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The fate of hazardous textile pollutants in an upcycling process for post-consumer garments 消费后服装升级再造过程中有害纺织污染物的去向
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100794
Tim Åström , Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas , Lisa Skedung , Ioana Chelcea , Charlotte Nilsson , Aji P. Mathew , Ioannis Sadiktsis , Ulrika Nilsson

The environmental impact is a strong incentive for the development of upcycling processes for textile waste. However, toxic chemicals may occur in both brand-new textiles and post-consumer garments, and the chemical transfer in such routes is important to investigate. The present study applied non-target screening and quantification with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to follow the fate of hazardous chemicals from post-consumer polycotton garments to a new material, cellulose nanocrystals, in a chemical upcycling utilizing strongly acidic conditions. The majority of hazardous chemicals detected within the process were found to be transferred to a residual of polyester material and not to the enriched cellulose. However, phthalates were found to be mainly attached to the cellulose nanocrystals. The detected total concentration, in this case, was below 5 μg/g, at least 200 times lower than the limit set by the European Union. This indicates the importance of monitoring and controlling the phthalate content in the starting material of the process, i.e., the post-consumer garments. The chemical release into the process waste effluent could be estimated based on water solubility data for chemicals under the applied conditions. Three compounds, the water-repellent substance perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and the dyes Crystal Violet and Victoria Pure Blue, were almost entirely transferred into the process waste effluent. Although the levels detected were very low in the present pilot process, their presence eventually indicates the need for wastewater purification at further upscaling, depending on the exposure and dose in relation to toxicological relevant thresholds.

对环境的影响是开发纺织废料升级再造工艺的强大动力。然而,有毒化学物质可能同时存在于全新纺织品和消费后服装中,因此研究这些途径中的化学转移非常重要。本研究采用液相色谱/质谱法进行非目标筛选和定量,在强酸性条件下进行化学升级再循环,跟踪有害化学物质从消费后聚棉服装到新材料纤维素纳米晶体的去向。结果发现,在这一过程中检测到的大部分有害化学物质都转移到了聚酯材料的残留物中,而没有转移到富集的纤维素中。不过,邻苯二甲酸盐主要附着在纤维素纳米晶体上。在这种情况下,检测到的总浓度低于 5 微克/克,比欧盟规定的限值至少低 200 倍。这表明监测和控制工艺起始材料(即消费后服装)中邻苯二甲酸酯含量的重要性。根据化学品在应用条件下的水溶性数据,可以估算出加工废水中的化学品释放量。有三种化合物(全氟辛烷磺酸、水晶紫和维多利亚纯蓝)几乎全部转移到了加工废水中。虽然在目前的试点工艺中检测到的含量很低,但它们的存在最终表明,在进一步扩大规模时,根据与毒理学相关阈值有关的接触和剂量,有必要对废水进行净化。
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引用次数: 0
Physicochemical, mechanical and thermal analysis of unfired clay bricks: Kaolinite-PEG 6000 composite 未烧制粘土砖的物理化学、机械和热分析:高岭石-PEG 6000 复合材料
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100793
Rachid Et-tanteny , Bouchta El Amrani , Imad Manssouri , Houssame Limami

This study aims to evaluate the potential of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), a recycled material, as an additive to improve unfired clay bricks. By proposing a sustainable alternative to traditional methods potentially linked to medical waste. This research explores the physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties of unfired clay bricks modified by different contents of PEG 6000 (0%, 1%, 3%, 7%, 15% and 20% by weight) according to the standard NM 13.1 0.0442005. The testing methods comply with recognized building sector standards (Belgian NBN EN 771-3+A1 and American ASTM C675-17). The clay used was extracted from Berrechid city and it is identified as kaolinite and some trace of illite, which has non-swelling properties. The incorporation of PEG 6000 into the unfired clay bricks has notably reduced the porosity rate from 3.91 % to 1.21 %, an improvement of 69 % compared to the reference sample, leading to a decrease in the rate of capillary water absorption. The bulk density of the bricks has slightly decreased to 1670.07 kg/m3, which still allowed them to be classified as light bricks. The incorporation of 7% of PEG 6000 increased compressive strength and flexural strength up to 15.98 MPa and 0.959 KN respectively, an improvement of 63.23 % compared to the reference sample, making them suitable for the construction of interior and exterior walls according to the standard NBN EN 771-3+A1. However, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity have been improved by 42.22 % compared to the reference sample, reaching 0.26 W/m.K and 0.89 kJ/kg.K respectively. Optimization showed that 7% of PEG 6000 is the optimal percentage for manufacturing high-performance bricks, taking into account all properties studied previously. Moreover, the simulations carried out by the TRANSYS software suggest significant energy gains in terms of insulation, achieving up to 58.33% energy savings. In essence, this research demonstrates the potential of PEG 6000 as a sustainable additive for unfired clay bricks, offering improved properties and promising energy efficiency benefits.

本研究旨在评估聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)这种回收材料作为添加剂改善未烧制粘土砖的潜力。通过提出一种可持续的替代方法来替代可能与医疗废物有关的传统方法。这项研究根据 NM 13.1 0.0442005 标准,探讨了使用不同含量的 PEG 6000(0%、1%、3%、7%、15% 和 20%(按重量计))改性的未烧粘土砖的物理化学、机械和热性能。测试方法符合公认的建筑行业标准(比利时 NBN EN 771-3+A1 和美国 ASTM C675-17)。所使用的粘土提取自 Berrechid 市,经鉴定为高岭石和微量伊利石,具有非膨胀特性。在未烧成的粘土砖中加入 PEG 6000 后,孔隙率从 3.91% 显著降低到 1.21%,与参考样品相比提高了 69%,从而降低了毛细吸水率。砖块的体积密度略有下降,为 1670.07 kg/m3,仍可归类为轻质砖。加入 7% 的 PEG 6000 后,抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高到 15.98 兆帕和 0.959 千牛,与参考样品相比提高了 63.23%,因此根据 NBN EN 771-3+A1 标准,它们适用于建造内墙和外墙。不过,导热系数和比热容与参考样品相比提高了 42.22%,分别达到 0.26 W/m.K 和 0.89 kJ/kg.K。优化结果表明,考虑到之前研究的所有特性,7% 的 PEG 6000 是制造高性能砖的最佳比例。此外,TRANSYS 软件的模拟结果表明,隔热节能效果显著,节能率高达 58.33%。从本质上讲,这项研究证明了 PEG 6000 作为未烧制粘土砖的可持续添加剂的潜力,它不仅能改善砖的性能,还能提高能源效率。
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引用次数: 0
Advancements in vinasse application: An integrated analysis of patents, literature and research profile 蔗渣应用的进展:专利、文献和研究概况综合分析
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100795
Ananda Silva Dias , Patricia Alves Carneiro , Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy , Aldara da Silva César , Ualison Rébula de Oliveira

One of the main challenges in ethanol production within alcohol industries is the management of vinasse, a voluminous and highly toxic waste. This demands the search for alternatives for its reprocessing and disposal since its release into the environment results in soil and water pollution, leading to an unhealthy environment, ecological imbalances, and harm to wildlife. Given the relevance of this issue, the main objective of this study was to research patents in leading databases focused on vinasse treatment. The results were then correlated with an analysis of publications on vinasse application in new products and processes from January 1990 to December 2021. Additionally, we conducted a research profile analysis using three software tools (VOSViewer, CiteSpace, and CitNetExplorer) to extract citation networks, identify the main research groups, and comprehend the evolution of vinasse-related research over time. The results showed that most frequent applications are: i) biofuel production; ii) treatment; iii) recovery of organic compounds; iv) enzymatic hydrolysis; v) bioremediation; vi) fertilizer. With this, articles were searched for the investigation of innovations in the sugar-cane ethanol production chain. Most articles focus on the treatment of vinasse using microorganisms, in addition to the reuse of this effluent as a fertilizer. Thus, this study contributes to the presentation of the main works in the field and the literature regarding the use of vinasse and pointing out the current challenges to be overcome.

酒精工业中乙醇生产的主要挑战之一是如何管理蔗渣这种大量的高毒性废物。由于蔗渣排放到环境中会造成土壤和水污染,导致不健康的环境、生态失衡和对野生动物的伤害,因此需要寻找蔗渣再加工和处理的替代方法。鉴于这一问题的相关性,本研究的主要目的是研究主要数据库中有关蔗渣处理的专利。然后将研究结果与 1990 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月期间有关新产品和新工艺中蔗渣应用的出版物分析联系起来。此外,我们还使用三种软件工具(VOSViewer、CiteSpace 和 CitNetExplorer)进行了研究概况分析,以提取引文网络,确定主要研究小组,并了解蔗渣相关研究随时间的演变。结果显示,最常见的应用是:i) 生物燃料生产;ii) 处理;iii) 有机化合物回收;iv) 酶水解;v) 生物修复;vi) 肥料。因此,我们搜索了有关甘蔗乙醇生产链创新的文章。大多数文章侧重于利用微生物处理蔗渣,以及将这种污水作为肥料再利用。因此,本研究有助于介绍该领域的主要工作和有关使用甘蔗渣的文献,并指出当前需要克服的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing energy efficiency of the utility system through R-curve analysis by integrating absorption cooling systems 通过 R 曲线分析,整合吸收式冷却系统,提高公用事业系统的能源效率
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100791
Ali Rahmani , Mohsen Salimi , Majid Amidpour

This paper presents a novel approach for upgrading utility systems by integrating absorption cooling systems using R-curve analysis. The key contributions include a comprehensive methodology for drawing the R-curve, determining priority paths, and optimizing the system without additional capital costs; a step-by-step case study illustrating the process of integrating two absorption chillers and analyzing their impact on cogeneration efficiency and the R-curve; equations for calculating cogeneration efficiency and power efficiency for different turbine paths to prioritize the most efficient paths; and findings revealing that integrating absorption chillers can significantly impact system performance, potentially increasing or decreasing cogeneration efficiency depending on the specific system. The proposed approach enables engineers to optimize utility systems by leveraging existing equipment and integrating absorption cooling efficiently, with the R-curve analysis providing a powerful tool for visualizing and optimizing the system to achieve the best balance of power, cooling, and heating. The findings demonstrate that careful analysis and optimization of the utility system using R-curve techniques can unlock significant energy savings and emissions reductions by prioritizing the most efficient turbine paths and integrating absorption cooling optimally.

本文介绍了一种通过使用 R 曲线分析整合吸收式冷却系统来升级公用事业系统的新方法。其主要贡献包括:绘制 R 曲线、确定优先路径以及在不增加资本成本的情况下优化系统的综合方法;分步案例研究,说明集成两台吸收式冷却器的过程,并分析其对热电联产效率和 R 曲线的影响;计算不同涡轮机路径的热电联产效率和功率效率的方程,以优先考虑效率最高的路径;研究结果表明,集成吸收式冷却器会对系统性能产生重大影响,可能会根据特定系统提高或降低热电联产效率。所提出的方法使工程师能够通过利用现有设备和有效集成吸收冷却来优化公用事业系统,R 曲线分析为可视化和优化系统提供了强大的工具,以实现电力、冷却和加热的最佳平衡。研究结果表明,利用 R 曲线技术对公用事业系统进行仔细分析和优化,可以优先考虑最高效的涡轮机路径,并优化集成吸收冷却系统,从而实现显著的节能减排效果。
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引用次数: 0
Decarbonizing transportation: A data-driven examination of ICE vehicle to EV transition 交通去碳化:数据驱动的内燃机汽车向电动汽车过渡研究
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100782
Cristian Giovanni Colombo , Fabio Borghetti , Michela Longo , Wahiba Yaici , Seyed Mahdi Miraftabzadeh

Transportation is one of the sectors with the highest CO2 emissions, accounting for 23% globally and significantly contributing to climate change. To address this challenge, the authorities have proposed new stringent policies that lead to decarbonization. From this perspective, this work proposes a multi-scenario analysis for the electrification of a fleet of private users. The scenarios differ on the type of charging mode adopted: slow charging (charging modes 1 and 2) and fast charging (charging modes 3 and 4). The model aims to identify the percentage of potential users who can shift from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) to Electric Vehicles (EVs) in different scenarios. Furthermore, the model will highlight the average expenditure of users for charging, highlighting how the cost of energy could be a driver for the electrification of the sector. Finally, the model will allow us to evaluate the savings of up to 220 tons of CO2/year thanks to the electrification of the sector with Long Range vehicles, in best case scenario. The use of a multi-scenario analysis allowed several possible electrification solutions to be explored, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the charging mode used, supported by quantitative results. This data-driven approach allows us to identify optimal locations for public charging stations in region of northern Italy region, where the data was sourced, which will help to encourage the switch to EVs.

交通是二氧化碳排放量最高的行业之一,占全球排放量的 23%,是造成气候变化的重要因素。为应对这一挑战,政府提出了新的严格政策,以实现去碳化。从这一角度出发,这项工作提出了对私人用户车队电气化的多情景分析。这些方案因所采用的充电模式而异:慢速充电(充电模式 1 和 2)和快速充电(充电模式 3 和 4)。该模型旨在确定在不同场景下,从内燃机汽车(ICE)转向电动汽车(EV)的潜在用户比例。此外,该模型还将突出用户在充电方面的平均支出,强调能源成本如何成为该行业电气化的驱动力。最后,通过该模型,我们可以评估在最佳情况下,由于使用长程电动汽车实现行业电气化,每年最多可减少 220 吨二氧化碳排放量。通过多情景分析,我们可以探讨几种可能的电气化解决方案,突出所用充电模式的优缺点,并辅以量化结果。这种以数据为导向的方法使我们能够确定意大利北部地区公共充电站的最佳位置,这将有助于鼓励人们改用电动汽车。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing sustainability of urban waste management through data envelopment analysis for municipal solid waste composting in Tehran, Iran 通过对伊朗德黑兰城市固体废物堆肥的数据包络分析,提高城市废物管理的可持续性
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100781
Yosef Rahmani , Mohammad Gholami Parashkoohi , Hamed Afshari , Ahmad Mohammadi

The critical necessity of decreasing energy consumption and environmental effects is vital in various facets of urban life, particularly in urban waste management. This research aimed to evaluate the energy flow, CExD, and Life Cycle of a composting system for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Tehran province, Iran. The initial phase entailed assessing the energy flow and effectiveness of the composting system, while the subsequent phase focused on enhancing energy efficiency through the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to determine an optimal energy consumption strategy for conserving energy and reducing environmental impacts in Tehran's MSW composting system. Over a 90-day period, the analysis of energy usage revealed an energy input and output of 417.30 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1, with 227.02 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 linked to transportation and 190.28 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 related to composting activities. The overall energy consumption in the composting system was determined to be 6424.77 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1. By applying DEA optimization, energy savings of 14.45 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 were accomplished in the composting process, with a significant reduction in electricity usage contributing to these savings. The environmental impact of the energy consumption patterns identified by DEA was notably lower compared to current energy practices. The most notable decrease in impact was observed in the Photochemical Oxidation category. By following the energy usage pattern recommended by DEA, the Global Warming Potential impact reduced by 500 kg CO2 eq. per 8500 t MSW. Additionally, the optimization of energy use through DEA led to a decrease in fossil energy resource depletion by around 4 GJ (8500 t MSW)−1 in the composting process.

减少能源消耗和环境影响对城市生活的各个方面都至关重要,特别是在城市废物管理方面。本研究旨在评估伊朗德黑兰省城市固体废物(MSW)堆肥系统的能量流、CExD 和生命周期。最初阶段需要评估堆肥系统的能量流和有效性,随后阶段则侧重于通过应用数据包络分析法(DEA)提高能源效率,以确定最佳能源消耗策略,从而在德黑兰的城市固体废物堆肥系统中节约能源并减少对环境的影响。在 90 天的时间内,能源使用分析显示能源输入和输出为 417.30 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1,其中 227.02 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1 与运输有关,190.28 千兆焦耳(8500 吨都市固体废物)-1 与堆肥活动有关。堆肥系统的总能耗被确定为 6424.77 GJ(8500 吨 MSW)-1。通过应用 DEA 优化,堆肥过程中可节约 14.45 GJ(8500 吨 MSW)-1 的能源,其中电力使用量的大幅减少为节能做出了贡献。与当前的能源使用方式相比,通过 DEA 确定的能源消耗模式对环境的影响明显降低。光化学氧化类别的影响下降最为明显。通过采用 DEA 推荐的能源使用模式,每 8500 吨都市固体废物的全球变暖潜势影响减少了 500 千克二氧化碳当量。此外,通过 DEA 对能源使用进行优化,堆肥过程中的化石能源消耗减少了约 4 GJ(8500 吨都市固 体垃圾)-1。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing dyeing parameters for sustainable wool dyeing using quinoa plant components with antibacterial properties 利用具有抗菌特性的藜麦植物成分优化染色参数,实现可持续羊毛染色
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100780
Fatemeh Taherirad , Homa Maleki , Hossein Barani , Abbas Khashei-Siuki , Faezeh khazaei

This study focuses on the sustainable utilization of Quinoa plant components, particularly its leaves, as a waste agricultural material for natural dyeing applications. Two distinct Quinoa genotypes, Titicaca and Giza, were selected for their natural dyeing properties. UV-VIS absorption spectra of Quinoa colorant extracts provided insights into their chemical composition, revealing distinctive peaks indicative of betalains (400–450 nm), chlorophyll (600–650 nm), carotenoids (400–500 nm), and aromatic amino acids (250–280 nm). Wool samples dyed with different plant parts such as flowers, leaves, and stalks exhibited distinct yellow hue, with leaves demonstrating the highest color strength. Metal mordants such as iron (II) sulphate, copper sulphate, and tin (II) chloride influenced color outcomes, highlighting their role in tailoring final appearance. Fastness properties of dyed wool samples were evaluated, with leaves showing moderate staining resistance and good light fastness. Additionally, antibacterial properties of leaves of Giza Quinoa variety were assessed, showing promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial properties of fabrics dyed with the leaf extract by mordanting method with different metal salt mordants, particularly Fe, Cr, and Cu, exhibited significant enhancement. These results highlight the multifaceted benefits of Quinoa plant components in sustainable natural dyeing and textile applications, emphasizing their potential for eco-friendly practices in the textile industry.

本研究的重点是可持续地利用藜麦植物成分,特别是其叶子,将其作为一种废弃的农业材料用于天然染色。研究人员选择了两种不同的藜麦基因型,即 Titicaca 和 Giza,以了解它们的天然染色特性。藜麦着色剂提取物的紫外-可见吸收光谱可帮助我们深入了解其化学成分,揭示出表明甜菜碱(400-450 纳米)、叶绿素(600-650 纳米)、类胡萝卜素(400-500 纳米)和芳香族氨基酸(250-280 纳米)的独特峰值。用不同植物部分(如花、叶和茎)染色的羊毛样品呈现出明显的黄色,其中叶片的着色强度最高。硫酸铁 (II)、硫酸铜和氯化锡 (II) 等金属媒染剂影响了染色结果,突出了它们在定制最终外观中的作用。对染色羊毛样品的牢度特性进行了评估,结果显示羊毛叶片具有适度的耐沾污性和良好的耐光牢度。此外,还对吉萨藜麦品种叶片的抗菌特性进行了评估,结果表明叶片对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的抗菌活性。用不同的金属盐媒染剂,特别是铁盐、铬盐和铜盐,通过媒染法将叶片提取物染色的织物的抗菌性能显著增强。这些结果凸显了藜麦植物成分在可持续天然染色和纺织品应用中的多方面益处,强调了它们在纺织业生态友好实践中的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Techno-economic analysis of cleaner alternatives for recovering ammonium chloride from wastewater generated by polyvinyl chloride thermal stabilizer plants 从聚氯乙烯热稳定剂工厂产生的废水中回收氯化铵的清洁替代品的技术经济分析
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100787
I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan , Adli Azharuddin , Husnul Komariah , Ryuichi Egashira

The current conventional process for recovering NH4Cl from wastewater generated by organotin mercaptide-based polyvinyl chloride thermal stabilizer plants through evaporative crystallization is energy intensive and has not yet been discussed. Three energy-saving process variants, namely mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), double-effect evaporation (DEE), and thermal vapor recompression (TVR) processes, have been proposed and evaluated in terms of both technical and economic feasibility, treating the case as a cost-cutting project aimed to avoid off-site wastewater treatment costs. Comparative evaluation has also been carried out with the conventional (CON) process used as a reference. Under the studied conditions, the MVR, DEE, and TVR processes provided energy savings in the ranges of 60%–76%, 35%–43%, and 26%–37%, respectively, confirming that applying the three alternative processes for recovering NH4Cl results in a significantly cleaner and more sustainable recovery process. Under typical conditions and with a plant capacity of 5000 kg/h, the MVR, DEE, and TVR processes required an additional investment of 2.3, 1.0, and 0.2 million USD, respectively, compared to the CON process. The revenue was primarily driven by cost savings due to the elimination of off-site wastewater treatment, which accounted for 86.9% of the total revenue. Sensitivity analysis showed that the off-site wastewater treatment cost was found to be the most influential factor on economic feasibility. When economic targets can be traded off, MVR process is highly recommended as an alternative to the conventional energy-intensive process. If economic feasibility comparable to the conventional process is still targeted, DEE and TVR are recommended. The results of this study dismiss concerns that cleaner processes would have a negative economic impact.

目前,通过蒸发结晶从有机锡硫醇基聚氯乙烯热稳定剂工厂产生的废水中回收 NH4Cl 的传统工艺能耗高,尚未得到讨论。我们提出了三种节能工艺变体,即机械蒸汽再压缩工艺(MVR)、双效蒸发工艺(DEE)和热蒸汽再压缩工艺(TVR),并从技术和经济可行性两方面对其进行了评估,将此案例视为旨在避免场外废水处理成本的成本削减项目。此外,还与作为参考的传统(CON)工艺进行了比较评估。在所研究的条件下,MVR、DEE 和 TVR 工艺的节能率分别为 60%-76%、35%-43% 和 26%-37%,这证实了采用这三种替代工艺回收 NH4Cl 可以大大提高回收工艺的清洁度和可持续性。在典型条件下,工厂产能为 5000 公斤/小时,与 CON 工艺相比,MVR、DEE 和 TVR 工艺分别需要额外投资 230 万美元、100 万美元和 20 万美元。收入主要来自于取消异地废水处理所节省的成本,占总收入的 86.9%。敏感性分析表明,异地废水处理成本是对经济可行性影响最大的因素。当经济指标可以权衡时,强烈建议采用 MVR 工艺替代传统的高能耗工艺。如果仍然希望经济可行性与传统工艺相当,则建议采用 DEE 和 TVR 工艺。这项研究的结果消除了人们对清洁工艺会产生负面经济影响的担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-friendly low-carbon manganese ferroalloy production for cleaner steel technologies 生态友好型低碳锰铁合金生产促进清洁钢铁技术的发展
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100784
Navneet Singh Randhawa, Rajesh Kanyut Minj, Krishna Kumar

Global steel production, a major contributor to anthropogenic carbon dioxide, heavily relies on manganese, a key ingredient that significantly impacts the carbon footprint during the production of high-carbon ferromanganese. A single-step generation of low-carbon ferromanganese (LC-FeMn) from manganese ore in an electric arc furnace (EAF) was investigated. The theoretical and experimental investigations helped to balance the required and supplied energy. The process sustainability was predicted based on the enthalpy of the reaction. Pre-reduction of manganese ore decreased energy consumption in the smelting process and saved raw materials costs. The simulation studies revealed a significant effect of lime and silica on the slag-metal equilibrium. It further confirmed the best-reducing condition with the basicity 1.5–1.77 by smelting tests in EAF. Experimental results showed an optimal charge mixture comprising appropriate ratios of ore:SiMn:lime ratio, producing a standard-grade product. Simultaneous melting and smelting sensibly used the exothermic heat, consuming 410–880 kWh/ton, much lower than the international benchmark, i.e. approximately 2000 kWh/ton. The characterization of resulting slags corroborated the advantages of the manganese ore pre-reduction on the energy and reductant consumption, alloy grade, and slag characteristics. The present study's findings can potentially contribute to the ongoing low-carbon initiatives of steel.

全球钢铁生产是人为二氧化碳的主要排放源,严重依赖锰,而锰是生产高碳锰铁过程中对碳足迹产生重大影响的关键成分。我们研究了在电弧炉(EAF)中以锰矿石为原料一步生成低碳锰铁(LC-FeMn)的方法。理论和实验研究有助于平衡所需能源和供应能源。根据反应热焓预测了工艺的可持续性。锰矿的预还原降低了冶炼过程中的能耗,节约了原材料成本。模拟研究表明,石灰和二氧化硅对熔渣-金属平衡有显著影响。通过在电弧炉中的冶炼试验,进一步确认了碱度为 1.5-1.77 的最佳还原条件。实验结果表明,由矿石、锰硅和石灰的适当比例组成的最佳炉料混合物可生产出标准级产品。同时熔化和冶炼合理地利用了放热,耗电量为 410-880 千瓦时/吨,远低于国际基准(约 2000 千瓦时/吨)。所得炉渣的特征证实了锰矿预还原在能源和还原剂消耗、合金等级和炉渣特征方面的优势。本研究的发现有可能为正在进行的钢铁低碳计划做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Critical factors for assessing building deconstructability: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis 评估建筑物可解构性的关键因素:探索性和确认性因素分析
IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.clet.2024.100790
Habeeb Balogun , Hafiz Alaka , Saheed Ajayi , Christian Nnaemeka Egwim

In various cities/other urban settlements, buildings are replaced with newer stocks, ending many buildings' lives. Unfortunately, these buildings nearing or at end-of-useful lives are mostly not deconstructed; instead, they get demolished, resulting in waste generation and pollution, among other environmental concerns. Deconstruction supports closing the material loop in construction, facilitating reuse at end-of-life of the building; however, it is not always easy to assess the feasibility of deconstruction for existing buildings – deconstructability. For this purpose, this paper investigated critical factors that needed to be checked to make informed decisions about the deconstructability of buildings. These factors cover economic, social, environmental, legal, and technical dimensions. Based on the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 31 significant drivers were identified. These drivers were classed into seven factors. The findings in this paper contribute to the practice of deconstruction, mainly supporting deconstructability decision-making and are helpful for deconstruction/demolition auditors, waste-management consultants and/or other stakeholders with waste minimisation goals, particularly for buildings nearing or at the end-of-useful lives.

在不同的城市/其他城市住区,建筑物被新的建筑所取代,许多建筑物的寿命就此结束。遗憾的是,这些即将或即将结束使用年限的建筑大多没有进行解构,而是被拆除,从而导致废物的产生和污染,以及其他环境问题。解构支持建筑材料的闭合循环,有利于在建筑物使用寿命结束时进行再利用;然而,评估现有建筑物的解构可行性--可解构性--并非易事。为此,本文调查了在对建筑物的可解构性做出明智决定时需要检查的关键因素。这些因素包括经济、社会、环境、法律和技术等方面。根据探索性因子分析 (EFA) 和确认性因子分析 (CFA),确定了 31 个重要的驱动因素。这些驱动因素被分为七个因子。本文的研究结果有助于解构实践,主要支持可解构性决策,并对解构/拆除审计师、废物管理顾问和/或其他以废物最小化为目标的利益相关者有所帮助,特别是对接近或处于使用寿命末期的建筑物。
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引用次数: 0
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Cleaner Engineering and Technology
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