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Enhancing sustainability of urban waste management through data envelopment analysis for municipal solid waste composting in Tehran, Iran 通过对伊朗德黑兰城市固体废物堆肥的数据包络分析,提高城市废物管理的可持续性
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100781

The critical necessity of decreasing energy consumption and environmental effects is vital in various facets of urban life, particularly in urban waste management. This research aimed to evaluate the energy flow, CExD, and Life Cycle of a composting system for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Tehran province, Iran. The initial phase entailed assessing the energy flow and effectiveness of the composting system, while the subsequent phase focused on enhancing energy efficiency through the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to determine an optimal energy consumption strategy for conserving energy and reducing environmental impacts in Tehran's MSW composting system. Over a 90-day period, the analysis of energy usage revealed an energy input and output of 417.30 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1, with 227.02 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 linked to transportation and 190.28 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 related to composting activities. The overall energy consumption in the composting system was determined to be 6424.77 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1. By applying DEA optimization, energy savings of 14.45 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 were accomplished in the composting process, with a significant reduction in electricity usage contributing to these savings. The environmental impact of the energy consumption patterns identified by DEA was notably lower compared to current energy practices. The most notable decrease in impact was observed in the Photochemical Oxidation category. By following the energy usage pattern recommended by DEA, the Global Warming Potential impact reduced by 500 kg CO2 eq. per 8500 t MSW. Additionally, the optimization of energy use through DEA led to a decrease in fossil energy resource depletion by around 4 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 in the composting process.

减少能源消耗和环境影响对城市生活的各个方面都至关重要,特别是在城市废物管理方面。本研究旨在评估伊朗德黑兰省城市固体废物(MSW)堆肥系统的能量流、CExD 和生命周期。最初阶段需要评估堆肥系统的能量流和有效性,随后阶段则侧重于通过应用数据包络分析法(DEA)提高能源效率,以确定最佳能源消耗策略,从而在德黑兰的城市固体废物堆肥系统中节约能源并减少对环境的影响。在 90 天的时间内,能源使用分析显示能源输入和输出为 417.30 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1,其中 227.02 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1 与运输有关,190.28 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1 与堆肥活动有关。堆肥系统的总能耗被确定为 6424.77 GJ(8500 吨 MSW)-1。通过应用 DEA 优化,堆肥过程中可节约 14.45 GJ(8500 吨 MSW)-1 的能源,其中电力使用量的大幅减少为节能做出了贡献。与当前的能源使用方式相比,通过 DEA 确定的能源消耗模式对环境的影响明显降低。光化学氧化类别的影响下降最为明显。通过采用 DEA 推荐的能源使用模式,每 8500 吨都市固体废物的全球变暖潜势影响减少了 500 千克二氧化碳当量。此外,通过 DEA 对能源使用进行优化,堆肥过程中的化石能源消耗减少了约 4 GJ(8500 吨都市固 体垃圾)-1。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing dyeing parameters for sustainable wool dyeing using quinoa plant components with antibacterial properties 利用具有抗菌特性的藜麦植物成分优化染色参数,实现可持续羊毛染色
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100780

This study focuses on the sustainable utilization of Quinoa plant components, particularly its leaves, as a waste agricultural material for natural dyeing applications. Two distinct Quinoa genotypes, Titicaca and Giza, were selected for their natural dyeing properties. UV-VIS absorption spectra of Quinoa colorant extracts provided insights into their chemical composition, revealing distinctive peaks indicative of betalains (400–450 nm), chlorophyll (600–650 nm), carotenoids (400–500 nm), and aromatic amino acids (250–280 nm). Wool samples dyed with different plant parts such as flowers, leaves, and stalks exhibited distinct yellow hue, with leaves demonstrating the highest color strength. Metal mordants such as iron (II) sulphate, copper sulphate, and tin (II) chloride influenced color outcomes, highlighting their role in tailoring final appearance. Fastness properties of dyed wool samples were evaluated, with leaves showing moderate staining resistance and good light fastness. Additionally, antibacterial properties of leaves of Giza Quinoa variety were assessed, showing promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial properties of fabrics dyed with the leaf extract by mordanting method with different metal salt mordants, particularly Fe, Cr, and Cu, exhibited significant enhancement. These results highlight the multifaceted benefits of Quinoa plant components in sustainable natural dyeing and textile applications, emphasizing their potential for eco-friendly practices in the textile industry.

本研究的重点是可持续地利用藜麦植物成分,特别是其叶子,将其作为一种废弃的农业材料用于天然染色。研究人员选择了两种不同的藜麦基因型,即 Titicaca 和 Giza,以了解它们的天然染色特性。藜麦着色剂提取物的紫外-可见吸收光谱可帮助我们深入了解其化学成分,揭示出表明甜菜碱(400-450 纳米)、叶绿素(600-650 纳米)、类胡萝卜素(400-500 纳米)和芳香族氨基酸(250-280 纳米)的独特峰值。用不同植物部分(如花、叶和茎)染色的羊毛样品呈现出明显的黄色,其中叶片的着色强度最高。硫酸铁 (II)、硫酸铜和氯化锡 (II) 等金属媒染剂影响了染色结果,突出了它们在定制最终外观中的作用。对染色羊毛样品的牢度特性进行了评估,结果显示羊毛叶片具有适度的耐沾污性和良好的耐光牢度。此外,还对吉萨藜麦品种叶片的抗菌特性进行了评估,结果表明叶片对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的抗菌活性。用不同的金属盐媒染剂,特别是铁盐、铬盐和铜盐,通过媒染法将叶片提取物染色的织物的抗菌性能显著增强。这些结果凸显了藜麦植物成分在可持续天然染色和纺织品应用中的多方面益处,强调了它们在纺织业生态友好实践中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Techno-economic analysis of cleaner alternatives for recovering ammonium chloride from wastewater generated by polyvinyl chloride thermal stabilizer plants 从聚氯乙烯热稳定剂工厂产生的废水中回收氯化铵的清洁替代品的技术经济分析
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100787

The current conventional process for recovering NH4Cl from wastewater generated by organotin mercaptide-based polyvinyl chloride thermal stabilizer plants through evaporative crystallization is energy intensive and has not yet been discussed. Three energy-saving process variants, namely mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), double-effect evaporation (DEE), and thermal vapor recompression (TVR) processes, have been proposed and evaluated in terms of both technical and economic feasibility, treating the case as a cost-cutting project aimed to avoid off-site wastewater treatment costs. Comparative evaluation has also been carried out with the conventional (CON) process used as a reference. Under the studied conditions, the MVR, DEE, and TVR processes provided energy savings in the ranges of 60%–76%, 35%–43%, and 26%–37%, respectively, confirming that applying the three alternative processes for recovering NH4Cl results in a significantly cleaner and more sustainable recovery process. Under typical conditions and with a plant capacity of 5000 kg/h, the MVR, DEE, and TVR processes required an additional investment of 2.3, 1.0, and 0.2 million USD, respectively, compared to the CON process. The revenue was primarily driven by cost savings due to the elimination of off-site wastewater treatment, which accounted for 86.9% of the total revenue. Sensitivity analysis showed that the off-site wastewater treatment cost was found to be the most influential factor on economic feasibility. When economic targets can be traded off, MVR process is highly recommended as an alternative to the conventional energy-intensive process. If economic feasibility comparable to the conventional process is still targeted, DEE and TVR are recommended. The results of this study dismiss concerns that cleaner processes would have a negative economic impact.

目前,通过蒸发结晶从有机锡硫醇基聚氯乙烯热稳定剂工厂产生的废水中回收 NH4Cl 的传统工艺能耗高,尚未得到讨论。我们提出了三种节能工艺变体,即机械蒸汽再压缩工艺(MVR)、双效蒸发工艺(DEE)和热蒸汽再压缩工艺(TVR),并从技术和经济可行性两方面对其进行了评估,将此案例视为旨在避免场外废水处理成本的成本削减项目。此外,还与作为参考的传统(CON)工艺进行了比较评估。在所研究的条件下,MVR、DEE 和 TVR 工艺的节能率分别为 60%-76%、35%-43% 和 26%-37%,这证实了采用这三种替代工艺回收 NH4Cl 可以大大提高回收工艺的清洁度和可持续性。在典型条件下,工厂产能为 5000 公斤/小时,与 CON 工艺相比,MVR、DEE 和 TVR 工艺分别需要额外投资 230 万美元、100 万美元和 20 万美元。收入主要来自于取消异地废水处理所节省的成本,占总收入的 86.9%。敏感性分析表明,异地废水处理成本是对经济可行性影响最大的因素。当经济指标可以权衡时,强烈建议采用 MVR 工艺替代传统的高能耗工艺。如果仍然希望经济可行性与传统工艺相当,则建议采用 DEE 和 TVR 工艺。这项研究的结果消除了人们对清洁工艺会产生负面经济影响的担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-friendly low-carbon manganese ferroalloy production for cleaner steel technologies 生态友好型低碳锰铁合金生产促进清洁钢铁技术的发展
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100784

Global steel production, a major contributor to anthropogenic carbon dioxide, heavily relies on manganese, a key ingredient that significantly impacts the carbon footprint during the production of high-carbon ferromanganese. A single-step generation of low-carbon ferromanganese (LC-FeMn) from manganese ore in an electric arc furnace (EAF) was investigated. The theoretical and experimental investigations helped to balance the required and supplied energy. The process sustainability was predicted based on the enthalpy of the reaction. Pre-reduction of manganese ore decreased energy consumption in the smelting process and saved raw materials costs. The simulation studies revealed a significant effect of lime and silica on the slag-metal equilibrium. It further confirmed the best-reducing condition with the basicity 1.5–1.77 by smelting tests in EAF. Experimental results showed an optimal charge mixture comprising appropriate ratios of ore:SiMn:lime ratio, producing a standard-grade product. Simultaneous melting and smelting sensibly used the exothermic heat, consuming 410–880 kWh/ton, much lower than the international benchmark, i.e. approximately 2000 kWh/ton. The characterization of resulting slags corroborated the advantages of the manganese ore pre-reduction on the energy and reductant consumption, alloy grade, and slag characteristics. The present study's findings can potentially contribute to the ongoing low-carbon initiatives of steel.

全球钢铁生产是人为二氧化碳的主要排放源,严重依赖锰,而锰是生产高碳锰铁过程中对碳足迹产生重大影响的关键成分。我们研究了在电弧炉(EAF)中以锰矿石为原料一步生成低碳锰铁(LC-FeMn)的方法。理论和实验研究有助于平衡所需能源和供应能源。根据反应热焓预测了工艺的可持续性。锰矿的预还原降低了冶炼过程中的能耗,节约了原材料成本。模拟研究表明,石灰和二氧化硅对熔渣-金属平衡有显著影响。通过在电弧炉中的冶炼试验,进一步确认了碱度为 1.5-1.77 的最佳还原条件。实验结果表明,由矿石、锰硅和石灰的适当比例组成的最佳炉料混合物可生产出标准级产品。同时熔化和冶炼合理地利用了放热,耗电量为 410-880 千瓦时/吨,远低于国际基准(约 2000 千瓦时/吨)。所得炉渣的特征证实了锰矿预还原在能源和还原剂消耗、合金等级和炉渣特征方面的优势。本研究的发现有可能为正在进行的钢铁低碳计划做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Eco-innovation strategy in manufacturing: A systematic review”. [Clean. Eng. Technol. 5 (2021) 100343] 制造业的生态创新战略:系统综述 "的更正。[清洁工程技术》5 (2021) 100343]
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100788
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引用次数: 0
Critical factors for assessing building deconstructability: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis 评估建筑物可解构性的关键因素:探索性和确认性因素分析
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100790

In various cities/other urban settlements, buildings are replaced with newer stocks, ending many buildings' lives. Unfortunately, these buildings nearing or at end-of-useful lives are mostly not deconstructed; instead, they get demolished, resulting in waste generation and pollution, among other environmental concerns. Deconstruction supports closing the material loop in construction, facilitating reuse at end-of-life of the building; however, it is not always easy to assess the feasibility of deconstruction for existing buildings – deconstructability. For this purpose, this paper investigated critical factors that needed to be checked to make informed decisions about the deconstructability of buildings. These factors cover economic, social, environmental, legal, and technical dimensions. Based on the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 31 significant drivers were identified. These drivers were classed into seven factors. The findings in this paper contribute to the practice of deconstruction, mainly supporting deconstructability decision-making and are helpful for deconstruction/demolition auditors, waste-management consultants and/or other stakeholders with waste minimisation goals, particularly for buildings nearing or at the end-of-useful lives.

在不同的城市/其他城市住区,建筑物被新的建筑所取代,许多建筑物的寿命就此结束。遗憾的是,这些即将或即将结束使用年限的建筑大多没有进行解构,而是被拆除,从而导致废物的产生和污染,以及其他环境问题。解构支持建筑材料的闭合循环,有利于在建筑物使用寿命结束时进行再利用;然而,评估现有建筑物的解构可行性--可解构性--并非易事。为此,本文调查了在对建筑物的可解构性做出明智决定时需要检查的关键因素。这些因素包括经济、社会、环境、法律和技术等方面。根据探索性因子分析 (EFA) 和确认性因子分析 (CFA),确定了 31 个重要的驱动因素。这些驱动因素被分为七个因子。本文的研究结果有助于解构实践,主要支持可解构性决策,并对解构/拆除审计师、废物管理顾问和/或其他以废物最小化为目标的利益相关者有所帮助,特别是对接近或处于使用寿命末期的建筑物。
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引用次数: 0
An experimental investigation of various trickle collector structures to enhance solar water heater efficiency 提高太阳能热水器效率的各种涓流集热器结构的实验研究
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100789

This study aimed to enhance the efficiency of the solar water heater (SWH) due to the increasing demand of renewable energy. It compared use three different solar collector models, namely Model A (square-shaped polycarbonate), Model B (v-corrugated zinc), and Model C (trapezoidal aluminium) to identify the most cost-effective configuration. The models were subjected to experiments in real operating conditions during the summer season in Indonesia. Various parameters, including solar radiation intensity, wind speed, inlet and outlet temperatures, and flow rate, were measured every 10 min from morning to afternoon. Additionally, the study employed a trickle and one-way flow rate system. The results showed that Model B achieved the highest total efficiency at 50%, followed by Models A and C at 47% and 34%, respectively. The 120 Lph flow rate exhibited better performance in absorbing useful heat energy than the 240 Lph flow rate. Based on these findings, all three models were recommended for the household-scale SWH applications. Model A showed the most promising economic value but had a shorter lifespan due to the tendency of polycarbonate to deform. In contrast, Model B and Model C, using zinc and aluminium, offered longer lifespans.

由于对可再生能源的需求日益增长,本研究旨在提高太阳能热水器(SWH)的效率。研究比较了三种不同的太阳能集热器模型,即模型 A(方形聚碳酸酯)、模型 B(V 形波纹锌)和模型 C(梯形铝),以确定最具成本效益的配置。这些模型在印度尼西亚夏季的实际运行条件下进行了实验。从上午到下午,每隔 10 分钟测量一次各种参数,包括太阳辐射强度、风速、入口和出口温度以及流速。此外,研究还采用了涓流和单向流速系统。结果显示,B 型的总效率最高,达到 50%,其次是 A 型和 C 型,分别为 47% 和 34%。在吸收有用热能方面,120 升/小时的流量比 240 升/小时的流量表现得更好。基于这些研究结果,建议将所有三种模式用于家庭规模的 SWH 应用。模型 A 显示出最有前景的经济价值,但由于聚碳酸酯容易变形,其使用寿命较短。相比之下,使用锌和铝的 B 型和 C 型使用寿命较长。
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引用次数: 0
Design, calibration and performance evaluation of a small-scale 3D printer for accelerating research in additive manufacturing in construction 小型 3D 打印机的设计、校准和性能评估,以加速建筑业增材制造的研究
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100786

3D printing in construction presents numerous advantages, such as geometric flexibility, potential cost and time savings, the incorporation of recycled and sustainable materials, and reduced waste, thereby reducing the construction sector's environmental impact. Despite these advantages, the widespread adoption of AM in construction faces hurdles, primarily due to the prohibitive costs of large-scale concrete printers — typically ranging from $180,000 to over $1 million — and technological constraints that impede research and development efforts within the construction sector. To address these challenges, our study focuses on designing, developing, calibrating and evaluating an affordable lab-scale 3D printer specifically tailored for cement-based materials, aiming to lower the entry barrier for AM research in construction. This paper presents a proof-of-concept for a simple, yet functional printing technology that meet the requirements for research studies. The study details the development process, from the conceptual design to the calibration of printing parameters. The development process included the assessment of preliminary extrusion system designs integrated with the motion systems of a fused deposition modeling 3D printer. Subsequently, material studies were carried out to determine optimal material mix compositions and ratios. A comprehensive calibration of printing parameters using statistical analysis was proposed to ensure consistent and quality printing. The printability and applicability of the proposed small-scale 3D printer were assessed by printing samples and testing their thermal properties. Cost analysis showed that the proposed 3D printer, costing $273, offers benefits compared to existing market alternatives. The study illustrates the potential of small-scale 3D printers to facilitate construction research and practices, thereby promoting the development of sustainable construction methods.

三维打印技术在建筑领域的应用具有诸多优势,例如几何形状的灵活性、潜在的成本和时间节约、采用可回收和可持续材料以及减少浪费,从而降低建筑行业对环境的影响。尽管具有这些优势,但在建筑领域广泛采用 AM 技术仍面临重重障碍,主要原因是大型混凝土打印机的成本过高(通常从 18 万美元到 100 多万美元不等),以及技术限制阻碍了建筑领域的研发工作。为了应对这些挑战,我们的研究重点是设计、开发、校准和评估专门为水泥基材料定制的经济型实验室级三维打印机,旨在降低建筑领域 AM 研究的准入门槛。本文介绍了一种简单但功能强大的打印技术的概念验证,该技术可满足研究调查的要求。研究详细介绍了从概念设计到校准打印参数的开发过程。开发过程包括评估与熔融沉积建模三维打印机运动系统集成的初步挤出系统设计。随后,进行了材料研究,以确定最佳的材料混合成分和比例。此外,还利用统计分析对打印参数进行了全面校准,以确保打印的一致性和质量。通过打印样品并测试其热性能,评估了所建议的小型三维打印机的可打印性和适用性。成本分析表明,拟议的三维打印机成本为 273 美元,与市场上现有的替代品相比具有优势。这项研究说明了小型三维打印机在促进建筑研究和实践方面的潜力,从而推动了可持续建筑方法的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental investigation of utilizing coconut shell ash and coconut shell granules as aggregates in coconut coir reinforced concrete 利用椰壳灰和椰壳颗粒作为椰糠加固混凝土骨料的实验研究
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100779

In the agricultural industry, coconut shells are one of the most generated wastes worldwide. In particular, studies in the Philippines show that the maximum capacity of the organic decomposition processes of agricultural products is exceeded due to the increasing agricultural activities. On the other hand, in the construction industry, cement production accounts for billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions yearly. To address the said biowaste disposal problem, and environmental implications of the growing construction industry, this study evaluated the potential of utilizing coconut shell ash (CSA) and coconut shell granules (CSG) in concrete production as alternatives to cement and sand, being the conventional aggregates, respectively. Additionally, coconut coir (CC) was incorporated as fiber reinforcements in concrete. The experiment consisted of 15 mix designs using different proportions of CSA and CSG, ranging from 0% to 20%, and CC fiber reinforcements, ranging from 0% to 2%. The tests conducted on fresh concrete involved measuring its slump and unit weight, while the 28-day cured samples were tested for compressive and tensile strengths. Results showed that high concentrations of CSA, CSG and CC, when combined in the concrete mix, leads to poor workability; on the other hand, the modified mixes generally had lower unit weights than the conventional concrete. These are associated to the higher absorption rate, but lower density of the said agri-wastes than the conventional aggregates. In terms of the compressive and tensile strengths, all modified mixes produced lower strengths than the conventional concrete. Nonetheless, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilised to model the relationship between the different independent variables considered in the study, namely CSA, CSG and CC contents, and their corresponding response to the compressive and tensile strengths. Based on the generated RSM Model, the optimum combination for obtaining the maximum strength consisted of 2% CC, resulting in a compressive and tensile strength of 23.046 MPa and 3.315 MPa, respectively. Overall, CSG-CSA coconut coir reinforced concrete is found to be a viable sustainable alternative for structures requiring low-strength, non-structural concrete, such as concrete slab patios and pathways.

在农业领域,椰子壳是全世界产生最多的废物之一。特别是菲律宾的研究表明,由于农业活动不断增加,农产品有机分解过程的最大能力已被超过。另一方面,在建筑行业,水泥生产每年排放数十亿吨二氧化碳。为了解决上述生物垃圾处理问题以及日益增长的建筑业对环境的影响,本研究评估了在混凝土生产中利用椰壳灰(CSA)和椰壳颗粒(CSG)分别替代水泥和沙子(传统骨料)的潜力。此外,还在混凝土中加入了椰糠(CC)作为纤维增强材料。实验包括 15 种混合设计,其中 CSA 和 CSG 的比例从 0% 到 20% 不等,CC 纤维增强剂的比例从 0% 到 2% 不等。对新拌混凝土进行的测试包括测量其坍落度和单位重量,而对 28 天养护的样品则进行抗压和抗拉强度测试。结果表明,当混凝土拌合物中含有高浓度的 CSA、CSG 和 CC 时,会导致工作性变差;另一方面,改性拌合物的单位重量通常低于传统混凝土。这与上述农业废弃物的吸收率较高但密度低于传统骨料有关。在抗压和抗拉强度方面,所有改良混合料的强度都低于传统混凝土。尽管如此,我们还是采用了响应面法(RSM)来模拟研究中考虑的不同自变量(即 CSA、CSG 和 CC 含量)之间的关系,以及它们对抗压和抗拉强度的相应响应。根据生成的 RSM 模型,获得最大强度的最佳组合是 2% 的 CC,其抗压和抗拉强度分别为 23.046 兆帕和 3.315 兆帕。总之,对于需要低强度、非结构性混凝土的结构(如混凝土板庭院和小径)来说,CSG-CSA 椰子纤维增强混凝土是一种可行的可持续替代材料。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of IoT technologies suitable for remote areas in Colombia: Conceptual design of an IoT system for monitoring and managing distributed energy systems 分析适合哥伦比亚偏远地区的物联网技术:监测和管理分布式能源系统的物联网系统概念设计
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100783

This study presents a conceptual design of an Internet of Things (IoT) communication system for monitoring power generation systems in Colombian Non-Interconnected Zones (NIZs), which lack IoT connectivity due to complex geographical factors. The proposed system aims to ensure the proper operation and energy efficiency of off-grid systems while tracking the variables that influence their performance.

The methods used in this study include identifying the needs of such a system, identifying requirements, obtaining technical specifications, and developing a conceptual design. The study also analyses and compares various technologies, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa and ZigBee, to determine which ones are best suited for IoT system design.

The conceptual design of the proposed IoT monitoring system considers the geographical, communication and coverage characteristics of the NIZs and the technical characteristics of the energy projects to provide a complete functional system that can connect approximately 2 million people located in these isolated and vulnerable zones. Finally, the defined system can serve as a precedent for building prototypes in various NIZs, and research on IoT technologies suitable for NIZs can help us seek the technologies that are most suitable for these areas. Depending on the application and conditions of the energy project, the most appropriate technology can be determined on a case-by-case basis.

本研究提出了一个物联网通信系统的概念设计,用于监控哥伦比亚非互联区(NIZ)的发电系统,由于复杂的地理因素,这些地区缺乏物联网连接。该系统旨在确保离网系统的正常运行和能源效率,同时跟踪影响其性能的变量。本研究采用的方法包括确定对此类系统的需求、确定要求、获取技术规格以及开发概念设计。本研究还分析和比较了各种技术,包括 Wi-Fi、蓝牙、LoRa 和 ZigBee,以确定哪种技术最适合物联网系统设计。拟议物联网监控系统的概念设计考虑到了 NIZ 的地理、通信和覆盖特点以及能源项目的技术特点,以提供一个完整的功能系统,连接位于这些孤立和脆弱地区的约 200 万人。最后,所定义的系统可以作为在不同国家识别区建立原型的先例,而对适合国家识别区的物联网技术的研究则可以帮助我们寻找最适合这些地区的技术。根据能源项目的应用和条件,可以逐一确定最合适的技术。
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Cleaner Engineering and Technology
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