Biocomposite materials are prepared by blending natural rubber (NR) and polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with rubberwood sawdust (RWS). This study aimed to investigate the effects of PLA grade, NR/PLA blend ratio, and RWS content on flexure, tension, hardness, and water absorption characteristics, including thermal stability. The RWS content significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of the biocomposite materials. The increasing additions of RWS from 30 to 50 wt% increased the mechanical modulus, hardness, and water absorption but decreased the thermal stability of the biocomposites. Polymer blended with an NR/PLA ratio of 30/70 reinforced with 30 wt% RWS exhibited the highest mechanical strength, whereas a blend ratio of 40/60 was found to be reinforced with 40 wt% RWS. The polymer matrix blended with a higher PLA content resulted in superior biocomposite properties. Thus, the biocomposites with an NR/PLA ratio of 30/70 had better properties than those with a ratio of 40/60. Further, biocomposites with PLA grade of low melt flow rate (6 g/10 min) improved their properties more than that of a high melt flow rate (80 g/10 min). Therefore, the appropriate formulation of biocomposites for producing children's toys is a blend ratio of 30/70 with 2003D PLA grade of low melt flow rate and reinforcement with 30 wt% RWS. The tensile, flexural, and compressive forces of a toy boat prototype were 70.08, 104.9, and 124.8 N, respectively, while the specified standard is 69.0, 69.0, and 113.5 N, respectively, thus meeting the requirements of the American Society for Testing and Materials F963.
{"title":"Biocomposite materials from natural rubber/polylactic acid blends reinforced rubberwood sawdust for producing children's toys","authors":"Chatree Homkhiew , Sriwan Khamtree , Chainarong Srivabut , Theerawat Petdee","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biocomposite materials are prepared by blending natural rubber (NR) and polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with rubberwood sawdust (RWS). This study aimed to investigate the effects of PLA grade, NR/PLA blend ratio, and RWS content on flexure, tension, hardness, and water absorption characteristics, including thermal stability. The RWS content significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of the biocomposite materials. The increasing additions of RWS from 30 to 50 wt% increased the mechanical modulus, hardness, and water absorption but decreased the thermal stability of the biocomposites. Polymer blended with an NR/PLA ratio of 30/70 reinforced with 30 wt% RWS exhibited the highest mechanical strength, whereas a blend ratio of 40/60 was found to be reinforced with 40 wt% RWS. The polymer matrix blended with a higher PLA content resulted in superior biocomposite properties. Thus, the biocomposites with an NR/PLA ratio of 30/70 had better properties than those with a ratio of 40/60. Further, biocomposites with PLA grade of low melt flow rate (6 g/10 min) improved their properties more than that of a high melt flow rate (80 g/10 min). Therefore, the appropriate formulation of biocomposites for producing children's toys is a blend ratio of 30/70 with 2003D PLA grade of low melt flow rate and reinforcement with 30 wt% RWS. The tensile, flexural, and compressive forces of a toy boat prototype were 70.08, 104.9, and 124.8 N, respectively, while the specified standard is 69.0, 69.0, and 113.5 N, respectively, thus meeting the requirements of the American Society for Testing and Materials F963.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100803"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100816
Yusuf Wibisono , Nurul Fadillah , Amirah Zulfa Musyaffa , Wahyunanto Agung Nugroho , Nur Awanis Hashim , Sutarat Thongratkaew , Kajornsak Faungnawakij , Hiroshi Umakoshi , Norazanita Shamsuddin , Muhammad Roil Bilad
Waste cigarette filter (WCF) is one of the most common wastes found in the environment. Cigarette filters contain up to 96% cellulose acetate (CA), which can be used as a material for membrane fabrication. However, the CA-based membrane from WCF posed a weak mechanical property (brittle). Therefore, the objective of this work is to improve mechanical property of CA-based membrane from WCF by preparing blend membranes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and evaluate their performance for filtration of real river water containing high natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations. The variations of WCF and PVDF used were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The membranes were then characterized to determine the morphology, pore size and pore size distribution, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and filtration performance of the membrane using clean water and river water. The SEM test results showed the presence of spherulites on the surface of the blend membrane, indicating that crystallization occurred during membrane formation. The spherulites resulted in smaller pore size, narrower pore size distribution, higher hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the filtration test results showed that blend membranes produced higher permeability compared to pristine WCF, PVDF, and commercial-based CA membranes, where the result of river water permeability was in the range of 875–1062.5 L/m2.h.bar. The membrane fouling formation was aligned well with the result of permeability and is dominated by irreversible fouling formation from the dynamic cake layer built on the membrane surface, with NOM rejections of 26.6–33.8%, suggesting the need for further developments.
废香烟过滤嘴（WCF）是环境中最常见的废物之一。香烟过滤嘴含有高达 96% 的醋酸纤维素 (CA)，可用作膜制造材料。然而，从 WCF 中提取的基于 CA 的膜具有较弱的机械性能（脆性）。因此，这项工作的目的是通过制备与聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）聚合物的混合膜来改善以 WCF 为原料的 CA 基膜的机械性能，并评估其在过滤含有高浓度天然有机物（NOM）的真实河水时的性能。所使用的 WCF 和 PVDF 的比例分别为 100:0、75:25、50:50、25:75 和 0:100。然后，使用清水和河水对膜进行表征，以确定膜的形态、孔径和孔径分布、亲水性、机械性能和过滤性能。扫描电子显微镜测试结果表明，混合膜表面存在球粒，这表明膜在形成过程中发生了结晶。球形颗粒使膜的孔径更小、孔径分布更窄、亲水性更强、机械性能更好。同时，过滤测试结果表明，与原始的 WCF、PVDF 和商用 CA 膜相比，混合膜产生了更高的渗透率，其中河水渗透率的结果范围为 875-1062.5 L/m2.h.bar。膜污垢的形成与渗透性的结果非常吻合，主要是膜表面形成的动态滤饼层形成的不可逆污垢，NOM 的去除率为 26.6%-33.8%，这表明需要进一步开发。
{"title":"Waste cigarette filters-based polymer blends membrane for filtration of high loaded natural organic matter river water","authors":"Yusuf Wibisono , Nurul Fadillah , Amirah Zulfa Musyaffa , Wahyunanto Agung Nugroho , Nur Awanis Hashim , Sutarat Thongratkaew , Kajornsak Faungnawakij , Hiroshi Umakoshi , Norazanita Shamsuddin , Muhammad Roil Bilad","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste cigarette filter (WCF) is one of the most common wastes found in the environment. Cigarette filters contain up to 96% cellulose acetate (CA), which can be used as a material for membrane fabrication. However, the CA-based membrane from WCF posed a weak mechanical property (brittle). Therefore, the objective of this work is to improve mechanical property of CA-based membrane from WCF by preparing blend membranes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and evaluate their performance for filtration of real river water containing high natural organic matter (NOM) concentrations. The variations of WCF and PVDF used were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The membranes were then characterized to determine the morphology, pore size and pore size distribution, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and filtration performance of the membrane using clean water and river water. The SEM test results showed the presence of spherulites on the surface of the blend membrane, indicating that crystallization occurred during membrane formation. The spherulites resulted in smaller pore size, narrower pore size distribution, higher hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the filtration test results showed that blend membranes produced higher permeability compared to pristine WCF, PVDF, and commercial-based CA membranes, where the result of river water permeability was in the range of 875–1062.5 L/m<sup>2</sup>.h.bar. The membrane fouling formation was aligned well with the result of permeability and is dominated by irreversible fouling formation from the dynamic cake layer built on the membrane surface, with NOM rejections of 26.6–33.8%, suggesting the need for further developments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of growing environmental awareness and a drive towards sustainable aviation, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) emerges as a pivotal tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of current and novel technologies. This paper focuses on Life Cycle Assessment within the aviation sector, with a specific emphasis on Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) and databases. Recognizing a relevant data gap in existing databases regarding aircraft maintenance, our study seeks to address this limitation. A maintenance, repair and overhaul use-case is proposed as an illustrative example to enrich underrepresented data in LCIs. Our methodology considers the entire service life of aircraft, building a cumulative life cycle inventory in a cradle-to-gate approach. Geographical representativeness is ensured for maintenance activities conducted in Germany, with extrapolation applied across Europe where necessary. Our findings underscore the need to differentiate maintenance activities between aircraft components and engines, as well as the importance of considering various flight scenarios, ranging from short to long haul. This paper contributes to the advancement of LCA in aviation by providing insights into improving data accuracy and completeness. It also delves into how and why data generation is possible and what are the necessary data improvements within the topic. This paper is aimed at LCA practitioners in both research and industry, thus fostering sustainable practices in aviation.
{"title":"Life cycle inventories for aviation: Background data, shortcomings, and improvements","authors":"Joana Albano , Antonia Rahn , Jens Bachmann , Gerko Wende","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of growing environmental awareness and a drive towards sustainable aviation, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) emerges as a pivotal tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of current and novel technologies. This paper focuses on Life Cycle Assessment within the aviation sector, with a specific emphasis on Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) and databases. Recognizing a relevant data gap in existing databases regarding aircraft maintenance, our study seeks to address this limitation. A maintenance, repair and overhaul use-case is proposed as an illustrative example to enrich underrepresented data in LCIs. Our methodology considers the entire service life of aircraft, building a cumulative life cycle inventory in a cradle-to-gate approach. Geographical representativeness is ensured for maintenance activities conducted in Germany, with extrapolation applied across Europe where necessary. Our findings underscore the need to differentiate maintenance activities between aircraft components and engines, as well as the importance of considering various flight scenarios, ranging from short to long haul. This paper contributes to the advancement of LCA in aviation by providing insights into improving data accuracy and completeness. It also delves into how and why data generation is possible and what are the necessary data improvements within the topic. This paper is aimed at LCA practitioners in both research and industry, thus fostering sustainable practices in aviation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100813"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100814
Antonia Vyrkou , Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis , Tim Smith , Parikshit Goswami
The purpose of this paper is to compare the environmental impact, using Life Cycle Assessment, and the total cost of two hydrophobic fluorocarbon treatment methods: a novel plasma surface modification technique and a traditional pad-dry-curing treatment of fabric. These two techniques have been chosen as two alternatives, with the pad-dry curing being a traditional liquid-based treatment and the plasma treatment a novel gas-based treatment. Such a comparison is a novel effort and will provide to the relevant industrial stakeholders an indication about the sustainability and the financial viability of the plasma treatment technique in comparison to the current state-of-the-art.
The Life Cycle Inventory for both techniques has been compiled based on experiments performed at the Technical Textiles Research Centre, using lab scale equipment. The environmental impact has been assessed using the Environmental Footprint 3.0 method and is expressed in micro ecopoints (μPt). The findings have revealed that for plasma treatment (duration of 5 min using 13 cm3/min of C2F6), the environmental footprint is 47% lower than the conventional pad-dry-curing (8.95 μPt per 10 g of treated cotton compared to 18.9 μPt) and the total treatment cost is 81% lower (£1.03 per 10 g of treated cotton compared to £5.47 using pad-dry-curing). The most significant contributor to the environmental performance of the plasma treatment is the electricity consumption, thus a minimization of the treatment time without losing the functionality of the process, and the subsequent operating expenses, will lead to the optimal plasma treatment conditions.
{"title":"Environmental and economic impact assessment of hydrophobic treatment of cotton using low-pressure-low-temperature plasma","authors":"Antonia Vyrkou , Athanasios Angelis-Dimakis , Tim Smith , Parikshit Goswami","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this paper is to compare the environmental impact, using Life Cycle Assessment, and the total cost of two hydrophobic fluorocarbon treatment methods: a novel plasma surface modification technique and a traditional pad-dry-curing treatment of fabric. These two techniques have been chosen as two alternatives, with the pad-dry curing being a traditional liquid-based treatment and the plasma treatment a novel gas-based treatment. Such a comparison is a novel effort and will provide to the relevant industrial stakeholders an indication about the sustainability and the financial viability of the plasma treatment technique in comparison to the current state-of-the-art.</div><div>The Life Cycle Inventory for both techniques has been compiled based on experiments performed at the Technical Textiles Research Centre, using lab scale equipment. The environmental impact has been assessed using the Environmental Footprint 3.0 method and is expressed in micro ecopoints (μPt). The findings have revealed that for plasma treatment (duration of 5 min using 13 cm<sup>3</sup>/min of C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub>), the environmental footprint is 47% lower than the conventional pad-dry-curing (8.95 μPt per 10 g of treated cotton compared to 18.9 μPt) and the total treatment cost is 81% lower (£1.03 per 10 g of treated cotton compared to £5.47 using pad-dry-curing). The most significant contributor to the environmental performance of the plasma treatment is the electricity consumption, thus a minimization of the treatment time without losing the functionality of the process, and the subsequent operating expenses, will lead to the optimal plasma treatment conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100814"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100815
Omar I. Farhan , Harith N. Mohammed , Safaa M.R. Ahmed , Saba A. Gheni
One of the efficient methods for reducing CO2 emissions from flue gas streams in oil refineries and power plants is the CO2absorption process using alkali solution. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) solution, as CO2 absorbent, was used in the present study due to its high CO2 absorption capacity. However, K2CO3 has a drawback which is represented by its slow reaction with CO2. To overcome this issue, an oscillatory baffled column (OBC) was utilized as a contactor to maintain a high degree of mixing in the CO2 absorption system and thereby increasing the reaction rate between K2CO3 and CO2 as well as enhancing the mass transfer rate. In this study the effect of different operation conditions of the process namely; inlet flue gas flow rate (15 % (v/v) CO2 balanced with N2) and oscillation conditions on CO2 absorption in a semi-batch OBC were investigated. The experiments were performed with range of modified Reynolds Number of Oscillation ( = 0⎼1450) and aeration rates (0⎼1 vvm) using K2CO3 (100 g/L, 0.72 M)0.1.8–3.5-fold of enhancement of CO2 absorption rates was achieved by using OBC with respect to that obtained by baffled column (BC) (only baffles without oscillation) and plane bubble column (PBC) (without baffles and oscillation), respectively.
The use of K₂CO₃ as a solvent in an oscillating reactor (OBR) to remove CO₂ represents a new method due to the high reactivity of K₂CO₃ with CO₂, forming stable bicarbonate and carbonate compounds. OBR's enhanced mixing capabilities improve mass transfer rates and reaction efficiency, allowing for more effective CO2 capture compared to conventional reactors. This combination leverages the strengths of both the chemical reactivity of K₂CO₃ and the mechanical benefits of OBR, potentially leading to more efficient and scalable CO2 removal processes.
{"title":"Enhancement of CO2 removal from flue gas in an oscillatory baffled column using potassium carbonate solution","authors":"Omar I. Farhan , Harith N. Mohammed , Safaa M.R. Ahmed , Saba A. Gheni","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the efficient methods for reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from flue gas streams in oil refineries and power plants is the CO<sub>2</sub>absorption process using alkali solution. Potassium carbonate (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) solution, as CO<sub>2</sub> absorbent, was used in the present study due to its high CO<sub>2</sub> absorption capacity. However, K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> has a drawback which is represented by its slow reaction with CO<sub>2</sub>. To overcome this issue, an oscillatory baffled column (OBC) was utilized as a contactor to maintain a high degree of mixing in the CO<sub>2</sub> absorption system and thereby increasing the reaction rate between K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> as well as enhancing the mass transfer rate. In this study the effect of different operation conditions of the process namely; inlet flue gas flow rate (15 % (v/v) CO<sub>2</sub> balanced with N<sub>2</sub>) and oscillation conditions on CO<sub>2</sub> absorption in a semi-batch OBC were investigated. The experiments were performed with range of modified Reynolds Number of Oscillation (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow><mi>o</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> = 0⎼1450) and aeration rates (0⎼1 <em>vvm</em>) using K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (100 g/L, 0.72 M)0.1.8–3.5-fold of enhancement of CO<sub>2</sub> absorption rates was achieved by using OBC with respect to that obtained by baffled column (BC) (only baffles without oscillation) and plane bubble column (PBC) (without baffles and oscillation), respectively.</div><div>The use of K₂CO₃ as a solvent in an oscillating reactor (OBR) to remove CO₂ represents a new method due to the high reactivity of K₂CO₃ with CO₂, forming stable bicarbonate and carbonate compounds. OBR's enhanced mixing capabilities improve mass transfer rates and reaction efficiency, allowing for more effective CO<sub>2</sub> capture compared to conventional reactors. This combination leverages the strengths of both the chemical reactivity of K₂CO₃ and the mechanical benefits of OBR, potentially leading to more efficient and scalable CO<sub>2</sub> removal processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100815"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142426879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100811
Seyed Mohammad Taher Shahin , Majid Montazer , Mahnaz Mahmoudi Rad
A multipurpose product could be produced by synthesizing metal oxides and dyeing the fabric. However, to achieve better, cleaner results while consuming less energy, it is ideal to shorten the time and reduce costs by simultaneously creating nanoparticles and dyeing. This work facilitates carrier-free dyeing of polyester fabric and the synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Kelyab as a green alkali. The remarkable results demonstrated reduced bending length, i.e., a softer handle, higher air permeability, and tensile strength, longer resistance in alkaline conditions, and comparable color strength and fastness. Moreover, the after-treatment, the last treatment step on the finished or dyed fabric, pertains to the reduction clearing. It is essential for dyed PET fabric, given its significance in colorimetric characteristics and other fastness attributes, particularly washing. Thus, it is necessary to develop innovative techniques to achieve these objectives without using harmful chemicals. Kelyab, as an environmentally safe reducing agent, produced comparable results to those of the conventional method, especially in color strength. In addition, air plasma was applied as a surface activation and green pre-treatment, resulting in the highest color and tensile strength. The prepared samples were examined using FT-IR, XRD, and FESEM, among other tests. Using fewer chemicals (50% lower) in the reduction clearing, saving time and energy for preparing reduction solution, and lowering the requirement for waste-water treatment in the simultaneous nanosynthesis and dyeing are the novelties of the introduced processing that can replace conventional method in dyeing, post-dyeing, and nanofinishing treatments.
{"title":"Seidlitzia rosmarinus as a multipurpose environmentally friendly alkali in simultaneous dyeing and nanofinishing of polyester fabric: ZnO-NPs synthesis, carrier-free dyeing, and reduction clearing","authors":"Seyed Mohammad Taher Shahin , Majid Montazer , Mahnaz Mahmoudi Rad","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multipurpose product could be produced by synthesizing metal oxides and dyeing the fabric. However, to achieve better, cleaner results while consuming less energy, it is ideal to shorten the time and reduce costs by simultaneously creating nanoparticles and dyeing. This work facilitates carrier-free dyeing of polyester fabric and the synthesis of ZnO-NPs using Kelyab as a green alkali. The remarkable results demonstrated reduced bending length, i.e., a softer handle, higher air permeability, and tensile strength, longer resistance in alkaline conditions, and comparable color strength and fastness. Moreover, the after-treatment, the last treatment step on the finished or dyed fabric, pertains to the reduction clearing. It is essential for dyed PET fabric, given its significance in colorimetric characteristics and other fastness attributes, particularly washing. Thus, it is necessary to develop innovative techniques to achieve these objectives without using harmful chemicals. Kelyab, as an environmentally safe reducing agent, produced comparable results to those of the conventional method, especially in color strength. In addition, air plasma was applied as a surface activation and green pre-treatment, resulting in the highest color and tensile strength. The prepared samples were examined using FT-IR, XRD, and FESEM, among other tests. Using fewer chemicals (50% lower) in the reduction clearing, saving time and energy for preparing reduction solution, and lowering the requirement for waste-water treatment in the simultaneous nanosynthesis and dyeing are the novelties of the introduced processing that can replace conventional method in dyeing, post-dyeing, and nanofinishing treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100811"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100809
Guihong Han , Yanghao Feng , Mengyu You , Hu Sun , Shengpeng Su , Bingbing Liu , Yanfang Huang
Ammonia-leaching residues of roasted molybdenite concentrates are intractable wastes and are mostly stockpiled in factories. Common treatments suffer from low Mo recovery and secondary pollution. This study has developed a synergistic process involving a single-step roasting with the addition of Al2O3 and MoO3 to recover Mo and simultaneously prepare porous refractories from the residues containing 5.6% Mo. The Mo separation efficiency, ceramic properties, and thermal behaviors—including chemical reactions, melting transformations, ceramic structure evolutions, and Mo species migrations—were comprehensively investigated. It was found that the addition of Al2O3 facilitated CaMoO4 decomposition to release volatile MoO3, thus promoting Mo recovery. The mullite started to form at about 900 °C, grew into whiskers, and further into interconnected clusters, under the catalytic effect of liquid MoO3 and the sintering effect of glassy melt. Liquid MoO3 was scattered on the outer surface of whisker clusters, achieving a high separation efficiency of over 98% after roasting at 1300 °C for 150 min. Meanwhile, a ceramic with a high porosity of 64.2% and a high compressive strength of 21.2 MPa was obtained, exhibiting promise for serving as a high-temperature insulation refractory. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for both the profound recovery of Mo and the value-added utilization of gangue minerals derived from CaMoO4-bearing wastes.
{"title":"Synergic process of molybdenum recovery and ceramic preparation for clean and efficient utilization of industrial leaching residues","authors":"Guihong Han , Yanghao Feng , Mengyu You , Hu Sun , Shengpeng Su , Bingbing Liu , Yanfang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ammonia-leaching residues of roasted molybdenite concentrates are intractable wastes and are mostly stockpiled in factories. Common treatments suffer from low Mo recovery and secondary pollution. This study has developed a synergistic process involving a single-step roasting with the addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and MoO<sub>3</sub> to recover Mo and simultaneously prepare porous refractories from the residues containing 5.6% Mo. The Mo separation efficiency, ceramic properties, and thermal behaviors—including chemical reactions, melting transformations, ceramic structure evolutions, and Mo species migrations—were comprehensively investigated. It was found that the addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> facilitated CaMoO<sub>4</sub> decomposition to release volatile MoO<sub>3</sub>, thus promoting Mo recovery. The mullite started to form at about 900 °C, grew into whiskers, and further into interconnected clusters, under the catalytic effect of liquid MoO<sub>3</sub> and the sintering effect of glassy melt. Liquid MoO<sub>3</sub> was scattered on the outer surface of whisker clusters, achieving a high separation efficiency of over 98% after roasting at 1300 °C for 150 min. Meanwhile, a ceramic with a high porosity of 64.2% and a high compressive strength of 21.2 MPa was obtained, exhibiting promise for serving as a high-temperature insulation refractory. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for both the profound recovery of Mo and the value-added utilization of gangue minerals derived from CaMoO<sub>4</sub>-bearing wastes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100809"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000892/pdfft?md5=b3582a9bd468389e5693e375d93f43cc&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000892-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In today's world, eco-friendly solutions are crucial for efficient power delivery and assessing their corresponding economic and environmental benefits is essential. As innovators, it is also imperative to continually improve on existing techniques to solve a problem. Evaluating the existing literature in this area of study, gaps of improving the optimization techniques by reducing the amount of infeasible configurations the reconfiguration procedure encounters was established, additionally, the need to utilize distributed generations that significantly reduce carbon footprint in the environment was also ascertained. Hence, this paper presents an effective integration method for the simultaneous reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Networks (RDNs) and Photovoltaic (PV) DGs allocation, considering the tripodal issues of cost, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability. A modification of the adaptive mountain gazelle optimizer (AMGO) enhanced with graph theory is deployed for the optimization procedures. The crucial feature of the proposed approach is the reduction of unfeasible configurations throughout the optimization procedure toward satisfying the network's radiality constraints, achieving consistent convergence and reduced computation time. The technical benefits are active power loss minimization, voltage stability, and voltage profile improvement. The economic benefits are analyzed by estimating the purchased power, the associated cost of power losses, and the cost of DGs and switches over a planning period of 20 years. The consequent environmental benefits are analyzed in detail, highlighting the significant reduction in pollutant emissions. The proposed model was tested on the IEEE 33- and 69-bus RDN, considering several scenarios, including synchronous network reconfiguration and DG installations. From the results procured, the simultaneous network reconfiguration and DG allocation provided better outcomes, yielding minimum active power loss of 35.36 kW, minimum voltage of 0.9541 p.u., voltage stability index of 1.9936 p.u., total planning cost of $3.456 million, and emission of 1.744 million lb/hr, respectively, for the 33-bus systems. The corresponding value for the 69-bus system is 32.57 kW, 0.9832 p.u., 2.3847 p.u., $ 2.524 million, and 2.53 million lb/hr, respectively. The proposed model was compared with other reported techniques for performance validation, and its efficacy and superior performance was established.
{"title":"Graph theory-enhanced integrated distribution network reconfiguration and distributed generation planning: A comparative techno-economic and environmental impacts analysis","authors":"Sunday Adeleke Salimon , Ifeoluwa Olajide Fajinmi , Oludamilare Bode Adewuyi , Anand Kumar Pandey , Oluwaseyi Wasiu Adebiyi , Hossam Kotb","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In today's world, eco-friendly solutions are crucial for efficient power delivery and assessing their corresponding economic and environmental benefits is essential. As innovators, it is also imperative to continually improve on existing techniques to solve a problem. Evaluating the existing literature in this area of study, gaps of improving the optimization techniques by reducing the amount of infeasible configurations the reconfiguration procedure encounters was established, additionally, the need to utilize distributed generations that significantly reduce carbon footprint in the environment was also ascertained. Hence, this paper presents an effective integration method for the simultaneous reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Networks (RDNs) and Photovoltaic (PV) DGs allocation, considering the tripodal issues of cost, operational efficiency, and environmental sustainability. A modification of the adaptive mountain gazelle optimizer (AMGO) enhanced with graph theory is deployed for the optimization procedures. The crucial feature of the proposed approach is the reduction of unfeasible configurations throughout the optimization procedure toward satisfying the network's radiality constraints, achieving consistent convergence and reduced computation time. The technical benefits are active power loss minimization, voltage stability, and voltage profile improvement. The economic benefits are analyzed by estimating the purchased power, the associated cost of power losses, and the cost of DGs and switches over a planning period of 20 years. The consequent environmental benefits are analyzed in detail, highlighting the significant reduction in pollutant emissions. The proposed model was tested on the IEEE 33- and 69-bus RDN, considering several scenarios, including synchronous network reconfiguration and DG installations. From the results procured, the simultaneous network reconfiguration and DG allocation provided better outcomes, yielding minimum active power loss of 35.36 kW, minimum voltage of 0.9541 p.u., voltage stability index of 1.9936 p.u., total planning cost of $3.456 million, and emission of 1.744 million lb/hr, respectively, for the 33-bus systems. The corresponding value for the 69-bus system is 32.57 kW, 0.9832 p.u., 2.3847 p.u., $ 2.524 million, and 2.53 million lb/hr, respectively. The proposed model was compared with other reported techniques for performance validation, and its efficacy and superior performance was established.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100808"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000880/pdfft?md5=fcc8cbf0bfee9b12e13faff055a3884d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000880-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100807
Agnès Thomasset , Stéphane Benayoun
In the context of the growing demand for sustainable consumption, especially in the fashion industry, leather remains an intriguing material. Its durability and quality not only ensure the longevity of products but also support the rise of practices like second-hand use and upcycling. This study evaluates the longevity of tanning alternatives - triazine-based and a combination of synthetic and vegetable tannins - compared to the widely used chrome tanning. Artificial aging processes, incorporating heat, humidity, UV exposure, and microbial conditions, were applied to leathers tanned with the three methods. Physico-mechanical measurements, commonly specified in industrial standards, were conducted alongside chemical analyses to evaluate potential degradations associated with chrome tanning as the reference. The aging processes impacted leather performances, but finished leathers remained suitable for applications. Indeed, results on finished leathers indicated minimal degradation after aging, emphasizing the importance of the protective layer for longevity. Considerations include adapting finishing to surface structures and addressing potential stiffness in triazine-tanned leather, necessitating further exploration.
{"title":"Assessing the durability of diverse leather tanning techniques for the manufacturing of leather goods through artificial aging processes","authors":"Agnès Thomasset , Stéphane Benayoun","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of the growing demand for sustainable consumption, especially in the fashion industry, leather remains an intriguing material. Its durability and quality not only ensure the longevity of products but also support the rise of practices like second-hand use and upcycling. This study evaluates the longevity of tanning alternatives - triazine-based and a combination of synthetic and vegetable tannins - compared to the widely used chrome tanning. Artificial aging processes, incorporating heat, humidity, UV exposure, and microbial conditions, were applied to leathers tanned with the three methods. Physico-mechanical measurements, commonly specified in industrial standards, were conducted alongside chemical analyses to evaluate potential degradations associated with chrome tanning as the reference. The aging processes impacted leather performances, but finished leathers remained suitable for applications. Indeed, results on finished leathers indicated minimal degradation after aging, emphasizing the importance of the protective layer for longevity. Considerations include adapting finishing to surface structures and addressing potential stiffness in triazine-tanned leather, necessitating further exploration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100807"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000879/pdfft?md5=11c168d509c0f7d9c062e7909e0f064d&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000879-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100806
Jolanda Rihter Pikl , Aleksandra Lobnik , Milenko Roš , Hakim El Khiar , Nataša Uranjek
The research aim was to remove as many microfibres, microplastics and harmful bacteria as possible from the polluted water to produce suitable water for reuse. The test water was the effluent from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Shalek Valley. A pilot plant with a ceramic SiC filter for membrane filtration and ozonation of filtered water was set up to remove suspended solids, micro-fibres, microplastics, and harmful microorganisms. The Microfibers Detection System was developed to identify microfibers on-site. The results showed that the microfiltration system combined with ozone treatment effectively removed total suspended solids, microfibres, microplastics and microorganisms. A detection system method for identifying microfibres and microplastic particles was used to determine how many microfibres and microorganisms were identified by membrane filtration and ozonation. The study showed that membrane filtration successfully removed all microfibres, 88% of total coliforms and 93% of E. coli. After additional ozonation, we achieved a 100% removal rate of total coliforms and a 100% removal rate of E. coli. The treated water (effluent from the municipal wastewater treatment plant) can be used for specific purposes, such as agricultural irrigation or enhancing bathing waters near the plant's water effluent.
{"title":"Microfibres and coliforms determination and removal from wastewater treatment effluent","authors":"Jolanda Rihter Pikl , Aleksandra Lobnik , Milenko Roš , Hakim El Khiar , Nataša Uranjek","doi":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clet.2024.100806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The research aim was to remove as many microfibres, microplastics and harmful bacteria as possible from the polluted water to produce suitable water for reuse. The test water was the effluent from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Shalek Valley. A pilot plant with a ceramic SiC filter for membrane filtration and ozonation of filtered water was set up to remove suspended solids, micro-fibres, microplastics, and harmful microorganisms. The Microfibers Detection System was developed to identify microfibers on-site. The results showed that the microfiltration system combined with ozone treatment effectively removed total suspended solids, microfibres, microplastics and microorganisms. A detection system method for identifying microfibres and microplastic particles was used to determine how many microfibres and microorganisms were identified by membrane filtration and ozonation. The study showed that membrane filtration successfully removed all microfibres, 88% of total coliforms and 93% of <em>E. coli</em>. After additional ozonation, we achieved a 100% removal rate of total coliforms and a 100% removal rate of <em>E. coli</em>. The treated water (effluent from the municipal wastewater treatment plant) can be used for specific purposes, such as agricultural irrigation or enhancing bathing waters near the plant's water effluent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":34618,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Engineering and Technology","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100806"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666790824000867/pdfft?md5=a2ef6ef2ecce3bd0b16ccc4721f2640a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666790824000867-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号