Pub Date : 2021-12-18DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.209731
S. Fasiku, Sherifah Monilola Wakil
{"title":"Pretreatment of maize straw with Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus squarrosulus for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae","authors":"S. Fasiku, Sherifah Monilola Wakil","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.209731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.209731","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44578910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.208181
Asmaa Alrobai, Jehan Alrahimi, Sahar El Hadad
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which are the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord; which occurs when the fluid surrounding the meninges becomes infected. Meningitis is a life-threatening disease, particularly in older people and immunocompromised cases. The estimated annual numbers of meningitis cases in the industrialized countries are about 4-6 cases per 100,000 people. Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides, which have A; C, Y, and W-135 serogroups. Immunization helps to protect the humans from infection, such as the meningococcal vaccine that protects from infection by A; C, Y, and W-135 serogroups. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines improve the immunogenicity potential, to prevent meningococcal disease. Several previous studies have documented the decrease in post-vaccination effectiveness induced by the meningococcal vaccines. However, effectiveness requires revaccination after a period of time from the first vaccination. The purposes of this article were to provide an overview of the meningitis disease, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
{"title":"An overview of the meningococcal disease and impact of the quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine","authors":"Asmaa Alrobai, Jehan Alrahimi, Sahar El Hadad","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.208181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.208181","url":null,"abstract":"Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, which are the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord; which occurs when the fluid surrounding the meninges becomes infected. Meningitis is a life-threatening disease, particularly in older people and immunocompromised cases. The estimated annual numbers of meningitis cases in the industrialized countries are about 4-6 cases per 100,000 people. Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides, which have A; C, Y, and W-135 serogroups. Immunization helps to protect the humans from infection, such as the meningococcal vaccine that protects from infection by A; C, Y, and W-135 serogroups. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines improve the immunogenicity potential, to prevent meningococcal disease. Several previous studies have documented the decrease in post-vaccination effectiveness induced by the meningococcal vaccines. However, effectiveness requires revaccination after a period of time from the first vaccination. The purposes of this article were to provide an overview of the meningitis disease, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the meningococcal conjugate vaccine.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45752128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.207166
S. Mannai, N. Boughalleb-M’hamdi
Peach decline, responsible for seedlings root and collar rot in nurseries, is an important disease that causes reduction in plant production. Several oomycetes species were associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to control this serious peach decline disease using several assays such as; in vitro poisoned food technique and in vivo greenhouse assay. About six chemical fungicides were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potentials against Pythium ultimum and Phytophthora citrophthora associated with this disease, respectively. The in vitro poisoned food technique demonstrated highly significant difference in the efficacy of the fungicides used at the five tested doses (10, 25, 50, 100 μg l and application rate). Carbendazim inhibited Pythium ultimum and P. citrophthora by 75.30 % and 100 % at 250 μg l. For Mancozeb, the inhibition % achieved by the registered dose was 100 % for Pythium ultimum and 50 % for P. citrophthora at 2000 μgl. The registered dose (2000 μg l) of Fosetyl-Al inhibited Pythium ultimum and P. citrophthora by 51 % and 100 %, respectively. The highest rates of inhibition induced by Hymexazol were recorded at 60 μg l (90.55 % for Pythium ultimum and 94.49 % for P. citrophthora). In case of Chinosol, inhibition percentages of 90.30 % and 90.96 % for P. citrophthora and Pythium ultimum; respectively, were achieved at the tested concentration of 50 μg l, and the same inhibition values were also recorded for both tested concentrations of 100 and 2000 μg l. The highest inhibition rates for Metalaxyl-M against Pythium ultimum were observed at the dose of 100 μg l (79.70 %), whereas the used dose of 120 μg l recorded 86.59 %. The in vivo greenhouse assays demonstrated the efficacy of the Fosetyl-Al and Metalaxyl-M in reducing the peach seedling root browning induced by Pythium ultimum by 62.55 %. However, all the tested chemicals neither improved the growth and health status of the peach seedlings, nor reduced root browning of the seedlings inoculated with P. citrophthora.
{"title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of some chemical fungicides against Pythium ultimum and Phytophthora citrophthora associated with peach seedlings decline","authors":"S. Mannai, N. Boughalleb-M’hamdi","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.207166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.207166","url":null,"abstract":"Peach decline, responsible for seedlings root and collar rot in nurseries, is an important disease that causes reduction in plant production. Several oomycetes species were associated with this disease. The aim of this study was to control this serious peach decline disease using several assays such as; in vitro poisoned food technique and in vivo greenhouse assay. About six chemical fungicides were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potentials against Pythium ultimum and Phytophthora citrophthora associated with this disease, respectively. The in vitro poisoned food technique demonstrated highly significant difference in the efficacy of the fungicides used at the five tested doses (10, 25, 50, 100 μg l and application rate). Carbendazim inhibited Pythium ultimum and P. citrophthora by 75.30 % and 100 % at 250 μg l. For Mancozeb, the inhibition % achieved by the registered dose was 100 % for Pythium ultimum and 50 % for P. citrophthora at 2000 μgl. The registered dose (2000 μg l) of Fosetyl-Al inhibited Pythium ultimum and P. citrophthora by 51 % and 100 %, respectively. The highest rates of inhibition induced by Hymexazol were recorded at 60 μg l (90.55 % for Pythium ultimum and 94.49 % for P. citrophthora). In case of Chinosol, inhibition percentages of 90.30 % and 90.96 % for P. citrophthora and Pythium ultimum; respectively, were achieved at the tested concentration of 50 μg l, and the same inhibition values were also recorded for both tested concentrations of 100 and 2000 μg l. The highest inhibition rates for Metalaxyl-M against Pythium ultimum were observed at the dose of 100 μg l (79.70 %), whereas the used dose of 120 μg l recorded 86.59 %. The in vivo greenhouse assays demonstrated the efficacy of the Fosetyl-Al and Metalaxyl-M in reducing the peach seedling root browning induced by Pythium ultimum by 62.55 %. However, all the tested chemicals neither improved the growth and health status of the peach seedlings, nor reduced root browning of the seedlings inoculated with P. citrophthora.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47597143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.204798
Ghadah A. Alsubhi
The impact of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents was known after their first discovery in 1915, and they were then employed to treat the bacterial infections. However, the discovery of penicillin in 1928 quickly overshadowed bacteriophage therapy, and paved the way for its large-scale production in the 1940s to enter the era of antibiotics. In recent years, resistant bacteria have contributed to increasing the studies on bacteriophages. A remarkable difference between phages and antibiotics is the remarkable phage's specificity to infect certain types of bacteria, which makes them excellent alternatives for treatment of the bacterial infections. Moreover, bacteriophages have different life cycles; knowing the differences between each cycle is essential to exploit the benefits of phages to humans. This review aimed to highlight the history of discovering the bacteriophages and their characteristics; discusses the numerous phages applications including phage therapy, and the limitations of their use.
{"title":"Bacteriophages as affordable solution for treatment of multidrug resistant bacteria, and their recent potential applications","authors":"Ghadah A. Alsubhi","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.204798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.204798","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of bacteriophages as antibacterial agents was known after their first discovery in 1915, and they were then employed to treat the bacterial infections. However, the discovery of penicillin in 1928 quickly overshadowed bacteriophage therapy, and paved the way for its large-scale production in the 1940s to enter the era of antibiotics. In recent years, resistant bacteria have contributed to increasing the studies on bacteriophages. A remarkable difference between phages and antibiotics is the remarkable phage's specificity to infect certain types of bacteria, which makes them excellent alternatives for treatment of the bacterial infections. Moreover, bacteriophages have different life cycles; knowing the differences between each cycle is essential to exploit the benefits of phages to humans. This review aimed to highlight the history of discovering the bacteriophages and their characteristics; discusses the numerous phages applications including phage therapy, and the limitations of their use.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47066722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.207867
Noura El-Kattan, Kamilia A.M. Allam
This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nano-encapsulated essential oils of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) and cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A total of 115 wound swab samples were collected from patients admitted to Naser Institute, Cairo, Egypt, suffering from wounds discharge; pain, swelling, foul-smelling, delayed and non-healing wound infections. Six genera of bacteria were isolated from the collected swab samples, and then identified using conventional biochemical methods and API 20 kits. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most prevalent isolate (26.1 %), following by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.2 %), Klebsiella pneumonia (23.5 %), Acinetobacter baumannii (12.2 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.8 %), and the less common isolate of Escherichia coli (5.2 %). Among 14 antibiotics tested in vitro for their susceptibility using the standard disk diffusion assay, results showed that imipenem was the most efficient antibiotic against most of the tested Gram (-) and Gram (+) isolates followed by meropenem. Currently, all the recovered bacterial isolates were MDR. The nano-encapsulated basil oil (NEBO) and nano-encapsulated cinnamon oil (NECO) showed potential antibacterial potentials against all the tested MDR bacteria. Results of testing the antibacterial potential of the NEBO and NECO demonstrated that the encapsulation process protected the oils from oxidation, and consequently enhanced their antibacterial potencies. It could be concluded that the nano-encapsulated essential oils act as promising antibacterial agents against the MDR bacteria.
{"title":"The antibacterial activity of nano-encapsulated basil and cinnamon essential oils against certain multidrug-resistant bacteria recovered from infected wounds","authors":"Noura El-Kattan, Kamilia A.M. Allam","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.207867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.207867","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nano-encapsulated essential oils of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) and cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum ) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A total of 115 wound swab samples were collected from patients admitted to Naser Institute, Cairo, Egypt, suffering from wounds discharge; pain, swelling, foul-smelling, delayed and non-healing wound infections. Six genera of bacteria were isolated from the collected swab samples, and then identified using conventional biochemical methods and API 20 kits. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most prevalent isolate (26.1 %), following by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.2 %), Klebsiella pneumonia (23.5 %), Acinetobacter baumannii (12.2 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.8 %), and the less common isolate of Escherichia coli (5.2 %). Among 14 antibiotics tested in vitro for their susceptibility using the standard disk diffusion assay, results showed that imipenem was the most efficient antibiotic against most of the tested Gram (-) and Gram (+) isolates followed by meropenem. Currently, all the recovered bacterial isolates were MDR. The nano-encapsulated basil oil (NEBO) and nano-encapsulated cinnamon oil (NECO) showed potential antibacterial potentials against all the tested MDR bacteria. Results of testing the antibacterial potential of the NEBO and NECO demonstrated that the encapsulation process protected the oils from oxidation, and consequently enhanced their antibacterial potencies. It could be concluded that the nano-encapsulated essential oils act as promising antibacterial agents against the MDR bacteria.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44832975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.204801
N. Mahmoud, Samah S. El-Kazzaz
Colistin resistance (Col-R) has been rising worldwide with high rate of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of mobile colistin resistance ( mcr ) harboring microorganisms become of a health concern. Hence, screening for fecal carriage of Col-R Enterobacteriaceae could aid in the prevention and control efforts of Col-R. This study aimed to screen for Col-R Enterobacteriaceae in the stool specimens of the hospitalized patients; explore for colistin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the genetic determinants of these isolates, and to predict the risk factors among the studied patients' groups. Stool specimens from 290 hospitalized adult patients were screened for the presence of Col-R bacterial isolates using CHROMagar COL-APSE medium. Colistin MIC was estimated for Col-R Enterobacteriaceae using the broth microdilution (BMD) assay. Bacterial isolates were screened through the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the existence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes. The fecal carriage of Col-R among the studied patients was 16.8 %. About 72 Col-R bacterial isolates were recovered. Col-R Enterobacteriaceae were predominant and were detected in 89.7 % of the bacterial isolates. Using the BMD, Col-R was confirmed and most of the isolates showed low resistance MIC titer (4 μg/ ml; 55.7 %). In addition, mcr-1 gene was the most frequent Col-R gene detected (69.2 %), while mcr-2 gene was less prevalent (11.5 %). The current study reported high prevalence of the Col-R and mcr-1 gene harbored by the fecal flora; with the risk to be easily transmitted inside the hospitals and within the different communities. This highlights the need for active surveillance in addition to the infection control programs.
{"title":"CHROMagar COL-APSE medium as a screening method for fecal carriage of Colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients in Mansoura university hospitals, Egypt","authors":"N. Mahmoud, Samah S. El-Kazzaz","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.204801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.204801","url":null,"abstract":"Colistin resistance (Col-R) has been rising worldwide with high rate of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of mobile colistin resistance ( mcr ) harboring microorganisms become of a health concern. Hence, screening for fecal carriage of Col-R Enterobacteriaceae could aid in the prevention and control efforts of Col-R. This study aimed to screen for Col-R Enterobacteriaceae in the stool specimens of the hospitalized patients; explore for colistin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the genetic determinants of these isolates, and to predict the risk factors among the studied patients' groups. Stool specimens from 290 hospitalized adult patients were screened for the presence of Col-R bacterial isolates using CHROMagar COL-APSE medium. Colistin MIC was estimated for Col-R Enterobacteriaceae using the broth microdilution (BMD) assay. Bacterial isolates were screened through the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the existence of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes. The fecal carriage of Col-R among the studied patients was 16.8 %. About 72 Col-R bacterial isolates were recovered. Col-R Enterobacteriaceae were predominant and were detected in 89.7 % of the bacterial isolates. Using the BMD, Col-R was confirmed and most of the isolates showed low resistance MIC titer (4 μg/ ml; 55.7 %). In addition, mcr-1 gene was the most frequent Col-R gene detected (69.2 %), while mcr-2 gene was less prevalent (11.5 %). The current study reported high prevalence of the Col-R and mcr-1 gene harbored by the fecal flora; with the risk to be easily transmitted inside the hospitals and within the different communities. This highlights the need for active surveillance in addition to the infection control programs.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41896613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.199318
Nnoli O. Chidinma, Adetayo E. Temidayo, Ogunjobi A. Adeniyi
Recently, the use of antibiotics for the treatment of numerous infections and diseases increased significantly, and led to noticeable reduction in the rate of mortality and morbidity. The increased development of multidrug resistant bacterial strains that is attributable to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the search for new antimicrobials of plants origin. This study aimed to assess the potentials of the multidrug resistant bacterial strains to develop resistance to the aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica. The tested bacterial strains were; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In this study, on using the in vitro agar well diffusion assay; the bacterial strains exhibited different diameters of zones of inhibition; ranging from 1.75± 1.06 mm to 12.75± 1.06 mm, on treatment with various concentrations of the aqueous fruit extract. The recorded MIC value for E. coli was 250 mg/ ml, while the other bacterial strains recorded 125 mg/ ml. On the other hand, the obtained MBC value for Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 2000 mg/ ml, whereas E. coli and P. aeruginosa recorded 1000 mg/ ml. However, the MBC of B. cereus was not detected. The bacterial strains were subjected to a sub-optimal concentration of the extract after exposure for 5, 10, 15 and 20 d. After exposure for 20 d, P. aeruginosa expressed sensitivity only at 2000 mg /ml of the extract with a diameter of inhibition of 4.25± 0.35 mm. E. coli exhibited sensitivity at 2000 and 1000 mg/ ml, recording diameters of inhibition of 4.5± 0.71 mm and 2.50± 0.71 mm, respectively. The other strains exhibited resistance on treatment with 250 mg/ ml of the extract, except for B. cereus, which recorded inhibition diameter of 3.50 ±0.71 mm. This study demonstrated that exposure of the MDR resistant bacterial strains to a sub-optimal concentration of the aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica could initiate resistance development.
{"title":"Development of bacterial resistance to the antimicrobials recovered from an aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica","authors":"Nnoli O. Chidinma, Adetayo E. Temidayo, Ogunjobi A. Adeniyi","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.199318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.199318","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the use of antibiotics for the treatment of numerous infections and diseases increased significantly, and led to noticeable reduction in the rate of mortality and morbidity. The increased development of multidrug resistant bacterial strains that is attributable to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the search for new antimicrobials of plants origin. This study aimed to assess the potentials of the multidrug resistant bacterial strains to develop resistance to the aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica. The tested bacterial strains were; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In this study, on using the in vitro agar well diffusion assay; the bacterial strains exhibited different diameters of zones of inhibition; ranging from 1.75± 1.06 mm to 12.75± 1.06 mm, on treatment with various concentrations of the aqueous fruit extract. The recorded MIC value for E. coli was 250 mg/ ml, while the other bacterial strains recorded 125 mg/ ml. On the other hand, the obtained MBC value for Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was 2000 mg/ ml, whereas E. coli and P. aeruginosa recorded 1000 mg/ ml. However, the MBC of B. cereus was not detected. The bacterial strains were subjected to a sub-optimal concentration of the extract after exposure for 5, 10, 15 and 20 d. After exposure for 20 d, P. aeruginosa expressed sensitivity only at 2000 mg /ml of the extract with a diameter of inhibition of 4.25± 0.35 mm. E. coli exhibited sensitivity at 2000 and 1000 mg/ ml, recording diameters of inhibition of 4.5± 0.71 mm and 2.50± 0.71 mm, respectively. The other strains exhibited resistance on treatment with 250 mg/ ml of the extract, except for B. cereus, which recorded inhibition diameter of 3.50 ±0.71 mm. This study demonstrated that exposure of the MDR resistant bacterial strains to a sub-optimal concentration of the aqueous fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica could initiate resistance development.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43573756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.199312
Sunday Zeal Bala, Abdullahi Nasiru, Madinat Hassan, Priscilla Kini, Paul Isaac Ojodale, Y. Muhammed
The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in late 2019 has necessitated discussions on different facets of the disease. These include its transmission, pathogenesis and vaccine development. The aims of this study were to discuss the SARS-COV-2 vaccines development, mechanisms of action as well as the general acceptance of these vaccines by various countries/or people. Sequel to the outbreak, several vaccines models have been discovered with promising outcomes. Few of these vaccines have been approved for emergency use; but so far, only a small portion of the world’s population has been vaccinated, which is a global problem that requires urgent intervention. Knowledge of the immune response associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is imperative to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these vaccines. Additional researches on some of these SARS-CoV-2 prominent vaccines have become necessary. The step-to-step development of these vaccines and their effectiveness will clear the air and increase the citizen's trust in these vaccines. Amid SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development; two DNA adenovirus vaccines were developed in the United States (Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson and Johnson). In addition, two other mRNA modified lipid nanoparticle vaccines were developed in Europe (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna). This review covered the discussion on the basic molecular mechanisms of these vaccines; with particular focus on the in vivo responses toward these vaccines recorded by the vaccinated individuals.
{"title":"Development of SARS-COV-2 vaccines and their mechanisms of action: An approach to change the Africans perspectives on COVID-19 vaccines","authors":"Sunday Zeal Bala, Abdullahi Nasiru, Madinat Hassan, Priscilla Kini, Paul Isaac Ojodale, Y. Muhammed","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.199312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.199312","url":null,"abstract":"The sudden outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in late 2019 has necessitated discussions on different facets of the disease. These include its transmission, pathogenesis and vaccine development. The aims of this study were to discuss the SARS-COV-2 vaccines development, mechanisms of action as well as the general acceptance of these vaccines by various countries/or people. Sequel to the outbreak, several vaccines models have been discovered with promising outcomes. Few of these vaccines have been approved for emergency use; but so far, only a small portion of the world’s population has been vaccinated, which is a global problem that requires urgent intervention. Knowledge of the immune response associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is imperative to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these vaccines. Additional researches on some of these SARS-CoV-2 prominent vaccines have become necessary. The step-to-step development of these vaccines and their effectiveness will clear the air and increase the citizen's trust in these vaccines. Amid SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development; two DNA adenovirus vaccines were developed in the United States (Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson and Johnson). In addition, two other mRNA modified lipid nanoparticle vaccines were developed in Europe (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna). This review covered the discussion on the basic molecular mechanisms of these vaccines; with particular focus on the in vivo responses toward these vaccines recorded by the vaccinated individuals.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44972878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.199315
Rutuja S. Patankar, Vasudeo P. Zambare, M. Ponraj
Extremophiles are organisms that can thrive under extreme environmental conditions. There are many types of extremophiles, which require different growth conditions and habitats to grow; among them are the halophilic and the halotolerant microbes. These microbes are reported to grow in habitats of high salinity regions including the sea, sediments, lakes, mines, plant and the soil. They need high carbon source and salt concentration to achieve maximum tolerable condition for their survival. High salinity survival and tolerance of these microbes are mechanized due to their osmotic and ionic stress, which are regulated through their genetic expression of enzymes, proteins, cell wall compositions and transporters. Thus, due to their robustness; the halophiles and halotolerant fungi showed high potential in health care; antimicrobial and anticancer activity, nanoparticle synthesis, enzyme production, genetics, bioremediation and other aspects. The aim of the current study was to explore the halophilic and halotolerant fungi, which are least explored for their habitats, growth requirements, and mechanism for salt resistance and tolerance. This will be followed by their biotechnological applications focusing on the biomedical industry, due to the emergence of the new multi-drug resistant pathogenic microbes.
{"title":"Physiological aspects of the halophilic and halotolerant fungi, and their potential applications","authors":"Rutuja S. Patankar, Vasudeo P. Zambare, M. Ponraj","doi":"10.21608/nrmj.2021.199315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2021.199315","url":null,"abstract":"Extremophiles are organisms that can thrive under extreme environmental conditions. There are many types of extremophiles, which require different growth conditions and habitats to grow; among them are the halophilic and the halotolerant microbes. These microbes are reported to grow in habitats of high salinity regions including the sea, sediments, lakes, mines, plant and the soil. They need high carbon source and salt concentration to achieve maximum tolerable condition for their survival. High salinity survival and tolerance of these microbes are mechanized due to their osmotic and ionic stress, which are regulated through their genetic expression of enzymes, proteins, cell wall compositions and transporters. Thus, due to their robustness; the halophiles and halotolerant fungi showed high potential in health care; antimicrobial and anticancer activity, nanoparticle synthesis, enzyme production, genetics, bioremediation and other aspects. The aim of the current study was to explore the halophilic and halotolerant fungi, which are least explored for their habitats, growth requirements, and mechanism for salt resistance and tolerance. This will be followed by their biotechnological applications focusing on the biomedical industry, due to the emergence of the new multi-drug resistant pathogenic microbes.","PeriodicalId":34593,"journal":{"name":"Novel Research in Microbiology Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.21608/nrmj.2021.190247
Shrikant Verma, M. Abbas, Sushma Verma, Aliya Abbas Rizvi, Almas Khan, Syed Tasleem Raza, F. Mahdi
The idea of precision medication is turning out progressively to be famous. The utilization of enormous information, genomics and other "omics" like metabolomics; proteomics and transcriptomics; could soon cause the fantasy of personalized medication to turn into a reality. The most recent advancements in precision medication permit the adjustment of helpful approaches in various pathologies based on the particular molecular interpretation of the patient. Precision medication (PM) represents a new way of thinking about infection detection; prevention and treatment. The use of PM grounds in an emerging COVID virulent disease is becoming more prominent. Various discoveries revealed that severe acute respiratory disorder COVID-2 (SARS CoV-2) is accountable for the Coronavirus disease -2019 (COVID-19), which caused slew of procedures to restrict viral spread, affecting people's habits and lifestyles. According to the viral genomic sequencing, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is established on the ciliated epithelial cells of the human lungs as its particular receptor. In this specific situation; precision medication is an integrative helpful methodology that thinks about conventional elements (i.e. age, sex, clinical aggregate), just as arising hereditary qualities and connections with natural components, to individualize prevention; diagnosis, treatments and prognosis. The aim of this review was to summarize how precision medicine is impactful in the management of COVID19.
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