Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942
B. Steer, A. Roitman, P. Horoyski, M. Hyttinen, R. Dobbs, D. Berry
This paper reviews the technology and demonstrated capability of millimeter wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for the use in wide range of radar systems. It discusses design and manufacturing concepts stating self-imposed restrictions and design modifications enhancing RF performance, lifetime, reliability and extending operating frequency into the THz region. Presented data are supported using information provided by various academic and industrial customers.
{"title":"High power millimeter-wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for ground, airborne and space radars","authors":"B. Steer, A. Roitman, P. Horoyski, M. Hyttinen, R. Dobbs, D. Berry","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976942","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the technology and demonstrated capability of millimeter wave Extended Interaction Klystrons for the use in wide range of radar systems. It discusses design and manufacturing concepts stating self-imposed restrictions and design modifications enhancing RF performance, lifetime, reliability and extending operating frequency into the THz region. Presented data are supported using information provided by various academic and industrial customers.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130072367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977072
L. Baldini, E. Gorgucci, V. Romaniello, V. Chandrasekar
Ground validation is an essential part of all satellite precipitation missions aiming to describe clouds and precipitation parameters. It helps to characterize errors, quantify measurement uncertainty, and provide insight into the physical and statistical basis of the retrieval algorithms. Dual-polarization weather radar is a very powerful tool for many important issues of the validation process. This paper presents various aspects considered to develop C-band dual-polarization weather radar products specifically tailored for ground validation of precipitation satellite measurements. Examples are provided by case studies observed with the CNR-ISAC Polar 55C radar operating in Rome (Italy).
{"title":"Ground validation of satellite measurements of precipitation with C-band polarimetric radar","authors":"L. Baldini, E. Gorgucci, V. Romaniello, V. Chandrasekar","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977072","url":null,"abstract":"Ground validation is an essential part of all satellite precipitation missions aiming to describe clouds and precipitation parameters. It helps to characterize errors, quantify measurement uncertainty, and provide insight into the physical and statistical basis of the retrieval algorithms. Dual-polarization weather radar is a very powerful tool for many important issues of the validation process. This paper presents various aspects considered to develop C-band dual-polarization weather radar products specifically tailored for ground validation of precipitation satellite measurements. Examples are provided by case studies observed with the CNR-ISAC Polar 55C radar operating in Rome (Italy).","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116400973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044
L. Perlovsky
Existing tracking algorithms face combinatorial complexity in heavy clutter. Their performance is limited by the number of computer operations, they do not extract all the information available in radar signals, and do not reach Cramer-Rao performance bounds. A cognitively inspired algorithm was developed and applied for improved tracking. Models for GMTI tracks have been developed as well as cognitive architecture incorporating these models. The cognitive tracker overcomes combinatorial complexity of tracking in highly-cluttered scenarios; its performance achieves Cramer-Rao Bounds and results in about 20 dB (two orders of magnitude) improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio.
{"title":"GMTI tracking improved by 18 dB using cognitive algorithm","authors":"L. Perlovsky","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977044","url":null,"abstract":"Existing tracking algorithms face combinatorial complexity in heavy clutter. Their performance is limited by the number of computer operations, they do not extract all the information available in radar signals, and do not reach Cramer-Rao performance bounds. A cognitively inspired algorithm was developed and applied for improved tracking. Models for GMTI tracks have been developed as well as cognitive architecture incorporating these models. The cognitive tracker overcomes combinatorial complexity of tracking in highly-cluttered scenarios; its performance achieves Cramer-Rao Bounds and results in about 20 dB (two orders of magnitude) improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127830317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020
Michael Lee, Sangjun An, S. M. Lee, Sangwook Suh, K. Lim, J. Laskar
Conventional digital signal processing (DSP) based systems, when expanded into a multi input multi output (MIMO) system, suffer from increase of power consumption and computational burden. In this paper, an analog based MIMO radar system is introduced. The proposed system uses a combination of wavelets as its pulse at transmitters. Using the property of wavelets being orthogonal in time, our proposed system achieves waveform diversity. Implementation of a MIMO radar system based on analog circuitry results in significant decrease in power consumption of the system. This was verified by comparing systems with similar performance and estimating their power consumption. While our proposed system consumed 422.2 mW, a DSP-ASIC MIMO radar system consumed 2621.6 mW, a conventional DSP-ASIC single input single output (SISO) radar system consumed 1767 mW, and a conventional DSP-FPGA SISO radar system consumed 4158 mW.
{"title":"Circuit level analysis of analog signal processing based MIMO radar system","authors":"Michael Lee, Sangjun An, S. M. Lee, Sangwook Suh, K. Lim, J. Laskar","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977020","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional digital signal processing (DSP) based systems, when expanded into a multi input multi output (MIMO) system, suffer from increase of power consumption and computational burden. In this paper, an analog based MIMO radar system is introduced. The proposed system uses a combination of wavelets as its pulse at transmitters. Using the property of wavelets being orthogonal in time, our proposed system achieves waveform diversity. Implementation of a MIMO radar system based on analog circuitry results in significant decrease in power consumption of the system. This was verified by comparing systems with similar performance and estimating their power consumption. While our proposed system consumed 422.2 mW, a DSP-ASIC MIMO radar system consumed 2621.6 mW, a conventional DSP-ASIC single input single output (SISO) radar system consumed 1767 mW, and a conventional DSP-FPGA SISO radar system consumed 4158 mW.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131421609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977131
Yutao He, C. Le, J. Zheng, K. Nguyen, D. Bekker
ISAAC is a highly capable, highly reusable, modular, and integrated FPGA-based common instrument control and computing platform for a wide range of instrument needs as defined in the Earth Science National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey Report. This paper presents its motivation, technical approach, and the infrastructure elements. It also describes the first prototype, ISAAC I, and its application in the design of SMAP L-band radar digital filter.
{"title":"ISAAC - a case of highly-reusable, highly-capable computing and control platform for radar applications","authors":"Yutao He, C. Le, J. Zheng, K. Nguyen, D. Bekker","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977131","url":null,"abstract":"ISAAC is a highly capable, highly reusable, modular, and integrated FPGA-based common instrument control and computing platform for a wide range of instrument needs as defined in the Earth Science National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey Report. This paper presents its motivation, technical approach, and the infrastructure elements. It also describes the first prototype, ISAAC I, and its application in the design of SMAP L-band radar digital filter.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"680 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132485406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090
Wooram Lee, F. Amoozegar, E. Afshari
Nonlinear transmission media can be used for high amplitude, narrow pulse generation. We developed the theory of pulse generation in one- and two-dimensional transmission lattices. We used a conventional CMOS process to fabricate these lattices. Using these structures, it is possible to generate signals with a bandwidth of more than the cut-off frequency of the fastest transistor on the same process. We showed a 2-D nonlinear lattice that can generate pulses as narrow as 1psec with an amplitude of more than 3V by using nonlinear constructive interference in a conventional 130nm CMOS process.
{"title":"Picosecond pulse generation on CMOS: Design beyond transistor limits","authors":"Wooram Lee, F. Amoozegar, E. Afshari","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977090","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear transmission media can be used for high amplitude, narrow pulse generation. We developed the theory of pulse generation in one- and two-dimensional transmission lattices. We used a conventional CMOS process to fabricate these lattices. Using these structures, it is possible to generate signals with a bandwidth of more than the cut-off frequency of the fastest transistor on the same process. We showed a 2-D nonlinear lattice that can generate pulses as narrow as 1psec with an amplitude of more than 3V by using nonlinear constructive interference in a conventional 130nm CMOS process.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128454816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955
V. Chandrakanth, Wasim Nasir, P. Jena, R. Kuloor
Signal processor forms the heart of the Radar subsystems and is responsible for the discernment of targets from interfering clutter and improving the SNR of the received signal for better detection of targets. Doppler filter bank is one of the modules used in signal processor to extract the Doppler information from the target, to improve the SNR and it also provides information regarding target velocity. In this paper we present a novel and simple architecture to perform hardware efficient real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOSII™. The architecture can be used in multiple scan rate Radars to reduce the resource utilization which can be used for other additional processing features. The architecture is generic in nature and can be extended to other platforms besides FPGA.
{"title":"Novel architecture for hardware efficient FPGA implementation of real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOS II™","authors":"V. Chandrakanth, Wasim Nasir, P. Jena, R. Kuloor","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976955","url":null,"abstract":"Signal processor forms the heart of the Radar subsystems and is responsible for the discernment of targets from interfering clutter and improving the SNR of the received signal for better detection of targets. Doppler filter bank is one of the modules used in signal processor to extract the Doppler information from the target, to improve the SNR and it also provides information regarding target velocity. In this paper we present a novel and simple architecture to perform hardware efficient real time configurable “variable point FFT” using NIOSII™. The architecture can be used in multiple scan rate Radars to reduce the resource utilization which can be used for other additional processing features. The architecture is generic in nature and can be extended to other platforms besides FPGA.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128467929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977109
T. Roy, D. Meena, L. Prakasam
Array beam forming techniques exist that can yield multiple, simultaneously available beams. The beams can be made to have high gain and low sidelobe levels or controlled beam width. Beam forming techniques dynamically adjust the array pattern to optimize some characteristic of the received signal. Antenna arrays using beam-forming techniques can reject interfering signals having a direction of arrival different from that of desired signal. The principal reason of interest is their ability to automatically steer nulls into undesired sources of interferences, thereby reducing output noise and enhancing the detection of desired signal. Digital beam forming is thus a powerful technique for boosting the antenna performance. Our work emphasizes on the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) based digital technique adopted for the implementation of fixed beam forming. This paper mainly focuses on the implementation solution provided by utilizing the efficient FPGA resources so as to meet the timings in the crucial application of beam forming. Extensive use of intellectual properties of Xilinx has been employed keeping in mind the time efficiency it provides. Beam forming and beam scanning are generally accomplished by phasing the feed to each element of an array so that signals received from all the elements will be in phase in particular direction. This is the direction of the maximum beam.The FPGA based approach facilitates the design with high degree of flexibility, reliability and upgradeability. The implementation also overcomes the main difficulty of compensating minute propagation delays often encountered while using beam forming for radar applications. The paper discusses all the critical implementation issues that are taken care of in the development of the efficient FPGA structure for implementation.
{"title":"FPGA based Digital Beam Forming for Radars","authors":"T. Roy, D. Meena, L. Prakasam","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977109","url":null,"abstract":"Array beam forming techniques exist that can yield multiple, simultaneously available beams. The beams can be made to have high gain and low sidelobe levels or controlled beam width. Beam forming techniques dynamically adjust the array pattern to optimize some characteristic of the received signal. Antenna arrays using beam-forming techniques can reject interfering signals having a direction of arrival different from that of desired signal. The principal reason of interest is their ability to automatically steer nulls into undesired sources of interferences, thereby reducing output noise and enhancing the detection of desired signal. Digital beam forming is thus a powerful technique for boosting the antenna performance. Our work emphasizes on the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) based digital technique adopted for the implementation of fixed beam forming. This paper mainly focuses on the implementation solution provided by utilizing the efficient FPGA resources so as to meet the timings in the crucial application of beam forming. Extensive use of intellectual properties of Xilinx has been employed keeping in mind the time efficiency it provides. Beam forming and beam scanning are generally accomplished by phasing the feed to each element of an array so that signals received from all the elements will be in phase in particular direction. This is the direction of the maximum beam.The FPGA based approach facilitates the design with high degree of flexibility, reliability and upgradeability. The implementation also overcomes the main difficulty of compensating minute propagation delays often encountered while using beam forming for radar applications. The paper discusses all the critical implementation issues that are taken care of in the development of the efficient FPGA structure for implementation.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134515162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977058
A. Dadello, A. Fattorini, S. Mahon, M. G. McCulloch, J. Harvey
A combined two-bit phase-shifter and two-stage, 27-dBm power amplifier has been designed for Ka-band applications. The integration of these functions allows compact assemblies with low inter-stage losses to be realised while the use of a commercial 6-inch foundry reduces cost. High density applications are made more practicable through the high PAE achieved (40 to 45%), thus easing the heat management problems associated with phased-array applications at high frequencies. The typical mid-band RMS magnitude variation is 1.3 dB with an RMS phase error of 6 degrees, an input return loss of 10 dB and output return loss of 15 dB for all states. The MMIC size is 3.85 mm2.
{"title":"A 35 GHz two-bit amplified phase-shifter","authors":"A. Dadello, A. Fattorini, S. Mahon, M. G. McCulloch, J. Harvey","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4977058","url":null,"abstract":"A combined two-bit phase-shifter and two-stage, 27-dBm power amplifier has been designed for Ka-band applications. The integration of these functions allows compact assemblies with low inter-stage losses to be realised while the use of a commercial 6-inch foundry reduces cost. High density applications are made more practicable through the high PAE achieved (40 to 45%), thus easing the heat management problems associated with phased-array applications at high frequencies. The typical mid-band RMS magnitude variation is 1.3 dB with an RMS phase error of 6 degrees, an input return loss of 10 dB and output return loss of 15 dB for all states. The MMIC size is 3.85 mm2.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131938709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927
Shigong Jia, L. Kong, Bin Liu
Ellipse-cross-localization (ECL) method is presented for TWR location in this paper. The location error is mainly influenced by errors of the wall parameters and the target relative position to antennas. The effect of wall thickness and dielectric constant on TWR localization is analyzed. And the localization accuracy of detection region in different antennas configurations is illustrated by location error distribution map. The results demonstrate that accurate estimation of wall parameters and proper configuration of antennas can improve the performance of TWR system efficiently. These lead to new insights on TWR system design.
{"title":"Ellipse-cross-localization accuracy analysis of through-the-wall radar","authors":"Shigong Jia, L. Kong, Bin Liu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2009.4976927","url":null,"abstract":"Ellipse-cross-localization (ECL) method is presented for TWR location in this paper. The location error is mainly influenced by errors of the wall parameters and the target relative position to antennas. The effect of wall thickness and dielectric constant on TWR localization is analyzed. And the localization accuracy of detection region in different antennas configurations is illustrated by location error distribution map. The results demonstrate that accurate estimation of wall parameters and proper configuration of antennas can improve the performance of TWR system efficiently. These lead to new insights on TWR system design.","PeriodicalId":346898,"journal":{"name":"2009 IEEE Radar Conference","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128617641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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