Turkey, at the crossroads of Europe, Middle East and Asia, has confronted with mounting pressures of mixed migration flows in recent decades. This paper aims to explore Turkey’s contemporary approach to migration management by focusing on the adoption of the country’s first comprehensive immigration law (Law on Foreigners and International Protection) and the signing of the readmission agreement with the European Union in 2013. This incorporates an analysis of both policy continuities and changes in migration management in Turkey, while also providing an understanding of the interplay between internal and external factors, namely internationalisation and Europeanisation processes and the responsiveness of domestic actors to such pressures. The paper argues that migration policies driven solely by state-centric concerns are becoming increasingly inefficient in responding to the challenges caused by interlinked pressures of globalisation and multi-layered migratory flows. As Turkey’s role as a transit and receiving country grows, issues of international migration, and irregular migration in particular, are becoming dynamic topics in defining its role in a globalised world and as well as the trajectory of its relations with the EU.
{"title":"Between the Legacy of Nation-State and Forces of Globalisation: Turkey's Management of Mixed Migration Flows","authors":"Fulya Memişoğlu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2539504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2539504","url":null,"abstract":"Turkey, at the crossroads of Europe, Middle East and Asia, has confronted with mounting pressures of mixed migration flows in recent decades. This paper aims to explore Turkey’s contemporary approach to migration management by focusing on the adoption of the country’s first comprehensive immigration law (Law on Foreigners and International Protection) and the signing of the readmission agreement with the European Union in 2013. This incorporates an analysis of both policy continuities and changes in migration management in Turkey, while also providing an understanding of the interplay between internal and external factors, namely internationalisation and Europeanisation processes and the responsiveness of domestic actors to such pressures. The paper argues that migration policies driven solely by state-centric concerns are becoming increasingly inefficient in responding to the challenges caused by interlinked pressures of globalisation and multi-layered migratory flows. As Turkey’s role as a transit and receiving country grows, issues of international migration, and irregular migration in particular, are becoming dynamic topics in defining its role in a globalised world and as well as the trajectory of its relations with the EU.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123054635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The migration processes in Russia over the spring and summer of 2014 were being shaped by the deteriorating situation in foreign politics (the events in Ukraine) and by the looming threat of stagnation and recession faced by the Russian economy. As the latest data on migration processes in Russia have not yet been refl ected the official statistics released by the Federal Migration Service of Russia (FMS of Russia) and the Russian State Statistics Service (Rosstat), our analysis of these processes is based mainly on the statements on this issue recently made by public offi cials in the mass media.
2014年春夏，俄罗斯的移民进程受到外交政治形势恶化(乌克兰事件)和俄罗斯经济面临的停滞和衰退威胁的影响。由于俄罗斯移民过程的最新数据尚未反映在俄罗斯联邦移民局(FMS of Russia)和俄罗斯国家统计局(Rosstat)发布的官方统计数据中，我们对这些过程的分析主要基于政府官员最近在大众媒体上就这一问题发表的声明。
{"title":"Migration Processes in the H1 of 2014","authors":"L. Karachurina","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2532379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2532379","url":null,"abstract":"The migration processes in Russia over the spring and summer of 2014 were being shaped by the deteriorating situation in foreign politics (the events in Ukraine) and by the looming threat of stagnation and recession faced by the Russian economy. As the latest data on migration processes in Russia have not yet been refl ected the official statistics released by the Federal Migration Service of Russia (FMS of Russia) and the Russian State Statistics Service (Rosstat), our analysis of these processes is based mainly on the statements on this issue recently made by public offi cials in the mass media.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121703164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We develop a theoretical model of human skill formation and emigration. Additionally to existing brain drain models, we partly endogenize the heterogeneity of the individuals, by introducing aspirations. Emigration of an individual will result in a migration experience, which increases the migrant's aspirations. This will induce her to invest more in the education of her children back home. We find that this aspirations effect increases the average skill level in the society for a given migration rate. We show that the optimal migration rate that maximizes the post-migration skill-rate of the population is higher if we allow for the aspirations effect of migration. We use panel data from Indonesia to demonstrate that a migration experience has an aspirations increasing effect and calibrate our model accordingly. Our results suggest that there are potentially more countries than previously assumed which benefit from migration.
{"title":"Migration Experience, Aspirations and the Brain Drain Theory and Empirical Evidence","authors":"M. Böhme, T. Glaser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2497337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2497337","url":null,"abstract":"We develop a theoretical model of human skill formation and emigration. Additionally to existing brain drain models, we partly endogenize the heterogeneity of the individuals, by introducing aspirations. Emigration of an individual will result in a migration experience, which increases the migrant's aspirations. This will induce her to invest more in the education of her children back home. We find that this aspirations effect increases the average skill level in the society for a given migration rate. We show that the optimal migration rate that maximizes the post-migration skill-rate of the population is higher if we allow for the aspirations effect of migration. We use panel data from Indonesia to demonstrate that a migration experience has an aspirations increasing effect and calibrate our model accordingly. Our results suggest that there are potentially more countries than previously assumed which benefit from migration.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129310907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, there emerged two key policy differences between Europe and America, both welfare and migration-states. The former has more generous welfare state and more liberal migration policies than the latter. In this paper we attempt to provide a political-economy explanation for these key differences, based on the degree of coordination among member states of the economic union, and the different levels of population aging.
{"title":"Migration and Welfare State: Why is America Different from Europe?","authors":"A. Razin, E. Sadka","doi":"10.3386/W20450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W20450","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, there emerged two key policy differences between Europe and America, both welfare and migration-states. The former has more generous welfare state and more liberal migration policies than the latter. In this paper we attempt to provide a political-economy explanation for these key differences, based on the degree of coordination among member states of the economic union, and the different levels of population aging.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115198802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many talents and educated people seek to avoid and are frustrated by politics. This paper will discuss the role of politics in encouraging the international mobility of those who are not only highly educated but highly qualified. It will do so the gap and overlooked in theory/model as well critical debates that support by a number of international brain drain examples. This paper reviews scholarly theoretical and empirical articles and try to answer the question how governmental interventions play a significant role and contributes to brain drain in source and destination countries.
{"title":"The Relationship between Political Conditions and Global Talent Mobility","authors":"I. Roudgar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2483617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2483617","url":null,"abstract":"Many talents and educated people seek to avoid and are frustrated by politics. This paper will discuss the role of politics in encouraging the international mobility of those who are not only highly educated but highly qualified. It will do so the gap and overlooked in theory/model as well critical debates that support by a number of international brain drain examples. This paper reviews scholarly theoretical and empirical articles and try to answer the question how governmental interventions play a significant role and contributes to brain drain in source and destination countries.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116988308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a theory on migration of dual-earner couples, and test it in the context of international migration. Our model predicts that the probability that a couple emigrates increases in the earnings of the primary earner. The effect of the earnings of the secondary earner may go either way. The empirical results for dual earner couples are in line with the theory. Primary earners in couples are more strongly self-selected with respect to their income than singles, a novel result that runs against the intuition that family ties weaken self-selection. Secondary earners in couples are more weakly self-selected than singles.
{"title":"International Migration of Couples","authors":"Martin Junge, M. Munk, Panu Poutvaara","doi":"10.5282/UBM/EPUB.24924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5282/UBM/EPUB.24924","url":null,"abstract":"We present a theory on migration of dual-earner couples, and test it in the context of international migration. Our model predicts that the probability that a couple emigrates increases in the earnings of the primary earner. The effect of the earnings of the secondary earner may go either way. The empirical results for dual earner couples are in line with the theory. Primary earners in couples are more strongly self-selected with respect to their income than singles, a novel result that runs against the intuition that family ties weaken self-selection. Secondary earners in couples are more weakly self-selected than singles.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121782020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the private unobserved migration propensity of married individuals using bounds to circumvent the issue of partial observability. Applied to the population of Danish couples aged between 25 to 39, this approach leads to two main results. First, we find convincing evidence that married individuals differ from single individuals in their migration propensity even after controlling for their observable characteristics. Second, after assessing the relative importance of male and female partners' characteristics in the decision to emigrate, we cannot reject the hypothesis that both partners' observed characteristics are equally weighted in the migration decision.
{"title":"On Private Unobserved Returns to International Migration in a Couple","authors":"Romuald Méango, Till Nikolka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2451106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2451106","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the private unobserved migration propensity of married individuals using bounds to circumvent the issue of partial observability. Applied to the population of Danish couples aged between 25 to 39, this approach leads to two main results. First, we find convincing evidence that married individuals differ from single individuals in their migration propensity even after controlling for their observable characteristics. Second, after assessing the relative importance of male and female partners' characteristics in the decision to emigrate, we cannot reject the hypothesis that both partners' observed characteristics are equally weighted in the migration decision.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131124482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since emigration and immigration plug into the highly sensitive and subjective issues of nationhood and identity, the definition of what a migrant is and is not, and the dissemination of knowledge about international migration are themselves intrinsically subjective matters. Since statistics are produced out of data routinely collected by state administrations and because international migration moves individuals from one state to another, data on international migration are by their very nature difficult to collect and require international harmonisation of statistical procedures. The paper reviews and discusses the various criteria that states use to define a migrant: the country of birth and the country of citizenship of individuals and, by cases, those of their parents, as well as their duration of stay. It shows that in migration matters, truth is not unique, and different points of view can produce contrasted, but not contradictory, estimates.
{"title":"The Fuzzy Lines of International Migration. A Critical Assessment of Definitions and Estimates in the Arab Countries","authors":"P. Fargues","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2456183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2456183","url":null,"abstract":"Since emigration and immigration plug into the highly sensitive and subjective issues of nationhood and identity, the definition of what a migrant is and is not, and the dissemination of knowledge about international migration are themselves intrinsically subjective matters. Since statistics are produced out of data routinely collected by state administrations and because international migration moves individuals from one state to another, data on international migration are by their very nature difficult to collect and require international harmonisation of statistical procedures. The paper reviews and discusses the various criteria that states use to define a migrant: the country of birth and the country of citizenship of individuals and, by cases, those of their parents, as well as their duration of stay. It shows that in migration matters, truth is not unique, and different points of view can produce contrasted, but not contradictory, estimates.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131334560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using data from a 2011 national household survey, this paper examines the factors shaping urban residents' prejudice toward rural-to-urban migrants and the impacts of prejudice on rural migrants' integration into urban communities. The results show that urban residents with higher education and household income report stronger prejudice. Also, urban residents with urban hukou at birth, are more prejudiced toward rural migrants. Given that hukou status at birth is tied to the parental hukou status, this result implies that prejudice can transfer across generations. With regards to the impacts on rural migrants' integration, prejudice reduces their perceived social standing and increases the number of livelihood problems encountered. On the other hand, prejudice is associated with stronger self-identification as an urbanite and more willingness to interact with urban residents. There are two possible explanations. First, in a prejudicial society, there may exist a strong negative connotation associated with the identity as a ruralite, which causes rural migrants not to rather consider themselves as urbanites. Second, since urban residents of high socio-economic status report stronger prejudice, rural migrants may want to network with those urban residents, who can provide assistance in job search and access to government resources.
{"title":"Urban Residents' Prejudice and Integration of Rural Migrants into Urban China","authors":"C. Tse","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2440406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2440406","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from a 2011 national household survey, this paper examines the factors shaping urban residents' prejudice toward rural-to-urban migrants and the impacts of prejudice on rural migrants' integration into urban communities. The results show that urban residents with higher education and household income report stronger prejudice. Also, urban residents with urban hukou at birth, are more prejudiced toward rural migrants. Given that hukou status at birth is tied to the parental hukou status, this result implies that prejudice can transfer across generations. With regards to the impacts on rural migrants' integration, prejudice reduces their perceived social standing and increases the number of livelihood problems encountered. On the other hand, prejudice is associated with stronger self-identification as an urbanite and more willingness to interact with urban residents. There are two possible explanations. First, in a prejudicial society, there may exist a strong negative connotation associated with the identity as a ruralite, which causes rural migrants not to rather consider themselves as urbanites. Second, since urban residents of high socio-economic status report stronger prejudice, rural migrants may want to network with those urban residents, who can provide assistance in job search and access to government resources.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114733331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on migration and development has recently changed, in two ways. First, it has grown sharply in volume, emerging as a proper subfield. Second, while it once embraced principally rural–urban migration and international remittances, migration and development research has broadened to consider a range of international development processes. These include human capital investment, global diaspora networks, circular or temporary migration, and the transfer of technology and cultural norms. For this special issue, we present a selection of frontier migration-and-development research that instantiates these trends.
{"title":"Migration and Development Research Is Moving Far Beyond Remittances","authors":"Michael A. Clemens, C. Ozden, Hillel Rapoport","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2458132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2458132","url":null,"abstract":"Research on migration and development has recently changed, in two ways. First, it has grown sharply in volume, emerging as a proper subfield. Second, while it once embraced principally rural–urban migration and international remittances, migration and development research has broadened to consider a range of international development processes. These include human capital investment, global diaspora networks, circular or temporary migration, and the transfer of technology and cultural norms. For this special issue, we present a selection of frontier migration-and-development research that instantiates these trends.","PeriodicalId":346996,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Migration eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117204455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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