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RESEARCH OF TESTING METHODS OF HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING OF TRACTORS 拖拉机液压助力转向试验方法研究
A. Korobko
Abstract Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to increase the level of technical readiness of tractors based on indicators of the technical state of steering by improving the process of its diagnosis. In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to substantiate the estimated indicators and develop a method of testing the hydrovolume steering of tractors using the method of partial accelerations. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the use of the method of partial accelerations. This method is based on the transition from the vector sum of forces in space to the vector sum of accelerations in space. This makes it possible to preserve the physical essence of the obtained vector equation describing the motion of the dynamic system. The method of partial accelerations, in contrast to classical methods, involves reducing the equations of dynamics to the equations of kinematics (principle of kinemodynamics). Further research is based on this principle. The results of the study. A method of testing hydraulic volumetric steering of tractors using the method of partial accelerations has been developed. The time of rotation of the tractor wheels from the extreme position to the extreme position is an indicator for diagnostics. It was established that the duration of turning the tractor wheels from the extreme position to the extreme position is correlated with the accelerations that occur in the front and rear half-frames of such a tractor. The rotation accelerations of the rear half-frame are more pronounced, compared to the accelerations of the front half-frame. This is explained by the different values of their mass index. Measurement of the indicator is possible using the method of partial accelerations. For this, measuring complexes based on accelerometers are used. Conclusion. The implementation of methods for assessing the quality of tractor steering units and the units developed according to the proposed methodology will allow for an accelerated assessment of their compliance with technical conditions and traffic safety during tests and in operation. The application of partial accelerations method makes it possible to make a conclusion about the technical condition of the elements and nodes of the hydraulic steering of the tractor without the presence of a special platform for running tests. As a diagnostic indicator, the longitudinal component of acceleration that occurs when the guide wheels turn is proposed. The labor intensity of tests using this method is reduced by 3.28 times compared to the known ones, and the consumption of working fluid is also reduced by 2.7 kg, as the operation of disassembling units is eliminated. Key words: tractor, hydraulic power steering, test, turning time, condition indicator, method.
摘要本研究的目的。研究的目的是通过改进拖拉机转向技术状态的诊断过程,提高拖拉机转向技术状态指标的技术准备水平。为了实现这一目标,有必要对估计的指标进行验证,并开发一种用部分加速度法测试拖拉机水容转向性能的方法。研究方法。这项工作的方法论基础是部分加速度法的使用。这种方法是基于从空间中的力矢量和到空间中的加速度矢量和的转换。这使得可以保留所获得的描述动力系统运动的矢量方程的物理本质。与经典方法相比,部分加速度方法涉及将动力学方程简化为运动学方程(运动动力学原理)。进一步的研究是基于这一原则。研究的结果。提出了一种用部分加速度法测试拖拉机液压容积转向的方法。拖拉机车轮从极端位置到极端位置的旋转时间是诊断的一个指标。建立了拖拉机车轮从极端位置转向极端位置的持续时间与发生在拖拉机前后半车架的加速度相关。与前半车架的加速度相比,后半车架的旋转加速度更明显。这可以用它们的质量指数的不同值来解释。可以用部分加速度法测量该指标。为此,采用了基于加速度计的测量复合物。结论。实施评估拖拉机转向装置和根据拟议方法开发的装置质量的方法,将有助于加速评估它们在试验和运行期间是否符合技术条件和交通安全。部分加速度法的应用,使得在没有专门的运行试验平台的情况下,可以得出拖拉机液压转向各要素和节点的技术状况。提出了导轮转动时加速度的纵向分量作为诊断指标。由于省去了拆解单元的操作,使用该方法进行试验的劳动强度比已知方法降低了3.28倍,工质消耗也减少了2.7 kg。关键词:拖拉机,液压助力转向,试验,转向时间,状态指示器,方法。
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引用次数: 0
CONTROL OF CONSUMER QUALITIES IN INCOMING INSPECTION FOR TRACTORS ON THE SECONDARY MARKET OF UKRAINE 乌克兰二级市场拖拉机进口检验中消费者质量的控制
S. Lebedev, A. Korobko, A. Lebedev, M. Shulyak
Abstract Purpose of the study. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the use of secondary market tractors due to the improvement of the technological process of their input control. In order to achieve the set goal, the following tasks were solved: the methodological foundations of the incoming quality control of tractors on the secondary market were justified; the proposed algorithm of the technological process of the input quality control of the tractor on the secondary market with the determination of the main functional, ergonomic and traction-energy indicators was implemented in practice. Research methods. Materials and initial data for research became the basis of qualitative assessment of tractors, taking into account the specific features of the development of the secondary market of tractors. Research methods consisted in studying, analyzing, comparing, summarizing and evaluating data regarding the results of determining the consumer properties of tractors under their operating conditions. The results of the study. The secondary market of tractors in Ukraine is in the stage of formation, during which it is evaluated, first of all, their efficiency, which characterizes not only the ability to work (perform the necessary functions), but also to comply with regulatory and technical and design documentation. Currently, used general-purpose tractors of the «KhTZ-170», «MTZ-80» and «John Deere» series 8R tractors are sold in Ukraine, during the purchase of which their operability is predicted in the presence of damage that manifests itself in a violation of the tractor’s serviceability while preserving its operability. Based on the results of research and the experience of other countries, the need to introduce a separate legal act in Ukraine, which would regulate the requirements and procedures for assessing compliance for single samples used, as well as independently assembled is substantiated. Conclusion. An important direction of improving the technical equipment of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, as well as the loading of repair and other agricultural service enterprises, is the development and effective functioning of the secondary market of tractors and agricultural machines, which will allow speeding up and improving the quantitative and qualitative composition of the machine-tractor fleet. At the same time, one of the main elements in the system of improving the quality of agricultural machinery is the proper organization of incoming control of these products on the secondary market. The issue of commissioning (registration) of tractors purchased on the secondary market is currently not finally settled in Ukraine and requires the development of a separate legal act. Key words: tractor, consumer properties, secondary market, input control, measuring equipment, performance forecasting, and tractor registration.
摘要本研究的目的。本工作的目的是通过改进二级市场拖拉机投入控制的工艺流程,提高二级市场拖拉机的使用效率。为实现既定目标,解决了以下任务:论证了二级市场拖拉机进料质量控制的方法论基础;提出的二级市场拖拉机主要功能指标、人机工程学指标和牵引能指标确定的输入质量控制工艺流程算法在实践中得到了实现。研究方法。考虑到拖拉机二级市场发展的具体特点,研究的材料和初步数据成为拖拉机定性评估的基础。研究方法是研究、分析、比较、总结和评价拖拉机运行工况下消费者性能测定结果的数据。研究的结果。乌克兰拖拉机的二级市场正处于形成阶段,在此期间,首先评估其效率,其特点不仅是工作能力(执行必要的功能),而且符合法规、技术和设计文件。目前,在乌克兰销售的通用拖拉机“KhTZ-170”、“MTZ-80”和“约翰迪尔”系列8R拖拉机,在购买期间,它们的可操作性被预测为存在损坏,这些损坏表现为违反了拖拉机的可用性,同时保持了其可操作性。根据研究结果和其他国家的经验,有必要在乌克兰制定一项单独的法律,规定对使用的单一样品和独立组装的样品的遵守情况进行评估的要求和程序。结论。改善乌克兰农业部门的技术设备以及维修和其他农业服务企业的一个重要方向是发展拖拉机和农业机械的二级市场并使其有效运作,这将加快和改善机械拖拉机车队的数量和质量组成。同时,提高农机产品质量体系的重要内容之一是合理组织农机产品进入二级市场的控制。在二级市场上购买的拖拉机的调试(登记)问题目前在乌克兰尚未最终解决,需要制定单独的法律行为。关键词:拖拉机,消费者属性,二级市场,输入控制,测量设备,性能预测,拖拉机登记。
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引用次数: 0
ENERGY SAVING IN GRAIN DRYING TECHNOLOGIES: PROSPECTIVE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS 谷物干燥技术中的节能:前瞻性技术和技术解决方案
S. Khalin, M. Zanko, T. Gaidai, O. Len
Summary The purpose of the work is to research promising technical and technological solutions for energy saving and the use of alternative energy sources in grain drying technologies. Methods and materials. The obtained results are based on the operational and analytical evaluation of mine-type dryers with hybrid heat supply systems, the technological principle of their operation, grain drying processes and energy saving indicators. Results. Studies of energy saving processes in grain drying technologies have established that today the use of grain dryers with hybrid heat supply systems is relevant, subject to the introduction of advanced technical and technological solutions into their design – cross-flow air and heat recovery systems, built-in heat generator, high-performance production and heating agent consumption systems, etc. In the design of such dryers, it is possible to use all common heat sources: gas, oil, biofuel and hot water radiators, as well as direct and indirect grain heating systems. To obtain heat from biofuel, appropriate technological equipment is required, the function of which is performed by bio-heat generators and complexes based on them. Heat generator complexes of the hybrid type, which burn bio-raw materials and natural gas, to increase the productivity of heat agent formation, additionally have heat exchangers for obtaining hot air in their composition, which can work both autonomously and in tandem with gas burners, which makes it possible to significantly save on energy resources. Conclusions. Technological solutions for the use of mine-type grain dryers with hybrid heat supply systems, which are able to work on solid biofuel, which is a secondary product of agricultural and forestry production, and ensure its burning with specialized technological equipment - bioheat generators, make it possible to partially abandon the traditional energy carrier (natural gas), reduce specific fuel consumption and thus achieve energy savings in the production of heating agent. Key words: grain dryer, heat generator, solid biofuel, combustion and drying processes, heating agent, energy efficiency, grain drying.
这项工作的目的是研究有前途的技术和工艺解决方案,以节约能源和利用替代能源的谷物干燥技术。方法和材料。本文通过对混合供热系统矿用干燥机的运行分析评价、运行技术原理、粮食干燥工艺及节能指标的研究,得出了上述结论。结果。谷物干燥技术中节能过程的研究已经确定,今天使用混合供热系统的谷物干燥机是相关的,但要在其设计中引入先进的技术和工艺解决方案-横流空气和热回收系统,内置热发生器,高性能生产和加热剂消耗系统等。在这种干燥机的设计中,可以使用所有常见的热源:天然气、石油、生物燃料和热水散热器,以及直接和间接的谷物加热系统。为了从生物燃料中获得热量,需要适当的技术设备,其功能由生物热发生器和基于它们的复合物来执行。混合型热发生器复合物燃烧生物原料和天然气,以提高热剂形成的生产率,另外在其组成中有用于获取热空气的热交换器,该热交换器既可以自主工作,也可以与燃气燃烧器串联工作,这使得可以显着节省能源资源。结论。采用混合供热系统的矿用谷物烘干机的技术解决方案,能够利用农林生产的二次产品固体生物燃料,并确保其燃烧的专用技术设备-生物热发生器,可以部分放弃传统的能源载体(天然气),降低燃料比消耗,从而实现加热剂生产的节能。关键词:谷物干燥机,热源,固体生物燃料,燃烧与干燥过程,加热剂,能源效率,谷物干燥
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引用次数: 0
ANALYSIS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODERN SMALL POULTRY FARMS 现代小型家禽养殖场建设要求分析
S. Khalin, V. Smolyar
Summary Purpose of the study is to analyze the requirements for the construction of modern small poultry farms for keeping poultry of various species. Research methods. Analytical studies devoted to the requirements for the construction of small poultry farms were conducted based on available scientific and informational reports by means of an analysis of the current state of this problem in European countries. Results. It was noted that during the construction of small poultry farms, it is important to comply with the requirements for the placement of poultry, depending on the available land in the farm and the dimensional characteristics of buildings for keeping poultry. Research in the conditions of a poultry farm was analyzed, with a comparison of different types of bedding materials. The main trends in the construction of small poultry farms were noted: the placement of poultry depending on the available land in the farm and the dimensional characteristics of the buildings; small hangar-type buildings for keeping poultry; mobile poultry houses; the main method of keeping poultry is floor; cascading keeping of chickens on three levels; the floor in the poultry house must be waterproof; the slatted floor can occupy only a limited area of the poultry house; use of bedding materials, including non-traditional ones; calculation of the thermal balance of the building; organic production of poultry products; landscaping of walking areas for birds. Conclusions. The analysis of the requirements for the construction of modern small poultry farms testified that in European countries with developed poultry farming there is a constant process of improving buildings for keeping poultry in order to effectively manage the industry and obtain high-quality products. The materials presented in the publication will be useful in the future for the development of design solutions for buildings for keeping poultry of various species. Key words: poultry, geese, turkeys, ducks, chickens, poultry farming.
本研究的目的是分析现代小型家禽养殖场对饲养各种家禽的要求。研究方法。根据现有的科学和信息报告,通过分析欧洲国家这一问题的现状,对小型家禽养殖场建设的要求进行了分析研究。结果。会议指出,在建设小型家禽养殖场期间,必须遵守家禽安置的要求,这取决于养殖场的可用土地和饲养家禽的建筑物的尺寸特征。以某家禽养殖场为研究对象,对不同类型床上材料进行了对比分析。指出了小型家禽养殖场建设的主要趋势:家禽的安置取决于农场的可用土地和建筑物的尺寸特征;饲养家禽的小型机库式建筑物;流动禽舍;饲养家禽的主要方法是地板饲养;三级梯级饲养鸡;禽舍地板必须防水;板条地板只能占用禽舍的有限面积;使用床上用品,包括非传统的;建筑热平衡计算;禽肉产品有机生产;美化雀鸟的散步区。结论。对现代小型家禽养殖场建设要求的分析证明,在家禽养殖发达的欧洲国家,为了有效地管理家禽产业,获得高质量的产品,饲养家禽的建筑是一个不断改进的过程。本刊物所提供的资料,在日后为饲养不同品种家禽的楼宇设计方案时,将会有用。关键词:家禽,鹅,火鸡,鸭,鸡,家禽养殖。
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引用次数: 0
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TESTING AFFAIRS IN L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT 机器测试事务在波兰的形成和发展
S. Khalin, O. Litovchenko
Summary The purpose of this work is to describe the historical path of the formation and development of the machine testing system and the creation and development of the main scientific institution of Ukraine for testing agricultural machinery and technologies – L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT. Methods: historical-scientific, dialectical-logical, bibliographic-statistical, problem-chronological, which contributed to the comprehensive analysis of the research subject based on the principles of comprehensiveness, historicism and scientific objectivity of knowledge. Results. It is known that the machine testing system performs an important scientific-technical and public-societal function, which connects agricultural production and agricultural machine building from the standpoint of accelerated testing of new machines and equipment and timely forecasting of directions for the development of competitive machinery and technologies, implementation of state and industry standards, protection environment, information and consumer protection. Today, these important functions are assigned to L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT – one of the leading state scientific and testing institutions of Ukraine, which unites the main research institute for forecasting and testing of agricultural machinery and technologies and zonal testing organizations (Lviv, South Ukrainian and Kharkiv branches) into a single scientific and testing institution. The stages of formation and development of the machine testing industry highlighted in this work include the activities of the Ukrainian Zonal Machine Testing Station (UkrMVS, 1948-1976), the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Testing Machines and Equipment for Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production (VNDIVMOT, 1976-1991); Ukrainian Research Institute for Forecasting of Equipment and Technologies for Agricultural Production (UkrNDIPVT, since 1991), which on December 26, 2003 was named after a well-known test scientist in Ukraine and abroad, academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, doctor of technical Sciences, Professor Leonid Pogorilyy. The main areas of research and testing activities of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT named after in the light of modern problems and tasks are presented. Keywords: machine testing, agriculture, agricultural technologies, L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT
这项工作的目的是描述机器测试系统的形成和发展的历史路径,以及乌克兰测试农业机械和技术的主要科学机构- L. pogorily UkrNDIPVT的创建和发展。方法:采用历史科学、辩证逻辑、书目统计、问题编年史等方法,以全面性、历史决定论和知识的科学客观性原则对研究课题进行综合分析。结果。据了解,机器测试系统具有重要的科学技术和社会公共功能,从加快新机器设备的测试,及时预测竞争机械和技术的发展方向,实施国家和行业标准,保护环境,信息和消费者保护等方面,将农业生产和农机制造联系起来。今天,这些重要的职能被分配给L. pogorily UkrNDIPVT -乌克兰领先的国家科学和测试机构之一,它将农业机械和技术预测和测试的主要研究所和区域测试组织(利沃夫,南乌克兰和哈尔科夫分支机构)联合为一个单一的科学和测试机构。这项工作强调了机器测试工业的形成和发展阶段,包括乌克兰区域机器测试站(UkrMVS, 1948-1976)、全联盟畜牧和饲料生产测试机器和设备科学研究所(VNDIVMOT, 1976-1991)的活动;乌克兰农业生产设备与技术预测研究所(UkrNDIPVT,成立于1991年),于2003年12月26日以乌克兰国内外著名试验科学家、乌克兰农业科学院院士、技术科学博士列昂尼德·波戈里利教授的名字命名。提出了以现代问题和任务命名的L. pogorily UkrNDIPVT的研究和测试活动的主要领域。关键词:机器测试,农业,农业技术,L. pogorily乌克兰ndipvt
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引用次数: 0
AGROBIOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF PRECISION SEEDER OF CEREAL CROPS 谷类作物精准播种机的农业生物学论证
V. Lyhochvor, O. Mazurak, M. Mazurak, Y. Salo
Abstract The purpose of research. To substantiate the agrotechnical requirements for the seeder for accurate (uniform in depth and placement on the area) sowing for grain ear crops of the continuous row method of sowing. The optimal area for plant nutrition and the depth of wrapping winter wheat seeds were determined. Research methods. A field method – to determine the interaction of the object of research with the elements of technology: depth of seed wrapping and feeding area; calculated and weighted – determining the yield of winter wheat. Results. The best conditions for realizing the biological ability of winter wheat plants of the Tobak variety to form the highest grain productivity were during sowing according to the scheme of 7х7 cm and a feeding area of 49 cm2. The yield increase compared to the control (row method of sowing with 15 cm between rows) is 1.05 t/ha, or 13.1%. On the variant with a feeding area of 36 cm2 with a 6х6 cm sowing scheme, the grain yield decreased by 0.15 t/ha, compared to the 7x7 cm scheme. On these two most productive variants, the sowing rate was only 130 kg/ha and 97 kg, respectively /Ha. It is important to note that even with the maximum feeding area (10x10 cm), where only 45 kg/ha of seeds (1.0 million/ha) were sown, the yield remained high and amounted to 7.40 t/ha. In the experiment to study the depth of sowing, the highest yield of the RZHT Reform variety of winter wheat was formed on variants with a 2 cm and 3 cm depth of wrapping, respectively 8.22 t/ha and 8.30 t/ha. Deepening of the seeds by 4 cm led to a yield decreasing by 0.22 t/ha. For sowing to a 5 cm depth the yield was decreased by 0.43 t/ha. Increasing of the sowing depth to 6 cm and 7 cm significantly reduced the yield. Conclusions. The need for uniform placement of seeds on the area and depth requires the creation of a seeder with precise sowing of grain crops seeds of continuous row method of sowing. However, precision sowing has no proper biological and technological grounds. As a result of the research, the optimal parameters of the area of winter wheat plant nutrition (6x6 cm and 7x7 cm) and the depth of seed sowing (2-3 cm) were substantiated. It was concluded that the application of the appropriate technology for growing grain crops with the use of precision seed drills will allow to reduce seed sowing rates by half and increase the field productivity of grain. Key words: winter wheat, feeding area, sowing depth, precision seed drill.
摘要研究的目的。为满足连续行播种法对谷穗作物准确(播种深度和播种面积均匀)播种的农业技术要求。确定了冬小麦种子的最佳营养面积和包膜深度。研究方法。实地方法-确定研究对象与技术要素的相互作用:种子包裹深度和喂养面积;计算和加权-确定冬小麦产量。结果。冬小麦Tobak品种实现植株生物能力形成最高籽粒生产力的最佳条件是播种期,方案为7х7 cm,采食面积为49 cm2。与对照(行播间隔15 cm)相比,增产1.05吨/公顷,增产13.1%。在饲喂面积为36 cm2、播种面积为6х6 cm的品种上,与播种面积为7x7 cm的品种相比,籽粒产量下降了0.15 t/ha。在这两个产量最高的品种上,播种量分别仅为130公斤/公顷和97公斤/公顷。值得注意的是,即使在最大饲养面积(10x10厘米)下,仅播种量为45公斤/公顷(100万/公顷),产量仍然很高,达到7.40吨/公顷。在播种深度研究试验中,RZHT改良型冬小麦品种在包膜深度为2 cm和3 cm的变异上产量最高,分别为8.22 t/ha和8.30 t/ha。种子加深4厘米,产量下降0.22吨/公顷。播种至5厘米深时,产量下降0.43吨/公顷。播种深度增加到6 cm和7 cm显著降低了产量。结论。需要在面积和深度上均匀放置种子,就需要创造一种具有精确播种谷物作物种子的连续行播种机。然而,精准播种没有适当的生物学和技术依据。研究结果确定了冬小麦植株营养面积(6 × 6 cm和7 × 7 cm)和播种深度(2 ~ 3 cm)的最佳参数。结果表明,采用适当的技术,利用精密播种机种植粮食作物,可使播种率降低一半,提高粮食的田间生产力。关键词:冬小麦,施肥面积,播深,精密播种机。
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引用次数: 0
ON THE QUESTION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE CURVED SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE 试论农业曲线制的起源和演变的历史问题
I. Prymak, Y. Fedoruk, N. Prysiazhniuk, M. Voitovyk, N. Fedoruk, O. Panchenko, L. Kozak
Summary The purpose of the research is to make a comprehensive historical-scientific analysis of the process of formation of the scientific and practical foundations of the cropping (multi-field-grass) system of agriculture, to find out the prerequisites for its emergence and to establish the patterns of development of its components. The research methods are historical-scientific, dialectical-logical, bibliographic-statistical, problem-chronological, which contributed to the comprehensive analysis of the research subject, which is based on the principles of multifactoriality, comprehensiveness, historicism and scientific objectivity of knowledge. Research results. Many years of research by scientists of the Bilotserki National University convincingly proved that the very low productivity of cattle breeding due to the constant shortage of fodder, and of low quality, and an excessively large share of steam (usually 1/3-1/2 of the entire area of arable land) under the steam farming system were the main reasons the emergence of a fallow (multi-field-grass) system of agriculture on the territory of Ukraine. In the estates of the nobles of the Black Earth belt, this system often arose from virgin or fallow land as a transitional form from primitive to interactive farming systems. Conclusion. It was noted that the yield system was gradually transformed into an improved grain crop by reducing the share of the area under perennial grasses and the growth under grain crops. The improved grain system, in turn, is transformed into a crop rotation (grain-grass rowing system) by replacing clean pairs with busy ones, as well as introducing row crops into crop rotations. Analyzing the data, it can be stated that in Ukraine, the no-till farming system was not very widespread in its pure form, but its individual components (multi-pollinated - grass, soil protection, fodder crop rotations) are successfully used even today in combination with crop rotations of other systems. V.O. is deservedly considered a pioneer of experimental field grass seeding and the creator of an improved grain system with a four-field crop rotation. Levshina, and the founders of field grass sowing on a large economic scale were D.M. Poltoratskyi and I.I.Samarin. Key words: evolution, system of farming (agriculture), crop rotation, culture, steam, tillage, soil, fertility, fertilizers.
本研究的目的是对农作(多田草)制的科学基础和实践基础的形成过程进行全面的历史科学分析,找出其产生的前提条件,确立其组成部分的发展规律。研究方法采用历史-科学、辩证-逻辑、书目-统计、问题-时序等方法,以多因素性、全面性、历史主义和知识的科学客观性原则为基础,对研究对象进行了全面分析。研究的结果。Bilotserki国立大学的科学家们多年的研究令人信服地证明,由于饲料的持续短缺和低质量,以及蒸汽耕作系统下过大的蒸汽份额(通常占整个耕地面积的1/3-1/2),畜牧业的生产力非常低,这是乌克兰领土上出现休耕(多田草)农业系统的主要原因。在黑土带贵族的庄园中,这种制度通常是从原始农业系统到互动农业系统的过渡形式,从处女地或休耕地产生的。结论。指出,通过减少多年生草的面积和粮食作物的生长,产量体系逐渐向改良粮食作物转变。改良后的粮食系统又转变为作物轮作(粮草轮作系统),用干粮轮作取代干粮轮作,并在轮作中引入行作作物。通过对数据的分析,可以得出结论,在乌克兰,单纯的免耕耕作制度并不是很普遍,但其个别组成部分(多授粉-草、土壤保护、饲料作物轮作)即使在今天也与其他系统的作物轮作结合使用。V.O.当之无愧地被认为是试验田草播种的先驱,也是改良的四田轮作粮食系统的创造者。而大规模的草地播种的奠基人是D.M. Poltoratskyi和I.I.Samarin。关键词:进化,耕作制度,轮作,栽培,蒸汽,耕作,土壤,肥力,肥料。
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引用次数: 0
METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING TRACTOR TRACTION PROPERTIES UNDER UNSTABLE COUPLING WEIGHT 不稳定耦合重量下拖拉机牵引性能评估方法
A. Lebedev, S. Lebedev, A. Korobko
Abstract Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of using the tractor hitch weight in traction mode by reducing the uneven distribution of vertical reactions between the wheels. Research methods. The methodological basis of the work is the generalization and analysis of known scientific results regarding the theory of the tractor in traction mode. Analytical method and comparative analysis were used to form a scientific problem, determine the goal and set research objectives. When creating empirical models of the tractor, the main provisions of the theory of probabilities were used. The results of the study. The main provisions of the methodology for evaluating the traction properties of the tractor with the instability of the coupling weight have been formulated. The method of evaluating the vertical reactions on the wheels of the tractor is substantiated, which is based on the measurement of the vertical reaction on one of the four wheels. It has been proven that tractors with lubrication to the front or rear axles of the center of mass have the greatest probability of equal distribution of vertical reactions between the wheels of the same axle, while tractors with the center of mass in the middle between the axles have the lowest probability. It is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed that when the tractor performs plowing work with uneven distribution of loads on the sides, its operation with maximum traction efficiency is ensured by blocking the front and rear axle drivers. Conclusion. A well-founded methodology for evaluating the influence of the position of the tractor’s center of mass on its traction properties. The issue of evaluating the influence of the tractor’s center of mass on its traction properties when aggregated with mounted, trailed and combined agricultural machines remains open. Key words: tractor, traction properties, coupling weight, center of mass, vertical reactions, driving bridges, blocking.
摘要本研究的目的。研究的目的是通过减少车轮之间垂直反作用力的不均匀分布来提高牵引模式下牵引车挂重的使用效率。研究方法。本工作的方法论基础是对拖拉机牵引模式理论的已知科学成果的概括和分析。运用分析法和比较分析法形成科学问题,确定研究目标,设定研究目标。在建立拖拉机的经验模型时,使用了概率论的主要规定。研究的结果。制定了考虑联轴器不稳定性的牵引车牵引性能评价方法的主要规定。提出了一种评价拖拉机车轮垂直反力的方法,该方法基于对四个车轮中一个车轮垂直反力的测量。实验证明,在质心的前轴或后轴润滑的拖拉机,同一轴车轮间垂直反力均匀分布的概率最大,而质心在车轴中间的拖拉机,其垂直反力均匀分布的概率最小。理论证实和实验证实,当拖拉机进行两侧载荷分布不均匀的犁耕工作时,通过阻挡前后桥驾驶员,可以保证拖拉机以最大的牵引效率运行。结论。一个有充分根据的方法来评估拖拉机的质量中心的位置对其牵引性能的影响。评估拖拉机的质量中心对其牵引性能的影响,当与安装,牵引和联合农业机械聚集在一起的问题仍然是开放的。关键词:牵引车,牵引性能,耦合重量,质心,垂直反作用力,驱动桥,阻塞。
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引用次数: 0
PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN L. POGORILYY UkrNDIPVT 在L. pogorly . ukndipvt实施的项目
M. Novokhatskyi, N. Maidanovych, O. Litovchenko
Summary The purpose of this work is to highlight the range of scientific and industrial projects implemented in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT during the last years, and promising directions of the institution’s activities. Methods and materials: a comprehensive analysis of the available results of project solutions implemented in UkrNDIPVT and scientific publications in the direction of this research. Results. In recent years, in the experimental fields of UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pogorily implemented a number of projects related to the implementation of promising technical and technological solutions for the implementation of various tillage systems and their impact on the efficiency of growing the main agricultural crops, the implementation of new methods of forecasting the yield of agricultural crops, optimization of technologies for growing perennial energy crops, etc. In particular, the following projects were implemented: “AgroOlymp” - the latest technical and technological solutions for a differentiated system of soil cultivation and sowing when growing grain crops; “Agroperspective” is a complex multivariate test of the productivity of new varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops typical for the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in real production conditions of a demonstration crop rotation; “MARS” – monitoring of agro-resource systems and forecasting of the productivity of the main agricultural crops using the data of remote sensing of the Earth; “Biotechnology” - greening of technologies, extended reproduction of soil fertility, increase in the economic efficiency of growing agricultural crops; “Strip-till” - development of technical and technological solutions for strip tillage and sowing for small and medium-sized farms; “Bioenergy Conveyor” - development and optimization of technologies for growing perennial energy crops, which ensure obtaining the maximum amount of raw materials for the production of thermal energy from a unit of area. In addition to active scientific work, UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pohoriloy also works in the field of testing and ranking of technical means for the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and helps manufacturers of agricultural machinery overcome the path of promotion to European markets Conclusions. Analysis of the implemented in UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pogorily of project solutions certifies that the institution’s active research and testing activities have quite fruitful results and broad prospects for the implementation of scientific and industrial ideas in the agricultural direction.
这项工作的目的是强调在过去几年中在L. pogorily UkrNDIPVT实施的科学和工业项目的范围,以及该机构活动的有希望的方向。方法和材料:全面分析在UkrNDIPVT实施的项目解决方案的可用结果和本研究方向的科学出版物。结果。近年来,在以L. Pogorily命名的UkrNDIPVT试验田,实施了许多项目,涉及实施各种耕作制度的有前途的技术和技术解决方案及其对主要农作物种植效率的影响,实施农业作物产量预测的新方法,优化多年生能源作物的种植技术等。具体而言,实施了以下项目:“农业奥林匹克”——在种植粮食作物时采用差异化土壤耕作和播种系统的最新技术和技术解决方案;“农业视角”是在示范轮作的实际生产条件下,对乌克兰森林草原典型的新品种和杂交作物的生产力进行复杂的多变量检验;“火星”- -利用地球遥感数据监测农业资源系统和预测主要农作物的生产力;“生物技术”——绿化技术,延长土壤肥力的再生产,提高种植农作物的经济效益;“带状耕作”——为中小型农场开发带状耕作和播种的技术解决方案;“生物能源传送带”——开发和优化多年生能源作物的种植技术,确保从单位面积获得最大数量的热能生产原料。除了积极的科学工作外,以L. Pohoriloy命名的UkrNDIPVT还在乌克兰农业工业综合体的技术手段测试和排名领域工作,并帮助农业机械制造商克服推广到欧洲市场的道路。对以L. Pogorily命名的UkrNDIPVT实施的项目解决方案的分析表明,该机构积极的研究和测试活动取得了相当丰硕的成果,在农业方向实施科学和工业理念的前景广阔。
{"title":"PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN L. POGORILYY UkrNDIPVT","authors":"M. Novokhatskyi, N. Maidanovych, O. Litovchenko","doi":"10.31473/2305-5987-2023-1-32(46)-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31473/2305-5987-2023-1-32(46)-9","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The purpose of this work is to highlight the range of scientific and industrial projects implemented in L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT during the last years, and promising directions of the institution’s activities. Methods and materials: a comprehensive analysis of the available results of project solutions implemented in UkrNDIPVT and scientific publications in the direction of this research. Results. In recent years, in the experimental fields of UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pogorily implemented a number of projects related to the implementation of promising technical and technological solutions for the implementation of various tillage systems and their impact on the efficiency of growing the main agricultural crops, the implementation of new methods of forecasting the yield of agricultural crops, optimization of technologies for growing perennial energy crops, etc. In particular, the following projects were implemented: “AgroOlymp” - the latest technical and technological solutions for a differentiated system of soil cultivation and sowing when growing grain crops; “Agroperspective” is a complex multivariate test of the productivity of new varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops typical for the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in real production conditions of a demonstration crop rotation; “MARS” – monitoring of agro-resource systems and forecasting of the productivity of the main agricultural crops using the data of remote sensing of the Earth; “Biotechnology” - greening of technologies, extended reproduction of soil fertility, increase in the economic efficiency of growing agricultural crops; “Strip-till” - development of technical and technological solutions for strip tillage and sowing for small and medium-sized farms; “Bioenergy Conveyor” - development and optimization of technologies for growing perennial energy crops, which ensure obtaining the maximum amount of raw materials for the production of thermal energy from a unit of area. In addition to active scientific work, UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pohoriloy also works in the field of testing and ranking of technical means for the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine and helps manufacturers of agricultural machinery overcome the path of promotion to European markets Conclusions. Analysis of the implemented in UkrNDIPVT named after L. Pogorily of project solutions certifies that the institution’s active research and testing activities have quite fruitful results and broad prospects for the implementation of scientific and industrial ideas in the agricultural direction.","PeriodicalId":34711,"journal":{"name":"Tekhnikotekhnologichni aspekti rozvitku ta viprobuvannia novoyi tekhniki i tekhnologii dlia sil''s''kogo gospodarstva Ukrayini","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69817027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ENERGY PRODUCTIVITY OF SORGO GRAIN AND SORIZE DEPENDING ON THE TIME OF SOWING SEEDS 种子播种时间对高粱籽粒能量生产率和产量的影响
A. Pravdyva
The article presents the results of research on the influence of seed sowing dates on the energy productivity of grain sorghum and sorghum. Goal. Investigate the influence of seed sowing dates on the energy productivity of grain sorghum and varieties of Dniprovsky 39 and Samaran 6 varieties in the conditions of the eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The field method was used in the study, which includes the study of biological and ecological features of growth and development, productivity and quality of the studied crop; laboratory method used to study the relationship between plant and environment; mathematical and statistical methods included the processing of experimental data to increase the validity of conclusions. Results. High yields of sorghum grain and biomass were obtained during sowing of seeds in the first decade of May (second sowing period), when the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm was 12-14 оС. In grain sorghum of Dniprovskyi 39 and Samaran 6, grain yield was 7.1 and 6.4 t/ha, biomass – 37.4 and 35.9 t/ha. The highest yield of bioethanol and solid fuel was obtained in the same variant of the experiment. The highest energy yield was obtained for sowing seeds in the first decade of May and was equal to 199.3 GJ/ha in the variety Dniprovsky 39 and 187.9 GJ/ha in the variety Samaran 6. About 71.0-72.0 % are concentrated in solid fuel (140,8 and 135.2 GJ/ha) of this energy and in bioethanol only 28-29 % (51.1 and 52.7 GJ/ha). Conclusions. It was studied that the grain yield and biomass of sorghum and sorghum mostly depend on the terms of sowing seeds – 29.2 %, the degree of influence of varieties was much lower and amounted to 8.1%. It is established that in comparison with the optimal sowing dates – the first and second decades of May, sowing seeds in the third decade of April (I sowing period) reduces grain yield by 4.2-12.6 % in the variety Dniprovsky 39 and 4.7-9,4 % in the variety Samaran 6; aboveground mass by 4.8-9.6 % and 6.4-10.6 %, respectively. Correlation-regression analysis of the data shows a close relationship between yield and biofuel yield. The correlation coefficient was R = 1, the coefficient of determination R2 = 1. There is also a strong correlation between yield and energy yield where R = 1, the coefficient of determination R2 = 1. Key words: varieties, yield, yield of biethanol and solid fuel, energy yield.
本文介绍了播种日期对粮食高粱和高粱能量生产率影响的研究结果。球门在乌克兰森林草原东部的条件下,调查种子播种日期对粮食高粱以及第聂伯罗夫斯基39号和萨马兰6号品种的能量生产力的影响。方法。研究采用田间法,包括研究所研究作物的生长发育、生产力和质量的生物学和生态学特征;用于研究植物与环境之间关系的实验室方法;数学和统计方法包括对实验数据的处理,以提高结论的有效性。后果在5月的第一个十年(第二个播种期)播种期间,当10厘米深的土壤温度为12-14°C时,高粱产量和生物量都很高。Dniprovskyi 39和Samaran 6的高粱产量分别为7.1和6.4 t/ha,生物量分别为37.4和35.9 t/ha。在相同的实验变体中获得了生物乙醇和固体燃料的最高产量。播种种子的能量产量最高的是5月的第一个十年,品种Dniprovsky 39为199.3 GJ/公顷,品种Samaran 6为187.9 GJ/公顷。约71.0-72.0%集中在固体燃料中(140,8和135.2 GJ/公顷),而生物乙醇中仅占28-29%(51.1和52.7 GJ/ha)。结论。研究表明,高粱和高粱的粮食产量和生物量主要取决于播种条件——29.2%,品种的影响程度要低得多,达到8.1%,在4月的第三个十年(第一个播种期)播种使Dniprovsky 39号品种的粮食产量下降4.2-12.6%,Samaran 6号品种的产量下降4.7-9.4%;地上质量分别提高了4.8-9.6%和6.4-10.6%。数据的相关回归分析表明,产量和生物燃料产量之间有着密切的关系。相关系数R=1,决定系数R2=1。产量和能量产量之间也有很强的相关性,其中R=1,决定系数R2=1。关键词:品种、产量、双乙醇及固体燃料产量、能源产量。
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Tekhnikotekhnologichni aspekti rozvitku ta viprobuvannia novoyi tekhniki i tekhnologii dlia sil''s''kogo gospodarstva Ukrayini
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