Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976983
D. Brunner, L. Bruzzone, A. Ferro, G. Lemoine
The double bounce effect of buildings is an important characteristic in very high resolution (VHR) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It typically appears as a strong scattering mechanism caused by a corner reflector, which is made of the front wall of a building and its surrounding ground area. In order to exploit this feature effectively for automatic building detection and reconstruction techniques, empirical studies on real VHR SAR images need to investigate the stability of the double bounce mechanism with respect to changes in the viewing configuration and material properties. Thus, this paper addresses the analysis of the relation between the double bounce effect and the aspect angle of a building for two different ground materials, by analyzing two TerraSAR-X VHR spaceborne SAR images. Furthermore, we compare the empirical results with the simulations obtained by theoretical electromagnetic models. We show that if the buildings are surrounded by asphalt, the strength of the double bounce decreases significantly from 0 to 10 degrees aspect angle, while it decreases moderately for higher values of the aspect angle. Considering buildings which are surrounded by grass, the drop of the strength for low values of the aspect angle is less evident, but it is more constant on the full range of aspect angles.
{"title":"Analysis of the reliability of the double bounce scattering mechanism for detecting buildings in VHR SAR images","authors":"D. Brunner, L. Bruzzone, A. Ferro, G. Lemoine","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976983","url":null,"abstract":"The double bounce effect of buildings is an important characteristic in very high resolution (VHR) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It typically appears as a strong scattering mechanism caused by a corner reflector, which is made of the front wall of a building and its surrounding ground area. In order to exploit this feature effectively for automatic building detection and reconstruction techniques, empirical studies on real VHR SAR images need to investigate the stability of the double bounce mechanism with respect to changes in the viewing configuration and material properties. Thus, this paper addresses the analysis of the relation between the double bounce effect and the aspect angle of a building for two different ground materials, by analyzing two TerraSAR-X VHR spaceborne SAR images. Furthermore, we compare the empirical results with the simulations obtained by theoretical electromagnetic models. We show that if the buildings are surrounded by asphalt, the strength of the double bounce decreases significantly from 0 to 10 degrees aspect angle, while it decreases moderately for higher values of the aspect angle. Considering buildings which are surrounded by grass, the drop of the strength for low values of the aspect angle is less evident, but it is more constant on the full range of aspect angles.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125148328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955
V. Chandrakanth, Wasim Nasir, P. Jena, R. Kuloor
Signal processor forms the heart of the Radar subsystems and is responsible for the discernment of targets from interfering clutter and improving the SNR of the received signal for better detection of targets. Doppler filter bank is one of the modules used in signal processor to extract the Doppler information from the target, to improve the SNR and it also provides information regarding target velocity. In this paper we present a novel and simple architecture to perform hardware efficient real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOSII™. The architecture can be used in multiple scan rate Radars to reduce the resource utilization which can be used for other additional processing features. The architecture is generic in nature and can be extended to other platforms besides FPGA.
{"title":"Novel architecture for hardware efficient FPGA implementation of real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOS II™","authors":"V. Chandrakanth, Wasim Nasir, P. Jena, R. Kuloor","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955","url":null,"abstract":"Signal processor forms the heart of the Radar subsystems and is responsible for the discernment of targets from interfering clutter and improving the SNR of the received signal for better detection of targets. Doppler filter bank is one of the modules used in signal processor to extract the Doppler information from the target, to improve the SNR and it also provides information regarding target velocity. In this paper we present a novel and simple architecture to perform hardware efficient real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOSII™. The architecture can be used in multiple scan rate Radars to reduce the resource utilization which can be used for other additional processing features. The architecture is generic in nature and can be extended to other platforms besides FPGA.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128467929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090
Wooram Lee, F. Amoozegar, E. Afshari
Nonlinear transmission media can be used for high amplitude, narrow pulse generation. We developed the theory of pulse generation in one- and two-dimensional transmission lattices. We used a conventional CMOS process to fabricate these lattices. Using these structures, it is possible to generate signals with a bandwidth of more than the cut-off frequency of the fastest transistor on the same process. We showed a 2-D nonlinear lattice that can generate pulses as narrow as 1psec with an amplitude of more than 3V by using nonlinear constructive interference in a conventional 130nm CMOS process.
{"title":"Picosecond pulse generation on CMOS: Design beyond transistor limits","authors":"Wooram Lee, F. Amoozegar, E. Afshari","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear transmission media can be used for high amplitude, narrow pulse generation. We developed the theory of pulse generation in one- and two-dimensional transmission lattices. We used a conventional CMOS process to fabricate these lattices. Using these structures, it is possible to generate signals with a bandwidth of more than the cut-off frequency of the fastest transistor on the same process. We showed a 2-D nonlinear lattice that can generate pulses as narrow as 1psec with an amplitude of more than 3V by using nonlinear constructive interference in a conventional 130nm CMOS process.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128454816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977024
D. Garmatyuk, J. Schuerger, Kyle Kauffman, Scott Spalding
This paper describes the design and architectural composition of a radar system built on OFDM platform. The radar signal is generated digitally by forming an arbitrary-length vector of OFDM sub-carrier amplitudes and translating it in analog format via 1000 Ms/s D/A conversion. The resultant baseband signal has a bandwidth of 500 MHz, and variable number and composition of sub-carriers, which may be changed on a pulse-to-pulse basis. The signal is upconverted to 7.5 GHz carrier frequency and emitted via small-form horn antenna. The receiver includes 1 Gs/s A/D converter and processing is performed in frequency domain. The system is currently configured for short-range applications (3–5 m) and can be used as radar or communication unit without any changes to hardware and with very minimal changes to software. Experimental results from high-resolution range profile imaging and broadband data communications are presented and discussed.
{"title":"Wideband OFDM system for radar and communications","authors":"D. Garmatyuk, J. Schuerger, Kyle Kauffman, Scott Spalding","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977024","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design and architectural composition of a radar system built on OFDM platform. The radar signal is generated digitally by forming an arbitrary-length vector of OFDM sub-carrier amplitudes and translating it in analog format via 1000 Ms/s D/A conversion. The resultant baseband signal has a bandwidth of 500 MHz, and variable number and composition of sub-carriers, which may be changed on a pulse-to-pulse basis. The signal is upconverted to 7.5 GHz carrier frequency and emitted via small-form horn antenna. The receiver includes 1 Gs/s A/D converter and processing is performed in frequency domain. The system is currently configured for short-range applications (3–5 m) and can be used as radar or communication unit without any changes to hardware and with very minimal changes to software. Experimental results from high-resolution range profile imaging and broadband data communications are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130282016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977016
Jian Wang, M. Gerecke, E. Brookner, P. Cornwell, J. Farr
This paper presents an overview of a service life extension program that is being applied to the continental US Long Range Radar (LRR) network. Initially the architecture of the system is presented and key components selected for upgrade are identified. In addition to hardware upgrades innovative signal processing algorithms have also been added. The LRR consists of 68 radars that are used for the joint purposes of air traffic control and surveillance. The upgraded radar consists of a solid state transmitter, a state-of-the-art receiver and signal data processor. With advanced signal processing algorithms, the upgraded radar system provides 200 nmi coverage in natural interference environment while minimizing the false alarms. The radar has also been upgraded to enhance weather detection performance.
{"title":"Design and implementation of Long Range Radar service life extension","authors":"Jian Wang, M. Gerecke, E. Brookner, P. Cornwell, J. Farr","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of a service life extension program that is being applied to the continental US Long Range Radar (LRR) network. Initially the architecture of the system is presented and key components selected for upgrade are identified. In addition to hardware upgrades innovative signal processing algorithms have also been added. The LRR consists of 68 radars that are used for the joint purposes of air traffic control and surveillance. The upgraded radar consists of a solid state transmitter, a state-of-the-art receiver and signal data processor. With advanced signal processing algorithms, the upgraded radar system provides 200 nmi coverage in natural interference environment while minimizing the false alarms. The radar has also been upgraded to enhance weather detection performance.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124520785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977085
Lei Wang, P. Brennan
Snow avalanche are geophysical flows that pose a significant threat to life in alpine areas. To understand the behaviors of avalanche flows requires huge amount of accurate data. A developing 5.3 GHz RADAR system at UCL will give geographers a chance to find the velocities and velocity fluctuation of avalanche flow. This RADAR will be the first highresolution (1m) instrument for these geophysical phenomena. This paper introduces this innovative RADAR system and also gives its developing status.
{"title":"Avalanche flow imaging RADAR","authors":"Lei Wang, P. Brennan","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977085","url":null,"abstract":"Snow avalanche are geophysical flows that pose a significant threat to life in alpine areas. To understand the behaviors of avalanche flows requires huge amount of accurate data. A developing 5.3 GHz RADAR system at UCL will give geographers a chance to find the velocities and velocity fluctuation of avalanche flow. This RADAR will be the first highresolution (1m) instrument for these geophysical phenomena. This paper introduces this innovative RADAR system and also gives its developing status.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124805316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942
B. Steer, A. Roitman, P. Horoyski, M. Hyttinen, R. Dobbs, D. Berry
This paper reviews the technology and demonstrated capability of millimeter wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for the use in wide range of radar systems. It discusses design and manufacturing concepts stating self-imposed restrictions and design modifications enhancing RF performance, lifetime, reliability and extending operating frequency into the THz region. Presented data are supported using information provided by various academic and industrial customers.
{"title":"High power millimeter-wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for ground, airborne and space radars","authors":"B. Steer, A. Roitman, P. Horoyski, M. Hyttinen, R. Dobbs, D. Berry","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the technology and demonstrated capability of millimeter wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for the use in wide range of radar systems. It discusses design and manufacturing concepts stating self-imposed restrictions and design modifications enhancing RF performance, lifetime, reliability and extending operating frequency into the THz region. Presented data are supported using information provided by various academic and industrial customers.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130072367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044
L. Perlovsky
Existing tracking algorithms face combinatorial complexity in heavy clutter. Their performance is limited by the number of computer operations, they do not extract all the information available in radar signals, and do not reach Cramer-Rao performance bounds. A cognitively inspired algorithm was developed and applied for improved tracking. Models for GMTI tracks have been developed as well as cognitive architecture incorporating these models. The cognitive tracker overcomes combinatorial complexity of tracking in highly-cluttered scenarios; its performance achieves Cramer-Rao Bounds and results in about 20 dB (two orders of magnitude) improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio.
{"title":"GMTI tracking improved by 18 dB using cognitive algorithm","authors":"L. Perlovsky","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044","url":null,"abstract":"Existing tracking algorithms face combinatorial complexity in heavy clutter. Their performance is limited by the number of computer operations, they do not extract all the information available in radar signals, and do not reach Cramer-Rao performance bounds. A cognitively inspired algorithm was developed and applied for improved tracking. Models for GMTI tracks have been developed as well as cognitive architecture incorporating these models. The cognitive tracker overcomes combinatorial complexity of tracking in highly-cluttered scenarios; its performance achieves Cramer-Rao Bounds and results in about 20 dB (two orders of magnitude) improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127830317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020
Michael Lee, Sangjun An, S. M. Lee, Sangwook Suh, K. Lim, J. Laskar
Conventional digital signal processing (DSP) based systems, when expanded into a multi input multi output (MIMO) system, suffer from increase of power consumption and computational burden. In this paper, an analog based MIMO radar system is introduced. The proposed system uses a combination of wavelets as its pulse at transmitters. Using the property of wavelets being orthogonal in time, our proposed system achieves waveform diversity. Implementation of a MIMO radar system based on analog circuitry results in significant decrease in power consumption of the system. This was verified by comparing systems with similar performance and estimating their power consumption. While our proposed system consumed 422.2 mW, a DSP-ASIC MIMO radar system consumed 2621.6 mW, a conventional DSP-ASIC single input single output (SISO) radar system consumed 1767 mW, and a conventional DSP-FPGA SISO radar system consumed 4158 mW.
{"title":"Circuit level analysis of analog signal processing based MIMO radar system","authors":"Michael Lee, Sangjun An, S. M. Lee, Sangwook Suh, K. Lim, J. Laskar","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional digital signal processing (DSP) based systems, when expanded into a multi input multi output (MIMO) system, suffer from increase of power consumption and computational burden. In this paper, an analog based MIMO radar system is introduced. The proposed system uses a combination of wavelets as its pulse at transmitters. Using the property of wavelets being orthogonal in time, our proposed system achieves waveform diversity. Implementation of a MIMO radar system based on analog circuitry results in significant decrease in power consumption of the system. This was verified by comparing systems with similar performance and estimating their power consumption. While our proposed system consumed 422.2 mW, a DSP-ASIC MIMO radar system consumed 2621.6 mW, a conventional DSP-ASIC single input single output (SISO) radar system consumed 1767 mW, and a conventional DSP-FPGA SISO radar system consumed 4158 mW.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131421609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927
Shigong Jia, L. Kong, Bin Liu
Ellipse-cross-localization (ECL) method is presented for TWR location in this paper. The location error is mainly influenced by errors of the wall parameters and the target relative position to antennas. The effect of wall thickness and dielectric constant on TWR localization is analyzed. And the localization accuracy of detection region in different antennas configurations is illustrated by location error distribution map. The results demonstrate that accurate estimation of wall parameters and proper configuration of antennas can improve the performance of TWR system efficiently. These lead to new insights on TWR system design.
{"title":"Ellipse-cross-localization accuracy analysis of through-the-wall radar","authors":"Shigong Jia, L. Kong, Bin Liu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927","url":null,"abstract":"Ellipse-cross-localization (ECL) method is presented for TWR location in this paper. The location error is mainly influenced by errors of the wall parameters and the target relative position to antennas. The effect of wall thickness and dielectric constant on TWR localization is analyzed. And the localization accuracy of detection region in different antennas configurations is illustrated by location error distribution map. The results demonstrate that accurate estimation of wall parameters and proper configuration of antennas can improve the performance of TWR system efficiently. These lead to new insights on TWR system design.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128617641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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