Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.21608/NRMJ.2021.149383
Abdul Khalid Madadi, Hadia Rauf, M. H. Falahzadah, Ahsanullah Yousufzai, Abdul S. Jamily, Wakil Ahmad Sarhadi
Potato brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is one of the most destructive diseases of potato worldwide. The present study was conducted to identify the causal agent, and to test the efficacy of several fungicides with different modes of actions against A. alternata. Five different chemical fungicides including; Copper oxychloride (Sufer Copper Oxychloride® 50% WP), Carbendazim (Carbendazim Aria® 60% WP), Penconazole (Penconazole® 20% WE) , Mancozeb (Qadri Mancozeb® 80% WP) and Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% (Topgaurd® 30% SC) were tested at four different concentrations of; 20, 100, 300 and 500 mg l, using the poisoned food technique. Among the tested fungicides, the highest in vitro inhibition (%) of mycelial growth of the pathogen was recorded on using Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% causing complete inhibition (100 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg l, followed by Penconazole causing 100 % inhibition at 300 and 500 mg l; moreover, it caused strong inhibition of 90.17 % at 100 mg l. Both fungicides proved to be the most effective expressing strong inhibition potency of 93.75 % even at the lowest concentration of 20 mg l after 5 days of fungal incubation, although the inhibitory efficacy decreased slightly over time after 10 days of incubation. Mancozeb was the third effective fungicide causing strong mycelial inhibition of (41.91, 75.24 and 84.21 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg l, respectively. The least mycelial growth inhibition was observed with Copper oxychloride (8.77 %) followed by Carbendazim (21.05 %) at maximum concentration of 500 mg l. For the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata as the fungal causal agent of potato brown spot in Afghanistan.
{"title":"Evaluation of in vitro antifungal potential of several fungicides against Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, the causal agent of potato brown spot in Afghanistan","authors":"Abdul Khalid Madadi, Hadia Rauf, M. H. Falahzadah, Ahsanullah Yousufzai, Abdul S. Jamily, Wakil Ahmad Sarhadi","doi":"10.21608/NRMJ.2021.149383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/NRMJ.2021.149383","url":null,"abstract":"Potato brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is one of the most destructive diseases of potato worldwide. The present study was conducted to identify the causal agent, and to test the efficacy of several fungicides with different modes of actions against A. alternata. Five different chemical fungicides including; Copper oxychloride (Sufer Copper Oxychloride® 50% WP), Carbendazim (Carbendazim Aria® 60% WP), Penconazole (Penconazole® 20% WE) , Mancozeb (Qadri Mancozeb® 80% WP) and Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% (Topgaurd® 30% SC) were tested at four different concentrations of; 20, 100, 300 and 500 mg l, using the poisoned food technique. Among the tested fungicides, the highest in vitro inhibition (%) of mycelial growth of the pathogen was recorded on using Flutriafol 6.94% + Tebuconazole 20.8% causing complete inhibition (100 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg l, followed by Penconazole causing 100 % inhibition at 300 and 500 mg l; moreover, it caused strong inhibition of 90.17 % at 100 mg l. Both fungicides proved to be the most effective expressing strong inhibition potency of 93.75 % even at the lowest concentration of 20 mg l after 5 days of fungal incubation, although the inhibitory efficacy decreased slightly over time after 10 days of incubation. Mancozeb was the third effective fungicide causing strong mycelial inhibition of (41.91, 75.24 and 84.21 %) at 100, 300 and 500 mg l, respectively. The least mycelial growth inhibition was observed with Copper oxychloride (8.77 %) followed by Carbendazim (21.05 %) at maximum concentration of 500 mg l. For the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata as the fungal causal agent of potato brown spot in Afghanistan.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48235439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.130851
Hani M. A. Abdelzaher, K. Kageyama
Pythiaceous fungi have variety of occurrences in different environments. If these fungi are present in water intended to irrigate crops, they pose high risk as pathogens. Pythium adhaerens, P. aquatile, P. diclinum, P. dissotocum, P. pachycaule and P. torulosum, in addition to asexual isolates of P. dissotocum (Pythium “group F”) and Phytopythium helicoides (the former, Pythium “group P”) were isolated from 5 rivers and a pond in Gifu, Japan, and their diversity were studied. All of the isolated species have been previously recorded from aquatic habitats except for P. pachycaule. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA-ITS) including the 5.8SrDNA of these fungi confirmed primary identification based on morphological characteristics. This study proves the dense presence of different species of these Pythiaceous fungi, based on the latest modern identification methods, through which a new genus of Pythium was recorded and divided into two species. The aim of this study was to study the biological diversity of Pythium, which is pathologically important for many crop plants that are irrigated with water from these five rivers and the pond in Gifu, Japan.
{"title":"Diversity of aquatic Pythium and Phytopythium spp. from rivers and a pond of Gifu city, Japan","authors":"Hani M. A. Abdelzaher, K. Kageyama","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.130851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.130851","url":null,"abstract":"Pythiaceous fungi have variety of occurrences in different environments. If these fungi are present in water intended to irrigate crops, they pose high risk as pathogens. Pythium adhaerens, P. aquatile, P. diclinum, P. dissotocum, P. pachycaule and P. torulosum, in addition to asexual isolates of P. dissotocum (Pythium “group F”) and Phytopythium helicoides (the former, Pythium “group P”) were isolated from 5 rivers and a pond in Gifu, Japan, and their diversity were studied. All of the isolated species have been previously recorded from aquatic habitats except for P. pachycaule. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA-ITS) including the 5.8SrDNA of these fungi confirmed primary identification based on morphological characteristics. This study proves the dense presence of different species of these Pythiaceous fungi, based on the latest modern identification methods, through which a new genus of Pythium was recorded and divided into two species. The aim of this study was to study the biological diversity of Pythium, which is pathologically important for many crop plants that are irrigated with water from these five rivers and the pond in Gifu, Japan.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48081517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.130848
B. Kumar Shrestha, J. Shakya, M. Tumbahangphe, Bidhya Dhungana, Romika Shrestha, Jyoti Limbu
The unforeseeable outbreak of novel coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from Wuhan city of China has become pandemic, associated with great mortality and morbidity across the globe. The virus is transmitted through air droplets from infected person to healthy person. Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that shares common relativeness with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS) affects the lungs, which is manifested as pneumonia clinically characterized by; fever, dry cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. Real time-Polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and Radiological methods such as Computerized Tomography of chest (CT-scan) are the most preferred diagnostic tools. In fact, the CT-scan of chest is considered to be most sensitive, accurate and a rapid diagnostic tool to remove false negative results, and hence stands to be an efficient diagnostic tool for confirming Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) infection. Therefore, RT-PCR along with CT-scan reports help to correctly confirm COVID-19, which in turn are effective in diagnosis, treatment and management of COVID-19 patients. This review aimed to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapeutics and preventive measures of COVID-19.
{"title":"Corona virus disease (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Therapeutics under trial and Prevention","authors":"B. Kumar Shrestha, J. Shakya, M. Tumbahangphe, Bidhya Dhungana, Romika Shrestha, Jyoti Limbu","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.130848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.130848","url":null,"abstract":"The unforeseeable outbreak of novel coronavirus called Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from Wuhan city of China has become pandemic, associated with great mortality and morbidity across the globe. The virus is transmitted through air droplets from infected person to healthy person. Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that shares common relativeness with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS) affects the lungs, which is manifested as pneumonia clinically characterized by; fever, dry cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. Real time-Polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and Radiological methods such as Computerized Tomography of chest (CT-scan) are the most preferred diagnostic tools. In fact, the CT-scan of chest is considered to be most sensitive, accurate and a rapid diagnostic tool to remove false negative results, and hence stands to be an efficient diagnostic tool for confirming Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) infection. Therefore, RT-PCR along with CT-scan reports help to correctly confirm COVID-19, which in turn are effective in diagnosis, treatment and management of COVID-19 patients. This review aimed to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapeutics and preventive measures of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46167381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.130852
Fatma M. Abdel Baset, N. Hagaggi, F. Hezayen, Usama M. Abdul Raouf
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton is a shrub belongs to family Asclepiadaceae which known by its medicinal properties. It is a widely growing plant distributed in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, and America. This study is the first report which highlights the diversity of bacterial endophytes from C. procera as sources of numerous hydrolytic exo-enzymes. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from all plant parts such as; roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and latex. Bacillus was the prevalent genus. At the species level, the bacterial diversity was high. Eight representative species were isolated including; Citricoccus alkalitolerans (Cps2) (NR025771), Bacillus cereus (Cps1) (NR074540), B. pumilus (Cps3) (NR112637), B. firmus (Cpl1) (NR025842), B. niabensis (Cpl3) (NR043334), B. subtilis (Cpl4) (NR113265), B. amyloliquefaciens (Cpl10) (NR041455) and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii (Cpl13) (NR112686). Results of the current study emphasized that C. procera plant hosts diverse endophytic bacteria, which are potential producers of several economically important hydrolytic enzymes i.e., amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase and L-asparaginase. The aims of the current study were to identify the endophytic bacteria associated with the different organs of the medicinal plant C. procera, and to evaluate their potentialities to produce diverse extracellular hydrolytic enzymes.
{"title":"Endophytic bacterial communities colonizing the medicinal plant Calotropis procera: as resources of hydrolases","authors":"Fatma M. Abdel Baset, N. Hagaggi, F. Hezayen, Usama M. Abdul Raouf","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.130852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.130852","url":null,"abstract":"Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton is a shrub belongs to family Asclepiadaceae which known by its medicinal properties. It is a widely growing plant distributed in tropical and sub-tropical Africa, and America. This study is the first report which highlights the diversity of bacterial endophytes from C. procera as sources of numerous hydrolytic exo-enzymes. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from all plant parts such as; roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and latex. Bacillus was the prevalent genus. At the species level, the bacterial diversity was high. Eight representative species were isolated including; Citricoccus alkalitolerans (Cps2) (NR025771), Bacillus cereus (Cps1) (NR074540), B. pumilus (Cps3) (NR112637), B. firmus (Cpl1) (NR025842), B. niabensis (Cpl3) (NR043334), B. subtilis (Cpl4) (NR113265), B. amyloliquefaciens (Cpl10) (NR041455) and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii (Cpl13) (NR112686). Results of the current study emphasized that C. procera plant hosts diverse endophytic bacteria, which are potential producers of several economically important hydrolytic enzymes i.e., amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase and L-asparaginase. The aims of the current study were to identify the endophytic bacteria associated with the different organs of the medicinal plant C. procera, and to evaluate their potentialities to produce diverse extracellular hydrolytic enzymes.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.118451
S. M. Masoud, Hend A. Refat, N. S. Sayed, M. A. Aal, Ahmed A. Dosocky, Zerf Mohammed, M. A. Wahab, D. Mekawy, Basma A. Atya, Katren T. Welliam, R. M. A. El-Baky, Z. Hashem
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are global bacterial infections. Since the spread of antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to find alternative antimicrobial agents. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of waste water bacteriophages on the growth of some multi-drug resistance Escherichia coli and other bacterial uropathogens. Urine samples were collected from 30 UTI patients at Minia University Hospital, Minia, Egypt. Twenty Escherichia coli strains were isolated from UTI patients. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the isolates antibiotic susceptibility. The isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin by 70%. Five E. coli bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water samples, tested for their host range and then examined by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM examination revealed T4 like bacteriophages. The bacteriophages demonstrated lytic activities against the tested multidrug resistant clinical uropathogenic O157:H7 and non-O157 E. coli isolates, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, E. coli NRRL B-3008 and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain, but showed no activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC10031 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. This study revealed that bacteriophages could act as effective alternatives of antibiotics especially against multidrug resistant bacteria; however, further in-vivo and shelf stability studies are needed.
{"title":"Application of bacteriophages isolated from sewage to control urinary O157:H7 Escherichia coli and several bacterial uropathogens","authors":"S. M. Masoud, Hend A. Refat, N. S. Sayed, M. A. Aal, Ahmed A. Dosocky, Zerf Mohammed, M. A. Wahab, D. Mekawy, Basma A. Atya, Katren T. Welliam, R. M. A. El-Baky, Z. Hashem","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.118451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118451","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections (UTI) are global bacterial infections. Since the spread of antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to find alternative antimicrobial agents. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of waste water bacteriophages on the growth of some multi-drug resistance Escherichia coli and other bacterial uropathogens. Urine samples were collected from 30 UTI patients at Minia University Hospital, Minia, Egypt. Twenty Escherichia coli strains were isolated from UTI patients. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine the isolates antibiotic susceptibility. The isolates showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin by 70%. Five E. coli bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water samples, tested for their host range and then examined by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM examination revealed T4 like bacteriophages. The bacteriophages demonstrated lytic activities against the tested multidrug resistant clinical uropathogenic O157:H7 and non-O157 E. coli isolates, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, E. coli NRRL B-3008 and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain, but showed no activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC10031 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. This study revealed that bacteriophages could act as effective alternatives of antibiotics especially against multidrug resistant bacteria; however, further in-vivo and shelf stability studies are needed.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46631849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.118448
El-Sayyad Hosam, F. Elyasergy, Tahany, M. Rahaman, A. Moustafa, Menna Allah, Ashraf
Among the different types of microorganisms; the fungal biomass is considered as an effective mediator for bioremediation of heavy metals, due to its higher surface area and extensive hyphal density in the soil. About seven fungal spp. were isolated from the soil garden of the Middle Eastern Regional Radioisotope Center for Arab Countries (MERRCAC); however, a single isolate of Aspergillus japonicus with high potential of metals biosorption was selected for further research during this work. Soil analysis revealed that lead concentration was 5.25 mg/ l. The aims of the present study were to gamma irradiate A. japonicus with low doses of 50 to 250Gy, in order to enhance its heavy metal tolerance ability, and to increase its efficacy for removal of lead (Pb) from the soil. Results indicated that combined treatments of A. japonicus with lead and gamma irradiation doses displayed more enhancements of its biosorption capacity and gain in dry biomass than single treatment. Treatment with Pb (1950 mg/ l) in combination with gamma irradiation (100 Gy) proved to be optimum for increasing the biosorption capacity of this isolate. However, Pb at 650 mg/ l combined with gamma irradiation at 100 Gy was the optimum for gain in dry biomass. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis showed that the fungal biomass includes in its surface hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups. On the other hand, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination of the irradiated A. japonicus cells demonstrated accumulation of electron dense Pb on the cell wall and within the fungal cells, this indicate that Pb 2+ accumulation by fungi occurs by two methods absorption inside the cell and adsorption on the cell wall. The current study expressed a potential new method for enhancing microbial biosorption using low doses of gamma radiation.
{"title":"Enhancement of lead (Pb) biosorption by Gamma irradiated Aspergillus japonicus","authors":"El-Sayyad Hosam, F. Elyasergy, Tahany, M. Rahaman, A. Moustafa, Menna Allah, Ashraf","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.118448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118448","url":null,"abstract":"Among the different types of microorganisms; the fungal biomass is considered as an effective mediator for bioremediation of heavy metals, due to its higher surface area and extensive hyphal density in the soil. About seven fungal spp. were isolated from the soil garden of the Middle Eastern Regional Radioisotope Center for Arab Countries (MERRCAC); however, a single isolate of Aspergillus japonicus with high potential of metals biosorption was selected for further research during this work. Soil analysis revealed that lead concentration was 5.25 mg/ l. The aims of the present study were to gamma irradiate A. japonicus with low doses of 50 to 250Gy, in order to enhance its heavy metal tolerance ability, and to increase its efficacy for removal of lead (Pb) from the soil. Results indicated that combined treatments of A. japonicus with lead and gamma irradiation doses displayed more enhancements of its biosorption capacity and gain in dry biomass than single treatment. Treatment with Pb (1950 mg/ l) in combination with gamma irradiation (100 Gy) proved to be optimum for increasing the biosorption capacity of this isolate. However, Pb at 650 mg/ l combined with gamma irradiation at 100 Gy was the optimum for gain in dry biomass. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis showed that the fungal biomass includes in its surface hydroxyl, carboxyl and amine groups. On the other hand, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination of the irradiated A. japonicus cells demonstrated accumulation of electron dense Pb on the cell wall and within the fungal cells, this indicate that Pb 2+ accumulation by fungi occurs by two methods absorption inside the cell and adsorption on the cell wall. The current study expressed a potential new method for enhancing microbial biosorption using low doses of gamma radiation.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45291897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.118449
Alaa Fathalla
The current study aimed to compare between inoculation of wheat plant with a single and combinations of several species of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and promoting its growth under water stress conditions. In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of three AMF species on wheat plant growth was studied using single-inoculations with Glomus monosporum, G. mosseae and Gigaspora gigantean, and mixtures of various AMF species. Moreover, inoculation of wheat plant with pair of AM fungi composed mainly of; SN (G. monosporum and Gigaspora gigantean) and AA (G, monosporum and Glomus mosseae) were investigated. Current findings indicate that inoculation with AMF belonging to different families was more effective in improving plant growth than AMF from the same genus and with mono-inoculation. Results showed that plant height inoculated with SN and AA increased by 27.30% and 24.95; respectively, while inoculation with Gigaspora gigantean (GG), G. mosseae (GS) and G. monosporum (GM) increased by 16.01%, 14.6% and 6.83%, respectively. Number of spikes/plant, spike length, number of spikelet/spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield/plant of wheat plants inoculated with AMF increased significantly, compared with the non-inoculated control plants under water stress. In addition, current results demonstrated that inoculation with SN had relatively higher impact on promoting the growth of wheat plants followed by AA and GG, suggesting that inoculation with AMF consisting of different species may have a better effect than single inoculations. Furthermore, it is observed also that SN; which are combination from different genera have better effect on wheat plant growth, compared to that of AA from the same genus but of different species.
{"title":"Inoculation of drought-stressed wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) with single and combined inoculants of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","authors":"Alaa Fathalla","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.118449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118449","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aimed to compare between inoculation of wheat plant with a single and combinations of several species of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and promoting its growth under water stress conditions. In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of three AMF species on wheat plant growth was studied using single-inoculations with Glomus monosporum, G. mosseae and Gigaspora gigantean, and mixtures of various AMF species. Moreover, inoculation of wheat plant with pair of AM fungi composed mainly of; SN (G. monosporum and Gigaspora gigantean) and AA (G, monosporum and Glomus mosseae) were investigated. Current findings indicate that inoculation with AMF belonging to different families was more effective in improving plant growth than AMF from the same genus and with mono-inoculation. Results showed that plant height inoculated with SN and AA increased by 27.30% and 24.95; respectively, while inoculation with Gigaspora gigantean (GG), G. mosseae (GS) and G. monosporum (GM) increased by 16.01%, 14.6% and 6.83%, respectively. Number of spikes/plant, spike length, number of spikelet/spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield/plant of wheat plants inoculated with AMF increased significantly, compared with the non-inoculated control plants under water stress. In addition, current results demonstrated that inoculation with SN had relatively higher impact on promoting the growth of wheat plants followed by AA and GG, suggesting that inoculation with AMF consisting of different species may have a better effect than single inoculations. Furthermore, it is observed also that SN; which are combination from different genera have better effect on wheat plant growth, compared to that of AA from the same genus but of different species.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47310916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.118446
G. Adhikari
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and represents the causative agent of a potentially systemic disease that has drawn a global attention. Based on the study of large number of infected people who were exposed to the bat animal market in Wuhan city, China, they suggested that the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) is likely to be associated with zoonotic transmission. The disease was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th of March, 2020. The clinical and genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 support a similar pathogenesis pattern with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). The infection is mainly transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets generated during the course of coughing, sneezing and talking. Extensive measures to reduce the person to person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. Special attention and efforts reduce the transmission should be applied on the susceptible population including the children, health care providers and elderly people. Several control and preventive measures including; following hand hygiene, using face mask, avoiding person to person contact etc. are recommended to prevent the spread of this virus. To diagnose the viral infection, several methods have been established and recommended including the Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), serological diagnosis, imaging technology etc. Up to the 31th August, 2020, there is no specific therapeutics or vaccines to control this viral infection. So, COVID-19 is posing a great threat for the global public health. The aims of this review were to highlight the current status of COVID-19 worldwide, and to give short notes about its possible prevention and treatment.
{"title":"Intuition on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19","authors":"G. Adhikari","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.118446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118446","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and represents the causative agent of a potentially systemic disease that has drawn a global attention. Based on the study of large number of infected people who were exposed to the bat animal market in Wuhan city, China, they suggested that the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., COVID-19) is likely to be associated with zoonotic transmission. The disease was declared as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th of March, 2020. The clinical and genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 support a similar pathogenesis pattern with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). The infection is mainly transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets generated during the course of coughing, sneezing and talking. Extensive measures to reduce the person to person transmission of COVID-19 have been implemented to control the current outbreak. Special attention and efforts reduce the transmission should be applied on the susceptible population including the children, health care providers and elderly people. Several control and preventive measures including; following hand hygiene, using face mask, avoiding person to person contact etc. are recommended to prevent the spread of this virus. To diagnose the viral infection, several methods have been established and recommended including the Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), serological diagnosis, imaging technology etc. Up to the 31th August, 2020, there is no specific therapeutics or vaccines to control this viral infection. So, COVID-19 is posing a great threat for the global public health. The aims of this review were to highlight the current status of COVID-19 worldwide, and to give short notes about its possible prevention and treatment.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41854307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.118447
S. A. Salam, R. Hager
Colistin is considered as the last resort for treatment of bacterial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Colistin resistance can increase due to the spread of plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene. This study aimed to determine colistin susceptibility and to detect the presence of mcr-1 gene in the clinical isolates of GNB recovered from different clinical samples collected from Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. About thirty-five GNB isolates were recovered from the different clinical samples that were collected during the period from February-April, 2019. These isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using disc diffusion assay, and Colistin susceptibility through the E-test. In addition, conventional Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for detection of mcr-1 gene among the colistin GNB resistant isolates. Most of the GNB isolates (60 %) were recovered from blood samples. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was the most common isolated bacterium; that was represented by 24 isolates (68%). Out of the 35 GNB, only five isolates (14.3 %) were resistant to colistin by E-test, with MIC >256 𝜇g/ ml. The mcr-1 gene was detected only in one Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolate. This study concluded the low frequency of mcr-1 gene among the current GNB isolates. However, a large scale study is recommended to detect colistin resistance among GNB.
{"title":"Colistin susceptibility among multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacilli isolated from Tertiary hospital in Egypt","authors":"S. A. Salam, R. Hager","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.118447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.118447","url":null,"abstract":"Colistin is considered as the last resort for treatment of bacterial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Colistin resistance can increase due to the spread of plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene. This study aimed to determine colistin susceptibility and to detect the presence of mcr-1 gene in the clinical isolates of GNB recovered from different clinical samples collected from Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. About thirty-five GNB isolates were recovered from the different clinical samples that were collected during the period from February-April, 2019. These isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using disc diffusion assay, and Colistin susceptibility through the E-test. In addition, conventional Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for detection of mcr-1 gene among the colistin GNB resistant isolates. Most of the GNB isolates (60 %) were recovered from blood samples. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was the most common isolated bacterium; that was represented by 24 isolates (68%). Out of the 35 GNB, only five isolates (14.3 %) were resistant to colistin by E-test, with MIC >256 𝜇g/ ml. The mcr-1 gene was detected only in one Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolate. This study concluded the low frequency of mcr-1 gene among the current GNB isolates. However, a large scale study is recommended to detect colistin resistance among GNB.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48367664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2020.107543
D. Gauchan, Ashok Kumar Bhattarai, Shishir Pandey, S. Bhandari
Members of the genus Trichoderma have substantially improved the agricultural economy through inhibiting the phytopathogens, assimilating nutrients and inducing defensive metabolism against the environmental stresses. The major aim of this study was to isolate indigenous Trichoderma that can be used as a potential biocontrol agent (BCA). Currently, we isolated 14 native fungal isolates from vermicompost, agricultural soils and infected substrates, and identified them as Trichoderma spp. based on their morphological characteristics. Isolates designated V1D, V1F, V3D, V3F, W1, W2, KAL, NAR, BIOC, AG, RD and NIM resembled to T. viride, while MUSH and RF resembled T. harzianum. The ability of these isolates to assimilate different forms of sugars, nitrogen source (N) and phosphates (PO4) were evaluated qualitatively. Isolates showed differing solubilization zones (cm) in agar plates containing cellulose (1.8-9.5 cm), amylose (0.1-2.1 cm), tri-calcium phosphate (0.1-0.17 cm) and di-calcium phosphate (0.33-0.53 cm), to substantiate their biofertilizer potentialities. Confrontation assay with dual culture technique against seven phytopathogens (i.e. Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. rolfsii, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and Botryodiplodia theobromae) revealed promising mycoparasitic activity. Three isolates (MUSH, BIOC and V3F) showed mycelial growth inhibition in the range of 33-77%, compared to the control plate (without isolates). With respect to isolate MUSH, a significantly higher (P< 0.05) dry biomass weight (g) was obtained at pH 7 (0.66 ± 0.05) and pH 6 (0.55 ± 0.05), than at pH 3, pH 4 and pH 5. Similarly, higher biomass significance (P< 0.001) was obtained in yeast mannitol broth (2.58 ± 0.11 g), compared to potato dextrose broth (PDB) and nutrient broth (NB). The production of spores by isolate MUSH was tested on four locally available solid substrates (i.e. corn stalk, rice husk, jackfruit molasses and sugarcane bagasse) through solid state fermentation (SSF). Production of conidia (cfu/g) was higher in corn stalk (72.6 ×108), followed by rice husk (68.4×108), jackfruit molasses (18.6×108) and sugarcane bagasse (12.4×108). High counts of conidia production on these substrates render MUSH isolate efficient to be used as a BCA by the farmers, to enhance their crop productivity.
{"title":"Exploration of indigenous Trichoderma species for their use as biofertilizers, optimization of growth conditions and cultivation on cheap substrates","authors":"D. Gauchan, Ashok Kumar Bhattarai, Shishir Pandey, S. Bhandari","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2020.107543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2020.107543","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the genus Trichoderma have substantially improved the agricultural economy through inhibiting the phytopathogens, assimilating nutrients and inducing defensive metabolism against the environmental stresses. The major aim of this study was to isolate indigenous Trichoderma that can be used as a potential biocontrol agent (BCA). Currently, we isolated 14 native fungal isolates from vermicompost, agricultural soils and infected substrates, and identified them as Trichoderma spp. based on their morphological characteristics. Isolates designated V1D, V1F, V3D, V3F, W1, W2, KAL, NAR, BIOC, AG, RD and NIM resembled to T. viride, while MUSH and RF resembled T. harzianum. The ability of these isolates to assimilate different forms of sugars, nitrogen source (N) and phosphates (PO4) were evaluated qualitatively. Isolates showed differing solubilization zones (cm) in agar plates containing cellulose (1.8-9.5 cm), amylose (0.1-2.1 cm), tri-calcium phosphate (0.1-0.17 cm) and di-calcium phosphate (0.33-0.53 cm), to substantiate their biofertilizer potentialities. Confrontation assay with dual culture technique against seven phytopathogens (i.e. Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. rolfsii, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and Botryodiplodia theobromae) revealed promising mycoparasitic activity. Three isolates (MUSH, BIOC and V3F) showed mycelial growth inhibition in the range of 33-77%, compared to the control plate (without isolates). With respect to isolate MUSH, a significantly higher (P< 0.05) dry biomass weight (g) was obtained at pH 7 (0.66 ± 0.05) and pH 6 (0.55 ± 0.05), than at pH 3, pH 4 and pH 5. Similarly, higher biomass significance (P< 0.001) was obtained in yeast mannitol broth (2.58 ± 0.11 g), compared to potato dextrose broth (PDB) and nutrient broth (NB). The production of spores by isolate MUSH was tested on four locally available solid substrates (i.e. corn stalk, rice husk, jackfruit molasses and sugarcane bagasse) through solid state fermentation (SSF). Production of conidia (cfu/g) was higher in corn stalk (72.6 ×108), followed by rice husk (68.4×108), jackfruit molasses (18.6×108) and sugarcane bagasse (12.4×108). High counts of conidia production on these substrates render MUSH isolate efficient to be used as a BCA by the farmers, to enhance their crop productivity.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43130189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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