abilities. About forty-one bacterial and twelve fungal isolates were isolated from the soil and water samples, and then screened for their phosphate solubilizing potentials on Pikovskaya (PVK), and the National Botanical Research Institute's Phosphate (NBRIP) growth media. The isolates of Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) and Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) produced the highest alkaline phosphatase at pH 8, 42 ο C on the 2 nd and 3 rd d of incubation; and they solubilized concentrations of 937.78 and 848.89 µg/ ml of phosphates, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH activity of the alkaline phosphatase produced by Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were recorded at 50°C (1.145 U/ ml) and pH 9 (1.147 U/ ml), respectively. On the other hand, Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) expressed maximum activity at 40°C (1.232 U/ ml) and pH 8 (1.39 U/ ml), respectively. The Michaelis constant (K m ) and maximum velocity (V max ) for Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were 23.596 mmol/ l and 2.940 µmol/ l/ min., whereas those for Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) were 11.889 mmol/ l and 0.0894 µmol/ l/ min., respectively. Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) enhanced the growth of both Amaranthus hybridus and Corchorus olitorius ; by increasing the plant shoot and root length, biomass and phosphorus content, while Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) did not support A. hybridus growth. Finally, Bacillus sp. (PSB-29) and Penicillium sp. (PSF-8) were observed as potent bioagents for phosphate-solubilization during the farming activities.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43515118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.227886
A. Al-Ghamdi
The purposes of this study were to determine the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Aerva javanica (L.) leaf extracts growing wildly in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. The plant leaves were collected, air-dried, macerated, and then extracted with ethanol, chloroform and hot water. The phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive bacteria including; Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , Gram-negative bacteria such as; Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the yeast fungus Candida albicans were determined. Results indicated that the extracts contained saponins; coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and steroids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 38 different compounds in the ethanol extract, 41 compounds in chloroform extract, and 27 compounds in the aqueous extract. As the concentration of the ethanol extract increased from 25 mg/ ml to 300 mg/ ml, the in vitro antimicrobial potency against the tested microorganisms increased. At 50 mg/ ml, the extract was inactive recording an inhibition zone (IZ) diameter of 0-8 mm, partially active (9-11 mm IZ) at 100-200 mg, and active (11-15 mm IZ) at 300 mg/ ml. At 25-100 mg/ ml, the chloroform extract expressed partial activity against all the tested microorganisms recording an IZ of 11-12 mm, active (13-15 mm IZ) against E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , and B. cereus , and very active (20 mm IZ) against C. albicans at 300 mg/ ml. Finally, at 25-100 mg/ ml; the aqueous extract had no activity (0-8 mm IZ) against E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , and B. cereus , but was partially active against all the tested microorganisms at 200-300 mg/ ml; recording IZ of 9-11 mm. Findings of this study revealed that A. javanica plant extracts could be used as potent antimicrobial agents against the harmful microorganisms in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
{"title":"Phytochemical screening, and in vitro antimicrobial potential of Aerva javanica leaf extracts, collected from Shada Mountain, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.227886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.227886","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes of this study were to determine the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Aerva javanica (L.) leaf extracts growing wildly in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia. The plant leaves were collected, air-dried, macerated, and then extracted with ethanol, chloroform and hot water. The phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive bacteria including; Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , Gram-negative bacteria such as; Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and the yeast fungus Candida albicans were determined. Results indicated that the extracts contained saponins; coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and steroids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 38 different compounds in the ethanol extract, 41 compounds in chloroform extract, and 27 compounds in the aqueous extract. As the concentration of the ethanol extract increased from 25 mg/ ml to 300 mg/ ml, the in vitro antimicrobial potency against the tested microorganisms increased. At 50 mg/ ml, the extract was inactive recording an inhibition zone (IZ) diameter of 0-8 mm, partially active (9-11 mm IZ) at 100-200 mg, and active (11-15 mm IZ) at 300 mg/ ml. At 25-100 mg/ ml, the chloroform extract expressed partial activity against all the tested microorganisms recording an IZ of 11-12 mm, active (13-15 mm IZ) against E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , and B. cereus , and very active (20 mm IZ) against C. albicans at 300 mg/ ml. Finally, at 25-100 mg/ ml; the aqueous extract had no activity (0-8 mm IZ) against E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. aureus , and B. cereus , but was partially active against all the tested microorganisms at 200-300 mg/ ml; recording IZ of 9-11 mm. Findings of this study revealed that A. javanica plant extracts could be used as potent antimicrobial agents against the harmful microorganisms in the food and pharmaceutical industries.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44363211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2022.217437
Folake T. Afolabi, Ibukun E. Ola
Tons of Date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date palm processing industries thus leading to serious environmental problems. This study aimed to investigate the potential of date palm fruit wastes as sugary feedstock for bioethanol production using yeasts. Proximate analysis of the date fruit wastes revealed a moisture content of 8.98 %; crude protein (4.39 %), ash (2.35 %), fat (0.2 %), fiber (0.8 %) and carbohydrate (84.28 %). Sulphuric acid was used for pre-treatment of the date palm fruit substrate. Fermentation was carried out under shaking and static conditions using Pichia kudriavzevii yeast strains isolated from date palm fruit wastes. Greater bioethanol yield was observed when the substrates were fermented under shaking condition. Optimization of the physical conditions improved the fermentation process faster, and significantly enhanced the production of bioethanol. An appropriate temperature of 30 o C and pH 5 produced high yield of ethanol (5 %) by Pichia kudriavzevii SGD21, whereas pH 6 for Pichia kudriavzevii SGD30 recorded a higher ethanol yield of 6 %. Under the optimal physical conditions, the fermentation process resulted in the production of 4 % ethanol after an incubation period of 96 h. Moreover, the Pichia kudriavzevii strains could be recommended for bioethanol production at 30 % inoculum size, on using sucrose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source. On using the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTI) spectroscopy, the detected functional group of the produced bioethanol was O-H group. Finally, utilization of date palm fruit wastes and the yeasts strains of Pichia kudriavzevii SGD21 and Pichia kudriavzevii SGD30 can be exploited for bioethanol production and this could be an effective way for management and utilization of date palm fruit wastes.
{"title":"Utilization of Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) wastes for bioethanol production using Pichia kudriavzevii strains","authors":"Folake T. Afolabi, Ibukun E. Ola","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2022.217437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2022.217437","url":null,"abstract":"Tons of Date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date palm processing industries thus leading to serious environmental problems. This study aimed to investigate the potential of date palm fruit wastes as sugary feedstock for bioethanol production using yeasts. Proximate analysis of the date fruit wastes revealed a moisture content of 8.98 %; crude protein (4.39 %), ash (2.35 %), fat (0.2 %), fiber (0.8 %) and carbohydrate (84.28 %). Sulphuric acid was used for pre-treatment of the date palm fruit substrate. Fermentation was carried out under shaking and static conditions using Pichia kudriavzevii yeast strains isolated from date palm fruit wastes. Greater bioethanol yield was observed when the substrates were fermented under shaking condition. Optimization of the physical conditions improved the fermentation process faster, and significantly enhanced the production of bioethanol. An appropriate temperature of 30 o C and pH 5 produced high yield of ethanol (5 %) by Pichia kudriavzevii SGD21, whereas pH 6 for Pichia kudriavzevii SGD30 recorded a higher ethanol yield of 6 %. Under the optimal physical conditions, the fermentation process resulted in the production of 4 % ethanol after an incubation period of 96 h. Moreover, the Pichia kudriavzevii strains could be recommended for bioethanol production at 30 % inoculum size, on using sucrose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source. On using the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTI) spectroscopy, the detected functional group of the produced bioethanol was O-H group. Finally, utilization of date palm fruit wastes and the yeasts strains of Pichia kudriavzevii SGD21 and Pichia kudriavzevii SGD30 can be exploited for bioethanol production and this could be an effective way for management and utilization of date palm fruit wastes.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41514432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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