Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6858
A. Morgan
Benign cystic tumors can originate from the retroperitoneum and are known to develop in adult males and females asymptomatically. Radiological diagnosis of teratomas in the retroperitoneal region is difficult and often confused with myelolipoma or other lipomatous tumors. This case report describes the incidental finding of mature cystic teratoma of the retroperitoneal region, which ruptured post motor vehicle accident (MVA) in 31years, old female patient. The patient present to the emergency department 24 hours post-accident with symptoms and signs of peritoneal inflammation. As a result of the seat belt injury, the cystic teratoma of the left retroperitoneum had ruptured. Due to anatomical location, the cyst was only partially removed. This case report has raised multiple clinical dilemmas and is the first of its kind in trauma patient management of mature cystic teratoma.
{"title":"Rupture of mature cystic teratoma induced by a car accident","authors":"A. Morgan","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6858","url":null,"abstract":"Benign cystic tumors can originate from the retroperitoneum and are known to develop in adult males and females asymptomatically. Radiological diagnosis of teratomas in the retroperitoneal region is difficult and often confused with myelolipoma or other lipomatous tumors. This case report describes the incidental finding of mature cystic teratoma of the retroperitoneal region, which ruptured post motor vehicle accident (MVA) in 31years, old female patient. The patient present to the emergency department 24 hours post-accident with symptoms and signs of peritoneal inflammation. As a result of the seat belt injury, the cystic teratoma of the left retroperitoneum had ruptured. Due to anatomical location, the cyst was only partially removed. This case report has raised multiple clinical dilemmas and is the first of its kind in trauma patient management of mature cystic teratoma.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133027603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6857
Z. Chowdhary, Falak Chowdhary, Aniece Chowdhary, Aamir Chowdhary
We all have seen/ experienced incidences of corporal punishment, but most of us don’t see them as something strange/ to question, and yet it makes us feel uncomfortable. In other words; corporal punishment is just one of the wrong ways to discipline a child. In our society, it is a trend that children in school as well as at home are physically punished if they do not conform to the set social behavior. The punishment varies from physical abuse to psychological abuse. A child responds differently to the menace of corporal punishment and the uncontrolled anger of the parent/ teacher, may result in injuries or even death of the child. Children respect and admire adults whether parents/ teachers but these punishments may lead to anger and frustration which diminish the intimacy which the child has towards them and to cope up with the persistent abuse, the child indulges in self-destructive activities like alcohol abuse etc and even suicidal attempts. Chronic abuse of the child leads to a breach of the trust between the child and the parent/ teacher causing effects beyond physical/ mental trauma, there is an erosion of the self-esteem, fear of closeness and ill-conceived attempts to avoid unpleasant reminders of child abuse. The use of corporal punishment is strongly rooted in our society and is passed on through generations. However, this doesn’t mean that corporal punishment is justified. So, putting an end to corporal punishment is our ethical duty.
{"title":"Educate: Don’t punish","authors":"Z. Chowdhary, Falak Chowdhary, Aniece Chowdhary, Aamir Chowdhary","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6857","url":null,"abstract":"We all have seen/ experienced incidences of corporal punishment, but most of us don’t see them as something strange/ to question, and yet it makes us feel uncomfortable. In other words; corporal punishment is just one of the wrong ways to discipline a child. In our society, it is a trend that children in school as well as at home are physically punished if they do not conform to the set social behavior. The punishment varies from physical abuse to psychological abuse. A child responds differently to the menace of corporal punishment and the uncontrolled anger of the parent/ teacher, may result in injuries or even death of the child. Children respect and admire adults whether parents/ teachers but these punishments may lead to anger and frustration which diminish the intimacy which the child has towards them and to cope up with the persistent abuse, the child indulges in self-destructive activities like alcohol abuse etc and even suicidal attempts. Chronic abuse of the child leads to a breach of the trust between the child and the parent/ teacher causing effects beyond physical/ mental trauma, there is an erosion of the self-esteem, fear of closeness and ill-conceived attempts to avoid unpleasant reminders of child abuse. The use of corporal punishment is strongly rooted in our society and is passed on through generations. However, this doesn’t mean that corporal punishment is justified. So, putting an end to corporal punishment is our ethical duty.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127731347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6861
Hussein Chahrour
Bullet embolism is a relatively uncommon complication of gunshot injuries. Migration of bullets through bodily vessels presents unique clinical challenges and can lead to infection, thrombosis, ischemia, hemorrhage, and death. Potential lack of early symptoms leads to delayed or missed diagnosis and often-inadequate early management can potentially result in the loss of extremities or life. In this paper is presented an unusual case in which a stray bullet to the posterior aspect of the left side of the chest penetrated the thoracic cavity and traveled to the left femoral artery through the left ventricle, embolizing the vessel. The bullet was surgically removed from the left common femoral artery.
{"title":"Stray bullet as a cardiac embolism","authors":"Hussein Chahrour","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6861","url":null,"abstract":"Bullet embolism is a relatively uncommon complication of gunshot injuries. Migration of bullets through bodily vessels presents unique clinical challenges and can lead to infection, thrombosis, ischemia, hemorrhage, and death. Potential lack of early symptoms leads to delayed or missed diagnosis and often-inadequate early management can potentially result in the loss of extremities or life. In this paper is presented an unusual case in which a stray bullet to the posterior aspect of the left side of the chest penetrated the thoracic cavity and traveled to the left femoral artery through the left ventricle, embolizing the vessel. The bullet was surgically removed from the left common femoral artery.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134232825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6859
Apoorva Gupta, V. Shankar, S. Ravindra
{"title":"It should not hurt to be a child: a case report","authors":"Apoorva Gupta, V. Shankar, S. Ravindra","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6859","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123979923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/ijetv.v2i02.6853
R. K. Gorea
Bullying is seen in different spheres of life but is more worrisome in schools because deleterious effects are more pronounced in victims of bullying at schools due to the young age of the victims. Different forms of bullying are observed but their effects are mostly similar though their severity varies depending on the attitude of the bullied student. Some places in any school are more prone to incidences of bullying and these areas should be specially taken care of to prevent bullying. Various strategies are adopted depending upon research in a particular institution or state but the involvement of all stakeholders is important to reduce the incidences of bullying.
{"title":"Bullying in schools: Epidemiology and prevention","authors":"R. K. Gorea","doi":"10.18099/ijetv.v2i02.6853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v2i02.6853","url":null,"abstract":"Bullying is seen in different spheres of life but is more worrisome in schools because deleterious effects are more pronounced in victims of bullying at schools due to the young age of the victims. Different forms of bullying are observed but their effects are mostly similar though their severity varies depending on the attitude of the bullied student. Some places in any school are more prone to incidences of bullying and these areas should be specially taken care of to prevent bullying. Various strategies are adopted depending upon research in a particular institution or state but the involvement of all stakeholders is important to reduce the incidences of bullying.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132831005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-28DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6860
B. Aggarwal, R. K. Gorea, Abhinav Gorea, Arshdeep Gorea
Occipitalization of the atlas or atlanto-occipital fusion is one of the osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. This fusion may be partial or complete and can be due to failure in segmentation and separation of the most caudal occipital sclerotome and the first cervical sclerotome.We present a case report of complete occipitalization of the atlas which was observed during undergraduate teaching at Luxmi Bai Dental College, Patiala. Such an anomaly is of interest to anatomists, physicians, radiologists and neurologists as it can cause a variety of neurological symptoms. Occipitalization can cause sudden death and an antemortem record of such an anomaly can help in identification of the deceased. Hence, occipitalization can be of interest to the forensic investigators in establishing the identity of the deceased.
{"title":"Occipitalization and its clinical relevance: A case report","authors":"B. Aggarwal, R. K. Gorea, Abhinav Gorea, Arshdeep Gorea","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I02.6860","url":null,"abstract":"Occipitalization of the atlas or atlanto-occipital fusion is one of the osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. This fusion may be partial or complete and can be due to failure in segmentation and separation of the most caudal occipital sclerotome and the first cervical sclerotome.We present a case report of complete occipitalization of the atlas which was observed during undergraduate teaching at Luxmi Bai Dental College, Patiala. Such an anomaly is of interest to anatomists, physicians, radiologists and neurologists as it can cause a variety of neurological symptoms. Occipitalization can cause sudden death and an antemortem record of such an anomaly can help in identification of the deceased. Hence, occipitalization can be of interest to the forensic investigators in establishing the identity of the deceased.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126579252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-29DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11130
S. Stein, Philip E. Carlan, Lisa S. Nored
This study assessed whether the media are influenced by the ‘cultural complex of innocence’ first proposed by psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung using content analysis. The cultural complex proposed is that Western society may be culturally conditioned to view blonde-haired (and possibly blue-eyed) Caucasian women as the archetypal image of innocence. In this study it was reviewed 53 missing persons’ cases of women across the United States between the years 2000 and 2009. The characteristics of the missing persons analyzed included age, race, hair color, eye color, socioeconomic status, prostitution history, drug history, history of mental illness, etc. Media related to each of the 533 cases was collected from Google News, CNN online, and MSNBC online. The articles were reviewed to determine frequency of keywords relating to the portrayal of the victim used by the three media outlets.
{"title":"Media construction of Missing White Woman Syndrome: A cultural complex of innocence","authors":"S. Stein, Philip E. Carlan, Lisa S. Nored","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11130","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed whether the media are influenced by the ‘cultural complex of innocence’ first proposed by psychoanalyst Carl Gustav Jung using content analysis. The cultural complex proposed is that Western society may be culturally conditioned to view blonde-haired (and possibly blue-eyed) Caucasian women as the archetypal image of innocence. In this study it was reviewed 53 missing persons’ cases of women across the United States between the years 2000 and 2009. The characteristics of the missing persons analyzed included age, race, hair color, eye color, socioeconomic status, prostitution history, drug history, history of mental illness, etc. Media related to each of the 533 cases was collected from Google News, CNN online, and MSNBC online. The articles were reviewed to determine frequency of keywords relating to the portrayal of the victim used by the three media outlets.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129942430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-29DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11131
P. Kende, A. S. Khadilkar, R. Gaikwad, Jayant S Landage
Age estimation is a sub discipline of forensic odontology which plays an important part in every identification process, especially when information related to the deceased is unavailable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Demirjian’s Dental Age Estimation technique, with the help of Ortho-Pantomo-Graphs (OPG) in 50 children. 50 OPGs of children in the age group of 6-16 years were randomly selected and a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. Age estimation was done by the method given by Demirjian and two tailed test of the data was carried out. A significantly high difference was observed in the estimated and chronologic ages in the age group of 13-16 years than in 6-12 years. Demirjian's original method, using seven mandibular teeth is an accurate method of age estimation in children especially of the younger age group (6-12 years of age).
{"title":"Age estimation in children using Demirjian’s technique: A retrospective study","authors":"P. Kende, A. S. Khadilkar, R. Gaikwad, Jayant S Landage","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11131","url":null,"abstract":"Age estimation is a sub discipline of forensic odontology which plays an important part in every identification process, especially when information related to the deceased is unavailable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Demirjian’s Dental Age Estimation technique, with the help of Ortho-Pantomo-Graphs (OPG) in 50 children.\u000050 OPGs of children in the age group of 6-16 years were randomly selected and a cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. Age estimation was done by the method given by Demirjian and two tailed test of the data was carried out.\u0000A significantly high difference was observed in the estimated and chronologic ages in the age group of 13-16 years than in 6-12 years.\u0000Demirjian's original method, using seven mandibular teeth is an accurate method of age estimation in children especially of the younger age group (6-12 years of age).","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124883247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-29DOI: 10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11134
R. Bala, A. Chanana
In spite of following one of the best management strategies, by the competent doctors with best available infrastructures in patient care, undesired results harming the patient cannot be avoided. Does it mean all these undesired results causing damage to the patient are as a result of medical negligence? Nowadays, patients are more aware of their rights on account of increased literacy level, role of print, electronic and social media and above all enactment of new law i.e. Consumer Protection Act 1986.Though the question of medical negligence is decided by Courts, but Courts on their own are not trained in medical science. Their decision is based on expert’s opinion. Judges apply the basic principle of law in conjunction with the law of land to make a decision. Reasonableness and prudence are the guiding factors. This paper deals with the legal aspects of medical negligence i.e. what is negligence and its type and various judgements especially the Jacob Mathew vs. State of Punjab 2005 and Anr, Martin F.D’Souza vs. Mohd. Ishfaq 2009, V. Kishan Rao vs. Nikhil Super Specialty Hospital 2010 delivered by the Apex Court to make the law of negligence more rational and directions given to subordinate Courts, various Consumer Fora, State and investigating agencies regarding procedures to be followed before filing a complaint or registering a case of criminal negligence against the doctor.
尽管遵循最好的管理策略之一，由有能力的医生提供最好的基础设施在病人护理中，不希望的结果伤害病人是不可避免的。这是否意味着所有这些对病人造成损害的不希望的结果都是医疗疏忽的结果?如今，由于文化水平的提高，印刷、电子和社交媒体的作用，以及最重要的是新法律的颁布，即《1986年消费者保护法》，患者更加意识到自己的权利。尽管医疗过失问题由法院裁决，但法院本身并没有接受过医学方面的培训。他们的决定是以专家的意见为基础的。法官结合土地法运用法律的基本原则作出判决。合理和审慎是指导因素。本文涉及医疗过失的法律方面，即什么是疏忽及其类型和各种判决，特别是Jacob Mathew诉旁遮普邦2005和Anr, Martin F.D 'Souza诉Mohd。由最高法院提交的《2009年Ishfaq, V. Kishan Rao诉Nikhil超级专科医院》，旨在使过失法更加合理，并向下级法院、各种消费者论坛、国家和调查机构发出指示，说明在对医生提起诉讼或登记刑事过失案件之前应遵循的程序。
{"title":"Recent legal aspects of medical negligence","authors":"R. Bala, A. Chanana","doi":"10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/IJETV.V2I1.11134","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of following one of the best management strategies, by the competent doctors with best available infrastructures in patient care, undesired results harming the patient cannot be avoided. Does it mean all these undesired results causing damage to the patient are as a result of medical negligence? Nowadays, patients are more aware of their rights on account of increased literacy level, role of print, electronic and social media and above all enactment of new law i.e. Consumer Protection Act 1986.Though the question of medical negligence is decided by Courts, but Courts on their own are not trained in medical science. Their decision is based on expert’s opinion. Judges apply the basic principle of law in conjunction with the law of land to make a decision. Reasonableness and prudence are the guiding factors. This paper deals with the legal aspects of medical negligence i.e. what is negligence and its type and various judgements especially the Jacob Mathew vs. State of Punjab 2005 and Anr, Martin F.D’Souza vs. Mohd. Ishfaq 2009, V. Kishan Rao vs. Nikhil Super Specialty Hospital 2010 delivered by the Apex Court to make the law of negligence more rational and directions given to subordinate Courts, various Consumer Fora, State and investigating agencies regarding procedures to be followed before filing a complaint or registering a case of criminal negligence against the doctor.","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115337359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-29DOI: 10.18099/ijetv.v2i1.11135
Qaiser Rasool Panzoo, R. Sandhu, S. S. Sandhu, Pardeep Singh
The world health organization [WHO] in 1983 discussed bio-medical waste issue. The seriousness of improper biomedical waste management was brought to the limelight during the “beach wash-ups” during summer 1998; which was investigated by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of the USA; and it resulted in the passing of Medical waste tracking Act (MWTA) in November 1998. This made USA the pioneer as far as waste management is concerned (1). Most important regarding the bio-medical waste is health hazards to patient and relatives, microbiological and chemical contamination of soil and ground water (2). Every human being should live in a clean environment is one of the Fundamental Rights, and is the innovative judicial interpretations of article 21 of Constitution of India. Article 48-A and 51 of the Constitution provide to protect and improve the natural environment including forests lakes, rivers and wild life. There are number of statutes like The Water Act, The Air Act, The Environment Protection Act, Hazardous Waste (management and Handling) Rules 1980. Forests Act, the Wild Life Acts and Provision of Indian Penal court, Criminal Procedure Code and Factories Act are meant for providing pollution free environment to mankind. There are many categories of institutions which pollute the environment but recently the ignored field which produce the pollution by way of Bio-Medical waste have attracted the attention of the environmentalists are the Hospitals, Dispensaries, Medical Shops, Medical clinics of doctors and other paramedical staff (3).
{"title":"Bio-medical waste-threat to environment: Management, disposal, ethical aspects and legal implications","authors":"Qaiser Rasool Panzoo, R. Sandhu, S. S. Sandhu, Pardeep Singh","doi":"10.18099/ijetv.v2i1.11135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v2i1.11135","url":null,"abstract":"The world health organization [WHO] in 1983 discussed bio-medical waste issue. The seriousness of improper biomedical waste management was brought to the limelight during the “beach wash-ups” during summer 1998; which was investigated by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of the USA; and it resulted in the passing of Medical waste tracking Act (MWTA) in November 1998. This made USA the pioneer as far as waste management is concerned (1). Most important regarding the bio-medical waste is health hazards to patient and relatives, microbiological and chemical contamination of soil and ground water (2). Every human being should live in a clean environment is one of the Fundamental Rights, and is the innovative judicial interpretations of article 21 of Constitution of India. Article 48-A and 51 of the Constitution provide to protect and improve the natural environment including forests lakes, rivers and wild life. There are number of statutes like The Water Act, The Air Act, The Environment Protection Act, Hazardous Waste (management and Handling) Rules 1980. Forests Act, the Wild Life Acts and Provision of Indian Penal court, Criminal Procedure Code and Factories Act are meant for providing pollution free environment to mankind. There are many categories of institutions which pollute the environment but recently the ignored field which produce the pollution by way of Bio-Medical waste have attracted the attention of the environmentalists are the Hospitals, Dispensaries, Medical Shops, Medical clinics of doctors and other paramedical staff (3).","PeriodicalId":346392,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Ethics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124153395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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