Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977076
E. Yoshikawa, Y. Nakamura, T. Morimoto, T. Ushio, Z. Kawasaki, T. Mega, Katsuyuki Imai, Takashi Nishida, Toshiya Saito, Norio Sakazume
A new high resolution Doppler radar, the Ku-band broad band radar, with scanning capability for meteorological application has been developed. Due to the new system design, the BBR can accurately measure the radar reflectivity factor with the range resolution of 5 m and the time resolution of 1 min per 1 volume scan from the nearest range of 50 m to 15 km for 10 W power using pulse compression. In this paper, the brief description of the BBR and the initial observation results are shown. In the calibration, reflectivity factor of the BBR is fairly good agreement with the Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer. In the volume scanning observation, we succeeded to detect fine 3 dimensional structures of precipitation.
{"title":"Rainfall observation with high resolution using Ku-band broad band radar","authors":"E. Yoshikawa, Y. Nakamura, T. Morimoto, T. Ushio, Z. Kawasaki, T. Mega, Katsuyuki Imai, Takashi Nishida, Toshiya Saito, Norio Sakazume","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977076","url":null,"abstract":"A new high resolution Doppler radar, the Ku-band broad band radar, with scanning capability for meteorological application has been developed. Due to the new system design, the BBR can accurately measure the radar reflectivity factor with the range resolution of 5 m and the time resolution of 1 min per 1 volume scan from the nearest range of 50 m to 15 km for 10 W power using pulse compression. In this paper, the brief description of the BBR and the initial observation results are shown. In the calibration, reflectivity factor of the BBR is fairly good agreement with the Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer. In the volume scanning observation, we succeeded to detect fine 3 dimensional structures of precipitation.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116765735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976948
J. Akhtar
This paper presents radar signaling schemes for cancellation of late time arriving echos. Signal reflections arriving delayed at the radar when the radar has already emitted a next pulse result in range ambiguities and materialize as potential false targets. In this work we propose pulse block coding techniques to distinguish echo reflections originating through the recently emitted pulse and those impending from subsequent pulses. The methods introduced require only simple matched filtering operations at the receiver and permit usage of arbitrary waveforms with potential for waveform diversity gains.
{"title":"Cancellation of range ambiguities with block coding techniques","authors":"J. Akhtar","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976948","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents radar signaling schemes for cancellation of late time arriving echos. Signal reflections arriving delayed at the radar when the radar has already emitted a next pulse result in range ambiguities and materialize as potential false targets. In this work we propose pulse block coding techniques to distinguish echo reflections originating through the recently emitted pulse and those impending from subsequent pulses. The methods introduced require only simple matched filtering operations at the receiver and permit usage of arbitrary waveforms with potential for waveform diversity gains.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127139199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976934
L. Anitori, A. D. de Jong, F. Nennie
In this paper we investigate the use of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars for detecting life-sign of people, i.e. breathing and heartbeat. An optimum frequency has been selected to observe life-sign, taking into consideration also design factors, such as bandwidth availability and interference with other systems. A new compact X-band FMCW radar has been built at TNO laboratories and experimental results are presented here, which demonstrate the ability of this new system to detect life-sign.
{"title":"FMCW radar for life-sign detection","authors":"L. Anitori, A. D. de Jong, F. Nennie","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976934","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the use of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars for detecting life-sign of people, i.e. breathing and heartbeat. An optimum frequency has been selected to observe life-sign, taking into consideration also design factors, such as bandwidth availability and interference with other systems. A new compact X-band FMCW radar has been built at TNO laboratories and experimental results are presented here, which demonstrate the ability of this new system to detect life-sign.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125134267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977114
T. Brunasso, M. Guler, Dominic Nguyen
This Paper describes the performance of a compact, low sidelobe Ka-band slot array antenna developed for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Terminal Descent Sensor (TDS).
{"title":"A low sidelobe Ka-band slot array antenna for the Mars Science Lab Terminal Descent Sensor","authors":"T. Brunasso, M. Guler, Dominic Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977114","url":null,"abstract":"This Paper describes the performance of a compact, low sidelobe Ka-band slot array antenna developed for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Terminal Descent Sensor (TDS).","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"2023 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125350175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977122
O. Prat, A. Barros
A bin-model was used to characterize the signature of dynamical microphysical processes on Z-R relationships used for radar rainfall estimation. The sensitivity analysis performed shows that coalescence is the dominant microphysical process for low to moderate rain intensity regimes (R ≪ 20mm h−1), and that rain rate in this regime is strongly dependent on the spectral properties of the DSD (i.e. the shape). For high intensity rainfall (R ≫ 20mm h−1), collision-breakup dynamics dominate the evolution of the raindrop spectra. Analysis of the time-dependent Z-R relationships produced by the model suggests convergence to a universal Z-R relationship for heavy intensity rainfall. Conversely, the model results show that Z-R relationships severely underestimate reflectivity in the light rainfall regime.
在雷达降水估计中，采用bin模型对动态微物理过程的Z-R关系特征进行了表征。所进行的敏感性分析表明，在低至中等雨强(R≪20mm h - 1)地区，聚结是主要的微物理过程，该地区的降雨率在很大程度上取决于DSD的光谱特性(即形状)。对于高强度降雨(R > 20mm h−1)，碰撞-破碎动力学主导了雨滴光谱的演化。对模型产生的随时间变化的Z-R关系的分析表明，强降雨的Z-R关系趋同于普遍的Z-R关系。相反，模式结果表明，Z-R关系严重低估了小雨条件下的反射率。
{"title":"Combining a rain microphysical model and observations: Implications for radar rainfall estimation","authors":"O. Prat, A. Barros","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977122","url":null,"abstract":"A bin-model was used to characterize the signature of dynamical microphysical processes on Z-R relationships used for radar rainfall estimation. The sensitivity analysis performed shows that coalescence is the dominant microphysical process for low to moderate rain intensity regimes (R ≪ 20mm h−1), and that rain rate in this regime is strongly dependent on the spectral properties of the DSD (i.e. the shape). For high intensity rainfall (R ≫ 20mm h−1), collision-breakup dynamics dominate the evolution of the raindrop spectra. Analysis of the time-dependent Z-R relationships produced by the model suggests convergence to a universal Z-R relationship for heavy intensity rainfall. Conversely, the model results show that Z-R relationships severely underestimate reflectivity in the light rainfall regime.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115205939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977084
Cathleen E. Jones, S. Hensley, T. Michel
The UAVSAR L-band synthetic aperture radar system has been designed for repeat track interferometry in support of Earth science applications that require high-precision measurements of small surface deformations over timescales from hours to years. Conventional motion compensation algorithms, which are based upon assumptions of a narrow beam and flat terrain, yield unacceptably large errors in areas with even moderate topographic relief, i.e., in most areas of interest. This often limits the ability to achieve sub-centimeter surface change detection over significant portions of an acquired scene. To reduce this source of error in the interferometric phase, we have implemented an advanced motion compensation algorithm that corrects for the scene topography and radar beam width. Here we discuss the algorithm used, its implementation in the UAVSAR data processor, and the improvement in interferometric phase and correlation achieved in areas with significant topographic relief.
{"title":"Topography-dependent motion compensation: Application to UAVSAR data","authors":"Cathleen E. Jones, S. Hensley, T. Michel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977084","url":null,"abstract":"The UAVSAR L-band synthetic aperture radar system has been designed for repeat track interferometry in support of Earth science applications that require high-precision measurements of small surface deformations over timescales from hours to years. Conventional motion compensation algorithms, which are based upon assumptions of a narrow beam and flat terrain, yield unacceptably large errors in areas with even moderate topographic relief, i.e., in most areas of interest. This often limits the ability to achieve sub-centimeter surface change detection over significant portions of an acquired scene. To reduce this source of error in the interferometric phase, we have implemented an advanced motion compensation algorithm that corrects for the scene topography and radar beam width. Here we discuss the algorithm used, its implementation in the UAVSAR data processor, and the improvement in interferometric phase and correlation achieved in areas with significant topographic relief.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122554794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977105
Anatol Wiesner
The use of radar techniques to detect minute body movements which are associated with respiration and cardiac activity (vital signs) is known at least since 1975 when J.C. Linn and J. Salinger proposed a non-contact microwave respiration monitor [1]. In 1979 Lipkin et al proposed CW respiration detector designed for surveillance purposes at Carnahan Conference on Crime and Countermeasures [2]. The first generation of commercially available CW radar purposely designed for detecting the presence of persons in visually obstructed areas was released in 1991 [3], the second generation followed in 1998 [4], it also had been the first radar which use led to documented rescue of two persons out of the debris on an earthquake area Niigata in Japan [5].
{"title":"A multifrequency interferometric CW radar for vital signs detection","authors":"Anatol Wiesner","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977105","url":null,"abstract":"The use of radar techniques to detect minute body movements which are associated with respiration and cardiac activity (vital signs) is known at least since 1975 when J.C. Linn and J. Salinger proposed a non-contact microwave respiration monitor [1]. In 1979 Lipkin et al proposed CW respiration detector designed for surveillance purposes at Carnahan Conference on Crime and Countermeasures [2]. The first generation of commercially available CW radar purposely designed for detecting the presence of persons in visually obstructed areas was released in 1991 [3], the second generation followed in 1998 [4], it also had been the first radar which use led to documented rescue of two persons out of the debris on an earthquake area Niigata in Japan [5].","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117043412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977065
S. Hensley, T. Michel, M. Simard, Cathleen E. Jones, R. Muellerschoen, C. Le, H. Zebker, B. Chapman
The UAVSAR instrument, employing an L-band actively electronically scanned antenna, had its genesis in the ESTO Instrument Incubator Program and after 3 years of development has begun collecting engineering and science data. System design was motivated by solid Earth applications where repeat pass radar interferometry can be used to measure subtle deformation of the surface, however flexibility and extensibility to support other applications were also major design drivers. In order to make geophysically useful repeat pass interferometric measurements it is necessary to reconstruct the repeat pass baseline with millimeter accuracy, however onboard motion metrology systems only achieve 5–15 cm accuracy. Thus it is necessary to recover the residual motion from the data itself. Algorithms for recovering the motion based on along-track offsets between the repeat pass interferometric pair of images were described in [3], [1] and [4]. Later these techniques were extended to use azimuth subbanded differential interferograms in [5]. This paper provides a derivation for the formula for the along-track offsets (or corresponding the subbanded differential phase), i.e. the relative displacement between two SAR images in a interferometric pair in the along track direction, as a function of baseline for systems employing an electronically scanned antenna. The standard formula for systems not employing electronically scanned antenna for the along-track offsets, Δs, has the form in given equation where bc is the cross-track baseline, bh is the vertical baseline, θℓ is the look angle, θaz is the azimuth or squint angle, ρ is the range and d = 1 for left looking systems and d = −1 for right looking systems. A key feature of this formula is the along-track offsets only range dependency is from the derivatives of the baseline with respect to along-track position. In the electronically scanned case this in no longer true and an additional range dependency arises that is a function of the electronic steering angle.
{"title":"Residual motion estimation for UAVSAR: Implications of an electronically scanned array","authors":"S. Hensley, T. Michel, M. Simard, Cathleen E. Jones, R. Muellerschoen, C. Le, H. Zebker, B. Chapman","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977065","url":null,"abstract":"The UAVSAR instrument, employing an L-band actively electronically scanned antenna, had its genesis in the ESTO Instrument Incubator Program and after 3 years of development has begun collecting engineering and science data. System design was motivated by solid Earth applications where repeat pass radar interferometry can be used to measure subtle deformation of the surface, however flexibility and extensibility to support other applications were also major design drivers. In order to make geophysically useful repeat pass interferometric measurements it is necessary to reconstruct the repeat pass baseline with millimeter accuracy, however onboard motion metrology systems only achieve 5–15 cm accuracy. Thus it is necessary to recover the residual motion from the data itself. Algorithms for recovering the motion based on along-track offsets between the repeat pass interferometric pair of images were described in [3], [1] and [4]. Later these techniques were extended to use azimuth subbanded differential interferograms in [5]. This paper provides a derivation for the formula for the along-track offsets (or corresponding the subbanded differential phase), i.e. the relative displacement between two SAR images in a interferometric pair in the along track direction, as a function of baseline for systems employing an electronically scanned antenna. The standard formula for systems not employing electronically scanned antenna for the along-track offsets, Δs, has the form in given equation where bc is the cross-track baseline, bh is the vertical baseline, θℓ is the look angle, θaz is the azimuth or squint angle, ρ is the range and d = 1 for left looking systems and d = −1 for right looking systems. A key feature of this formula is the along-track offsets only range dependency is from the derivatives of the baseline with respect to along-track position. In the electronically scanned case this in no longer true and an additional range dependency arises that is a function of the electronic steering angle.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128677826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976945
D. Day
This paper presents two new methods for fast computation of phase-only weights for forming large sector nulls with phased array antennas. Both methods are faster than a previously described method. An example case demonstrates that the computation time can be reduced by a factor of 10 or 100 with the new methods over the previous method. No restrictions are placed on array geometry, element spacing, or sector null shape by the methods. The methods are not subject to trapping in local minimums as are other phase-only methods.
{"title":"Fast phase-only pattern nulling for large phased array antennas","authors":"D. Day","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976945","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents two new methods for fast computation of phase-only weights for forming large sector nulls with phased array antennas. Both methods are faster than a previously described method. An example case demonstrates that the computation time can be reduced by a factor of 10 or 100 with the new methods over the previous method. No restrictions are placed on array geometry, element spacing, or sector null shape by the methods. The methods are not subject to trapping in local minimums as are other phase-only methods.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130342943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976926
M. Meller, S. Tujaka
Noise radars usually employ correlation processing of waveforms. However, vulnerability to clutter is a serious disadvantage of this approach. This paper considers using Least Squares (LS) based methods. In particular, highly efficient Block Least Mean Squares (Block LMS) algorithm is studied in details. The formula for integration gain of Block LMS is derived. Compared to analogue quantity for correlation processing, it shows significant advantage of the proposed solution in terms of robustness to clutter. The Doppler response of the algorithm is analyzed, which - under proper choice of algorithm parameters - is identical to that of correlation approach. Simulation experiments confirm that when heavy clutter is present, the proposed method outperforms correlation processing significantly.
{"title":"Block Least Mean Squares processing of noise radar waveforms","authors":"M. Meller, S. Tujaka","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976926","url":null,"abstract":"Noise radars usually employ correlation processing of waveforms. However, vulnerability to clutter is a serious disadvantage of this approach. This paper considers using Least Squares (LS) based methods. In particular, highly efficient Block Least Mean Squares (Block LMS) algorithm is studied in details. The formula for integration gain of Block LMS is derived. Compared to analogue quantity for correlation processing, it shows significant advantage of the proposed solution in terms of robustness to clutter. The Doppler response of the algorithm is analyzed, which - under proper choice of algorithm parameters - is identical to that of correlation approach. Simulation experiments confirm that when heavy clutter is present, the proposed method outperforms correlation processing significantly.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126901298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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