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Warming reality of Kozhikode Urban Area: Uncovering the heat of built-up expansion and vegetation loss 科济科德市不断变暖的现实:揭示城市扩张和植被减少的热量
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101016
Urban expansion often comes at the expense of natural landscapes, leading to increased temperatures and environmental degradation. This study examines the effects of urbanization on land cover changes and their implications for land surface temperature (LST) by analyzing normalized difference satellite indices in the Kozhikode Urban Area (KUA), a city where substantial urbanization has significantly impacted the natural environment. By investigating changes in vegetation and impervious surfaces from 1993 to 2022, the research highlights a troubling trend: while vegetation cover has sharply declined, impermeable surfaces like roads and buildings have surged, contributing to a dramatic rise in average temperatures. The study reveals that built-up areas significantly elevate LST, whereas vegetation and water bodies offer cooling effects. The results underscore the urgent need for integrating green infrastructure into urban planning to combat rising temperatures and enhance environmental sustainability. This research emphasizes the importance of considering smaller, vegetation-rich cities like Kozhikode in broader urban heat research, as they present unique challenges and opportunities for effective climate adaptation strategies. By highlighting these issues, this study aims to inform policymakers and urban planners about the critical role of urban greening in mitigating the effects of climate change and fostering sustainable urban environments.
城市扩张往往以牺牲自然景观为代价,从而导致气温升高和环境退化。本研究通过分析科济科德城区(KUA)的归一化差异卫星指数,研究了城市化对土地覆被变化的影响及其对地表温度(LST)的影响。通过调查 1993 年至 2022 年植被和不透水表面的变化,研究突显了一个令人担忧的趋势:在植被覆盖率急剧下降的同时,道路和建筑物等不透水表面却急剧增加,导致平均气温急剧上升。研究显示,建筑密集区会显著升高 LST,而植被和水体则具有降温效果。研究结果突出表明,迫切需要将绿色基础设施纳入城市规划,以应对气温上升并提高环境的可持续性。这项研究强调了在更广泛的城市热研究中考虑像科济科德这样植被丰富的小城市的重要性,因为它们为有效的气候适应战略带来了独特的挑战和机遇。通过强调这些问题,本研究旨在让政策制定者和城市规划者了解城市绿化在减轻气候变化影响和促进可持续城市环境方面的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the impact of land use and land cover change on the Densu Delta wetland using Markov chain modeling and artificial neural networks 利用马尔可夫链模型和人工神经网络评估土地利用和土地覆被变化对登苏三角洲湿地的影响
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101018
This study investigates the dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the Densu Delta wetlands, a critical ecosystem in Ghana. Here, satellite images spanning from 1998 to 2023 were used to analyse the spatio-temporal patterns of LULC changes and their implications for water bodies, wetlands, vegetations, bare lands and urban areas in the Densu Delta wetland. Employing advanced techniques such as Markov chain modelling and artificial neural networks (ANNs), the research assesses and predicts LULC alterations. Significantly, the largest loss of LULC is observed in the Densu Delta wetland, where wetlands transition to waterbody cover type (14.02 km²). Model validation for 2023 attests to the accuracy of the model, boasting a correctness percentage of 70% and a kappa value of 0.74. In-depth analyses explore regional variations in the Densu Delta wetlands, revealing distinct patterns in the rates of LULC change before and after 2013. Notably, urbanization emerges as a prominent factor post-2013, with urban areas experiencing remarkable rates of change in the wetland. Transition matrices underscore the intricate interplay of different land cover classes over the years. Simulated LULC predictions for 2033 and 2043 highlight the urban land cover type as having the highest positive change, recording approximately 0.39% for the Densu Delta wetland. The wetland land cover in the Densu Delta wetland exhibit negative changes of about −0.52%. The synthesis of LULC data enhances our understanding of the complex interactions shaping these critical ecosystems. This research offers valuable insights for sustainable environmental conservation, emphasizing the pivotal role of informed urban planning policies. It also unveils potential challenges posed by climate change, advocating for a holistic approach to preserve these vital wetland ecosystems.
本研究调查了加纳重要生态系统登苏三角洲湿地的土地利用和土地覆被 (LULC) 变化动态。研究利用 1998 年至 2023 年的卫星图像,分析了 Densu 三角洲湿地 LULC 变化的时空模式及其对水体、湿地、植被、裸地和城市地区的影响。研究采用马尔可夫链建模和人工神经网络(ANN)等先进技术,对 LULC 的变化进行了评估和预测。值得注意的是,在登苏三角洲湿地观察到的 LULC 损失最大,那里的湿地过渡到了水体覆盖类型(14.02 平方公里)。2023 年的模型验证证明了该模型的准确性,正确率为 70%,卡帕值为 0.74。深入分析探讨了登苏三角洲湿地的区域差异,揭示了 2013 年前后 LULC 变化率的不同模式。值得注意的是,城市化是 2013 年后的一个突出因素,城市地区的湿地变化率显著。过渡矩阵凸显了不同土地覆被等级在这些年里错综复杂的相互作用。对 2033 年和 2043 年土地覆被类型的模拟预测显示,城市土地覆被类型的正向变化最大,登苏三角洲湿地的正向变化率约为 0.39%。电须三角洲湿地的湿地土地覆被则出现了约-0.52%的负变化。土地利用、土地利用变化和林业数据的综合分析增强了我们对塑造这些关键生态系统的复杂相互作用的理解。这项研究为可持续环境保护提供了宝贵的见解,强调了知情城市规划政策的关键作用。它还揭示了气候变化带来的潜在挑战,倡导采用综合方法保护这些重要的湿地生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrological modeling using HEC-HMS model, case of Tikur Wuha River Basin, Rift Valley River Basin, Ethiopia 使用 HEC-HMS 模型建立水文模型,埃塞俄比亚裂谷河流域 Tikur Wuha 河流域案例
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101017
Modeling rainfall-runoff is widely recognized as one of the most complex types of hydrological modeling, primarily because it involves the integration of a diverse array of watershed characteristics. Due to its ability to emulate the hydrological behavior of a watershed, the modeling of rainfall-runoff plays a crucial role in predicting the runoff generated at the watershed's outlet. The present study aimed to simulate runoff by utilizing HECHMS in the Tikur Wuha River watershed situated in the Rift Valley Basin of Ethiopia. To achieve this goal, tools such as HEC-GeoHMS and ArcGIS were employed to establish the necessary input parameters for HECHMS. Various methods were implemented at different stages of the modeling process, including SCS-CN for estimating precipitation loss, SCS-UH for transforming excess rainfall, Muskingum for flood routing, and the monthly constant method for modeling base flow. The process of calibration and validation entailed the use of daily observed flow data from the periods (1990 to 2009) and (2010 to 2015) correspondingly. Nash Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed as metrics to evaluate the model's performance. The findings showed that the model exhibited high performance in both calibration and validation stages, producing values of (NSE = 0.83, R2 = 0.91) and (NSE = 0.84, R2 = 0.86) respectively. Furthermore, the Percent Bias (PBIAS) values in calibration and validation remained within acceptable ranges, registering at 2.69 % and 4.67 % respectively. After the calibration and validation of the model, the estimated peak flood discharge simulated by the model (206.3m3/s) was compared with the observed stream flow (197.1m3/s), indicating a significant similarity between the model's output and the observed data. Consequently, it can be inferred that the model exhibits a high capability in replicating hydrological parameters effectively for the Tikur Wuha watershed and other watersheds sharing similar hydrological characteristics.
降雨-径流建模被公认为是最复杂的水文建模类型之一,主要是因为它涉及到各种流域特征的整合。由于降雨-径流模型能够模拟流域的水文行为,因此在预测流域出口处产生的径流方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在利用 HECHMS 对位于埃塞俄比亚裂谷盆地的 Tikur Wuha 河流域进行径流模拟。为实现这一目标,采用了 HEC-GeoHMS 和 ArcGIS 等工具来建立 HECHMS 的必要输入参数。在建模过程的不同阶段采用了各种方法,包括估算降水损失的 SCS-CN、转换过量降雨的 SCS-UH、洪水路径的 Muskingum 以及模拟基本流量的月常数法。在校准和验证过程中,需要使用相应时期(1990 年至 2009 年)和(2010 年至 2015 年)的每日观测流量数据。纳什-苏特克里夫效率(NSE)和决定系数(R2)被用作评估模型性能的指标。研究结果表明,该模型在校准和验证阶段均表现出较高的性能,其值分别为(NSE = 0.83,R2 = 0.91)和(NSE = 0.84,R2 = 0.86)。此外,校准和验证的偏差百分比 (PBIAS) 值仍在可接受范围内,分别为 2.69 % 和 4.67 %。在对模型进行校核和验证后,将模型模拟的估计洪峰流量(206.3 立方米/秒)与观测到的河水流量(197.1 立方米/秒)进行比较,结果表明模型的输出结果与观测到的数据非常相似。因此,可以推断该模型在有效复制提库尔乌哈流域及其他具有类似水文特征的流域的水文参数方面具有很强的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Runoff and erosion mitigation via conservation tillage and cover crops - derivation of model input parameters from literature 通过保护性耕作和覆盖作物减少径流和侵蚀--根据文献推导模型输入参数
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101015

Runoff and hydric soil erosion from agricultural fields may lead to a transfer of plant protection products (PPP) to adjacent surface water bodies, in addition to the intrinsic losses of water and topsoil material for plant production. Measures of conservation agriculture are known to be suitable for mitigating these processes. In this study, the pertinent literature on runoff and erosion mitigation following the application of measures from the conservation agriculture toolbox was reviewed to determine the reduction effects of distinct strategies of conservation tillage and the use of cover crops. In total, 1483 and 1076 single data points were considered for runoff and erosion, respectively. We calculated geometric means (with confidence intervals expressed by the geometric SD factor) of the ratios of quantities derived from treated vs. untreated setups following no-tillage of 0.44 [0.17–1.13; n=38 studies] and 0.11 [0.03–0.93; n=37] for runoff and erosion, respectively. Conservation tillage measures other than no-tillage (i.e., reduced tillage, e.g., strip tillage) led to ratios of 0.46 [0.22–0.94; n=42] and 0.18 [0.06–1.16; n=35]. The use of cover crops resulted in ratios of 0.41 [0.19–0.88; n=33] and 0.09 [0.01–0.65; n=30]. Corresponding runoff curve numbers to be included in numerical simulations were calculated to be reduced by 11 % [5 %–25 %; n=16], 10 % [4 %–21 %; n=21], and 12 % [5 %–30 %; n=19], for the three categories of conservation agriculture (no-till, reduced-till, cover crops), respectively. That is equivalent to absolute reductions of the CN scores by 7 [4–13], 5 [2–13], and 5 [2–12]. Analogous PPP transport ratios of treated vs. non-treated are 0.50 [0.13–1.92; n=19], 0.70 [0.29–1.70; n=11], and 0.46 [0.12–1.80; n=4], respectively. This work broadens the database to include no-tillage, conservation tillage and cover crops into the framework of environmental exposure assessment for the registration of plant protection products.

农田中的径流和水土流失可能导致植物保护产品(PPP)转移到邻近的地表水体,此外还有植物生产所需的水和表土材料的内在损失。众所周知,保护性农业措施适用于缓解这些过程。在这项研究中,我们查阅了有关在应用保护性农业工具箱中的措施后径流和侵蚀减缓的相关文献,以确定保护性耕作和使用覆盖作物等不同策略的减排效果。径流和侵蚀方面的单个数据点分别为 1483 个和 1076 个。我们计算出,免耕后经处理与未经处理的设置得出的径流和侵蚀量之比的几何平均数(置信区间用几何 SD 系数表示)分别为 0.44 [0.17-1.13; n=38 项研究] 和 0.11 [0.03-0.93; n=37] 。免耕以外的保护性耕作措施(即减少耕作,如条状耕作)导致的比率分别为 0.46 [0.22-0.94; n=42] 和 0.18 [0.06-1.16; n=35]。使用覆盖作物的比率分别为 0.41 [0.19-0.88; n=33] 和 0.09 [0.01-0.65; n=30]。根据计算,三类保护性农业(免耕、减耕、覆盖作物)的相应径流曲线数将分别减少 11%[5 %-25 %;n=16]、10 %[4 %-21 %;n=21]和 12 %[5 %-30 %;n=19]。这相当于将 CN 分数绝对值分别降低了 7 [4-13]、5 [2-13] 和 5 [2-12]。处理与非处理的类比 PPP 运输比率分别为 0.50 [0.13-1.92; n=19], 0.70 [0.29-1.70; n=11], 和 0.46 [0.12-1.80; n=4] 。这项工作扩大了数据库的范围,将免耕、保护性耕作和覆盖作物纳入植物保护产品注册环境暴露评估框架。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of climate, land management and harvesting patterns on the ecological traits and the population structure of Pterocarpus lucens in West African semi-arid areas 气候、土地管理和收获模式对西非半干旱地区紫檀生态特征和种群结构的影响
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101012
Multipurpose woody plant species experience severe pressure owing to human overexploitation, land management and climate change. In response to their inability to cope with environmental disturbances in their natural range, some species such as Pterocarpus lucens migrate to more suitable areas. To better conserve P. lucens, this study examined the impacts of climate, land management and harvesting practices on its natural populations.
This study was conducted in Burkina Faso using a combined gradient approach involving two climatic zones and two land management types. Data on the biological age classes, structural traits and intensities of harvesting were collected on each individual of the species. Linear models were used to assess the effects of the investigated gradients on structural traits of the species. The diameter and height class size distributions were evaluated using the least squares method.
The results showed that the species’ pre-reproductive individuals increased significantly (p < 0.05) with climatic and the protection gradient, resulting in an invasive trend of P. lucens in the Sudano-Sahelian protected areas. The species is overexploited in unprotected areas, with the majority of individuals undergoing all pruning intensities. However, while in the Sahelian climatic zone, decreasing pruning rates were observed according to the severity gradient (low intensity 36.02 %, moderate intensity 27.47 %, and severe intensity 19.73 %), an increasing pruning rate was observed in the Sudan-Sahelian climatic zone (low intensity 16.49 %, moderate intensity 17.38 %, severe intensity 24.48 %, and very severe intensity 35.79 %). Linear regression analysis showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) of climate, land management, pruning, and debarking on the structural traits of the species. The diameter class structure revealed unstable populations of the adult stratum in the Sahelian climatic zone, regardless of the land management types. The juvenile stratum of this species exhibited an unstable structure in unprotected areas, regardless of climatic zone.
This study highlights the urgent need to implement effective management strategies to mitigate the decline of P. lucens populations in the Sahelian climatic zone and in unprotected areas through its integration in reforestation programmes.
由于人类的过度开发、土地管理和气候变化,多用途木本植物物种承受着巨大的压力。由于无法应对其自然分布区的环境干扰,一些物种(如紫檀)迁移到了更合适的地区。为了更好地保护紫檀,本研究考察了气候、土地管理和采伐方式对紫檀自然种群的影响。本研究在布基纳法索进行,采用了综合梯度法,涉及两个气候带和两种土地管理类型。研究收集了每个物种个体的生物年龄等级、结构特征和采伐强度数据。采用线性模型评估了所调查梯度对物种结构特征的影响。结果表明,随着气候和保护梯度的变化,该物种繁殖前个体的数量显著增加(p <0.05),导致苏达诺-萨赫勒保护区的露兜树呈入侵趋势。该物种在未受保护地区被过度开发,大多数个体都经历了各种强度的修剪。然而,在萨赫勒气候区,根据严重程度梯度观察到的修剪率是递减的(低强度 36.02 %、中等强度 27.47 % 和严重强度 19.73 %),而在苏丹-萨赫勒气候区观察到的修剪率是递增的(低强度 16.49 %、中等强度 17.38 %、严重强度 24.48 % 和极严重强度 35.79 %)。线性回归分析表明,气候、土地管理、修剪和去皮对树种的结构特征有显著影响(p < 0.05)。直径等级结构显示,在萨赫勒气候区,无论土地管理类型如何,成年层的种群都不稳定。这项研究强调,迫切需要实施有效的管理策略,通过将鲁冠球纳入重新造林计划,缓解萨赫勒气候区和未受保护地区鲁冠球种群数量的下降。
{"title":"Impact of climate, land management and harvesting patterns on the ecological traits and the population structure of Pterocarpus lucens in West African semi-arid areas","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envc.2024.101012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multipurpose woody plant species experience severe pressure owing to human overexploitation, land management and climate change. In response to their inability to cope with environmental disturbances in their natural range, some species such as <em>Pterocarpus lucens</em> migrate to more suitable areas. To better conserve <em>P. lucens</em>, this study examined the impacts of climate, land management and harvesting practices on its natural populations.</div><div>This study was conducted in Burkina Faso using a combined gradient approach involving two climatic zones and two land management types. Data on the biological age classes, structural traits and intensities of harvesting were collected on each individual of the species. Linear models were used to assess the effects of the investigated gradients on structural traits of the species. The diameter and height class size distributions were evaluated using the least squares method.</div><div>The results showed that the species’ pre-reproductive individuals increased significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) with climatic and the protection gradient, resulting in an invasive trend of <em>P. lucens</em> in the Sudano-Sahelian protected areas. The species is overexploited in unprotected areas, with the majority of individuals undergoing all pruning intensities. However, while in the Sahelian climatic zone, decreasing pruning rates were observed according to the severity gradient (low intensity 36.02 %, moderate intensity 27.47 %, and severe intensity 19.73 %), an increasing pruning rate was observed in the Sudan-Sahelian climatic zone (low intensity 16.49 %, moderate intensity 17.38 %, severe intensity 24.48 %, and very severe intensity 35.79 %). Linear regression analysis showed a significant effect (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) of climate, land management, pruning, and debarking on the structural traits of the species. The diameter class structure revealed unstable populations of the adult stratum in the Sahelian climatic zone, regardless of the land management types. The juvenile stratum of this species exhibited an unstable structure in unprotected areas, regardless of climatic zone.</div><div>This study highlights the urgent need to implement effective management strategies to mitigate the decline of <em>P. lucens</em> populations in the Sahelian climatic zone and in unprotected areas through its integration in reforestation programmes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34794,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Challenges","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mobilizing Evidence-based Knowledge for Sustainable Wetlands Co-management and Co-governance amidst increasing Anthropogenic and Environmental Stressors: Key Lessons from Mityana District, Uganda 在人为和环境压力不断增加的情况下,调动基于证据的知识促进可持续湿地共同管理和共同治理:乌干达米蒂亚纳区的主要经验教训
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101014
Wetlands (covering about 1.5–1.6 billion hectares globally), are critical biodiversity and livelihood hotspots. Wetlands further replenish the global economy with $47.4 trillion/year worth of ecosystem services. By jealously guarding wetlands, progress toward sustainable development goals, and livelihood welfare are possible. Unfortunately, despite the promulgation of wetland governance mechanisms, 35 percent of the global natural wetlands have been lost since the 1970s. This could be worse in undocumented or explored wetland zones situated in remote tropical regions. In this study, we bring to the fore insights from 286 documents sourced from Scopus and engagements from 105 citizens in Mityana, to (i) map wetlands (including the current vulnerabilities and threats), and (ii) co-develop a wetlands management action pathway that could create sustainable co-management possibilities and sustainable livelihood futures. Findings revealed that although research on wetlands has increased for the last 31 years, since 2021, it has plummeted. In Uganda, wetland research and scholarship is predominantly situated around the Lake Victoria region. Most research focuses on natural or biological sciences. Emerging policy themes and trending research topics are shifting from key wetland management paradigms. From a total of 105 sampled wetlands scattered across fourteen (14) sub-counties in the Mityana district, critical wetland issues were unraveled. Mityana is crossed by two wetland systems (Lake Wamala and River Mayanja dominated by permanent papyrus and seasonal swamps respectively. Wetlands offer unique livelihood, cultural assets/capitals, and ecological benefits (including cultural/aesthetics meaning). An unfathomable rate of degradation is evident. Anthropogenic factors are the predominant threat drivers, especially eucalyptus planting. The loss of culturally valuable wetlands has increased socio-cultural-ecological grief, such as around Lake Wamala. Micro-level management actions are increasing, albeit mainly around accessible permanent wetlands. Most riparian wetland sedentary populations expressed willingness and interest in the co-management and governance of community wetlands. More robust actions and pathways are needed to create avenues for community co-management. The co-developed the sustainable wetlands management action pathway (SWeMAP) provides seven (7) coherent steps, including critical social science insights that could aid sustainable wetlands governance and management across geographies. As wetlands in Uganda have been gazetted as critical to sustainable development, the urgent co-development and financing of micro-level wetland action plans, including situational inventories could help create avenues for sustainable wetlands management.
湿地(全球面积约 15-16 亿公顷)是重要的生物多样性和生计热点。湿地每年为全球经济提供价值 47.4 万亿美元的生态系统服务。保护好湿地,就有可能在实现可持续发展目标和民生福利方面取得进展。遗憾的是,尽管颁布了湿地治理机制,但自 20 世纪 70 年代以来,全球已有 35% 的天然湿地消失。在偏远热带地区未被记录或勘探的湿地区域,情况可能更糟。在本研究中,我们将从 Scopus 中获取的 286 篇文献以及与米提亚纳 105 位市民的接触中获得的洞察力用于:(i) 绘制湿地地图(包括当前的脆弱性和威胁);(ii) 共同开发湿地管理行动路径,以创造可持续共同管理的可能性和可持续生计的未来。研究结果表明,尽管在过去 31 年中,湿地研究有所增长,但自 2021 年以来,湿地研究急剧下降。在乌干达,湿地研究和学术研究主要集中在维多利亚湖地区。大多数研究侧重于自然科学或生物科学。新出现的政策主题和趋势性研究课题正在从主要的湿地管理模式转变。从米提亚纳区十四(14)个县的 105 块湿地样本中,我们发现了一些关键的湿地问题。米提亚纳有两个湿地系统(瓦马拉湖和马扬贾河),分别以永久性纸莎草和季节性沼泽为主。湿地提供了独特的生计、文化资产/资本和生态效益(包括文化/美学意义)。湿地退化的速度之快令人瞠目。人为因素是主要的威胁因素,尤其是桉树种植。具有文化价值的湿地的消失加剧了社会文化生态的悲痛,如瓦马拉湖周围的湿地。微观层面的管理行动正在增加,尽管主要是在可进入的永久性湿地周围。大多数河岸湿地定居人口表示愿意并有兴趣参与社区湿地的共同管理和治理。需要采取更有力的行动和途径,为社区共同管理开辟道路。共同开发的可持续湿地管理行动路径(SWeMAP)提供了七(7)个连贯的步骤,包括重要的社会科学见解,有助于跨地域的可持续湿地治理和管理。由于乌干达的湿地已被公告为可持续发展的关键,因此,紧急共同制定和资助微观层面的湿地行动计划,包括情况清查,有助于为可持续湿地管理开辟道路。
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引用次数: 0
Standard physical designs of land management technologies and determinants of household adoption intentions in Goyrie watershed, southern Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亚南部戈伊里流域土地管理技术的标准物理设计和家庭采用意愿的决定因素
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101013

The adoption of land management technology (LMT) is crucial for minimizing soil erosion and increasing agricultural productivity, both of which are essential components of sustainable development. Therefore, different LMTs have been adopted in the Goyrie Watershed of southern Ethiopia. However, the technical designs of the adopted technologies have not yet been assessed. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the technical designs of adopted LMTs in relation to standards as well as to identify the factors that influence households' intentions to adopt LMT dimensions in the suggested standards. Data were collected through field measurements, observations, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and 291 randomly selected heads of household. Data were analyzed using frequency, mean, standard deviation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). This study found that 30 % of the technical aspects of the adopted LMTs on private farmlands and 12 % on communal lands met the recommended national standards. However, field measurements found that 70 % of private farmlands and 88 % of communal lands in the adopted LMT technical designs failed to fulfill the required national standards. This problem was more pronounced on communal land. The SEM estimation revealed that households’ assumptions about development agents and households’ perceptions of the benefits of LMTs were found to significantly and positively influence the probability of households’ intentions to adopt LMTs in line with the referenced standards. Whereas households trust village memberships, the nature of soil types and training opportunities significantly but negatively predicted the probability of households’ intention to adopt LMTs in relation to standards. The study suggests that national and regional governments provide adequate training opportunities for farmers on how to design and implement LMT dimensions in accordance with recommended standards.

采用土地管理技术(LMT)对于最大限度地减少土壤侵蚀和提高农业生产率至关重要,而这两者都是可持续发展的重要组成部分。因此,埃塞俄比亚南部的 Goyrie 流域采用了不同的土地管理技术。然而,尚未对所采用技术的技术设计进行评估。因此,本研究的目的是评估已采用的 LMT 的技术设计与标准的关系,并确定影响家庭采用建议标准中 LMT 方面的意图的因素。通过实地测量、观察、焦点小组讨论、关键信息提供者访谈和随机抽取的 291 位户主收集数据。数据采用频率、平均值、标准差和结构方程模型(SEM)进行分析。研究发现,在私人农田和公有土地上分别有 30% 和 12% 采用的土地管理技术符合推荐的国家标准。然而,实地测量发现,在所采用的 LMT 技术设计中,70% 的私人农田和 88% 的公有土地未能达到所要求的国家标准。这一问题在公有土地上更为突出。SEM 估计表明,住户对开发人员的假设和住户对土地管理模式收益的看法对住户按照参考标准采用土地管理模式的意向概率有显著的正向影响。而住户对村里成员的信任、土壤类型的性质和培训机会则对住户根据标准采用土地管理技术的意向概率有显著但消极的预测作用。研究建议国家和地区政府为农民提供充分的培训机会,使其了解如何根据推荐标准设计和实施土地管理制度。
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引用次数: 0
Sharing landscapes with megaherbivores: Human-elephant interactions northeast of Tarangire National Park 与巨型食草动物共享地貌:塔兰吉雷国家公园东北部的人象互动
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101005

The rising elephant population in Tarangire National Park of northern Tanzania has led to increasing human-elephant interactions in dispersal areas to the northeast of the park. While the movement dynamics of elephants across the landscape are well documented, anthropological dimensions of human-elephant coexistence warrant more research. The present study used stratified random sampling to survey 1076 people living across twelve villages surrounding Manyara Ranch and Randilen Wildlife Management Area (WMA) about their lived experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and tolerance towards elephants. Villages between Manyara Ranch and Randilen WMA reported regular conflicts with elephants, while those to the west of the ranch did not consider elephants to be a major concern. Crop raiding was particularly frequent in Makuyuni, Lengoolwa, Mswakini Juu, Mswakini, Lemooti, and Nafco. Economic impacts of elephant crop raiding ranged from as low as $4USD per household per year in Lolkisale to approximately $812 per year in Mswakini, and accounts of property damage were most severe in Makuyuni and Naitolia. The vast majority of respondents (96 %) did not have a household member who had been injured by elephants over the preceding twelve-month period, suggesting that elephant attacks on humans were relatively infrequent on the whole. However, between 10 and 24 % of participants in Lemooti, Nafco, Mswakini, and Mswakini Juu noted injuries incurred in the past year. Different ethnic groups had statistically significant differences in their attitudes towards elephants. People with higher levels of education had more positive attitudes towards elephants, and elders had more negative attitudes than youth. Elephants disturbed the sleep of men more than women highlighting the gendered dimensions of human-wildlife interactions. Despite these visible and hidden costs of elephants, most people (72 %) across the whole study area were somewhat tolerant of elephants, except in Makuyuni, Lengoolwa, and Nafco where seasonal crop raiding was severe and tolerance for elephants was extremely low. People in those villages, as well as Mswakini Juu and Mswakini, were largely in favor of government-sanctioned culling, though 94 % of all respondents viewed elephant poaching as bad. Tolerance towards elephants was negatively correlated with livestock holdings and positively associated with total farm size. Greater attention to community perspectives is necessary for promoting human-elephant coexistence in the Tarangire ecosystem.

坦桑尼亚北部塔兰吉雷国家公园的大象数量不断增加,导致公园东北部散布区的人象互动日益频繁。虽然大象在地形上的移动动态已被充分记录,但人象共存的人类学层面还需要更多的研究。本研究采用分层随机抽样的方法,对居住在马尼亚拉牧场和兰迪伦野生动物管理区(WMA)周围 12 个村庄的 1076 人进行了调查,了解他们的生活经历、对大象的看法、态度和容忍度。据报告,马尼亚拉牧场和兰迪伦野生动物管理区之间的村庄经常与大象发生冲突,而牧场西面的村庄则认为大象不是主要问题。在马库尤尼(Makuyuni)、伦古尔瓦(Lengoolwa)、姆斯瓦基尼朱(Mswakini Juu)、姆斯瓦基尼(Mswakini)、莱穆蒂(Lemooti)和纳夫科(Nafco),农作物被抢的情况尤为频繁。大象抢夺农作物造成的经济影响从洛尔基萨莱每户每年低至 4 美元到姆斯瓦基尼每年约 812 美元不等,财产损失在马库尤尼和奈托利亚最为严重。绝大多数受访者(96%)的家庭成员在过去 12 个月中没有被大象伤害过,这表明大象袭击人类的事件总体上相对较少。不过,莱莫提(Lemooti)、纳夫科(Nafco)、姆斯瓦基尼(Mswakini)和姆斯瓦基尼朱(Mswakini Juu)地区有 10% 到 24% 的受访者表示在过去一年中受到过伤害。据统计,不同种族群体对大象的态度存在显著差异。受教育程度越高的人对大象的态度越积极,老年人对大象的态度比年轻人更消极。大象对男性睡眠的干扰比对女性的干扰更大,这凸显了人类与野生动物互动的性别层面。尽管大象带来了这些显性和隐性的代价,但整个研究区域的大多数人(72%)对大象还是有一定的容忍度,只有马库尤尼、伦戈卢瓦和纳夫科除外,在这些地方,季节性的农作物掠夺非常严重,对大象的容忍度极低。这些村庄以及姆斯瓦基尼朱(Mswakini Juu)和姆斯瓦基尼(Mswakini)的人们大多赞成政府批准的捕杀大象行动,尽管 94% 的受访者认为偷猎大象是坏事。对大象的容忍度与牲畜拥有量呈负相关,与农场总规模呈正相关。要促进塔兰吉雷生态系统中的人象共存,就必须更多地关注社区观点。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of carbon stocks and CO2 emissions resulting from the forest destruction in West Kalimantan, Indonesia 印度尼西亚西加里曼丹森林破坏造成的碳储量和二氧化碳排放量估算
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101010

The issue of climate change has become a global concern, and tropical regions are strategically positioned to mitigate its effects through their forest resources. By maintaining the function of forest ecosystems to support life at local and regional levels, carbon stocks can be maintained, and emissions can be reduced. Above-ground biomass can bind and store carbon stocks. This study aims to analyse the CO2 emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province. Primary data was obtained through field observations, and secondary data was obtained through maps of forest areas and land cover for 1996–2021 from the Geospatial Information Agency and the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry. This study uses a non-destructive approach to calculate Above Ground Biomass. The results showed that Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, experienced deforestation of 235,597 ha and forest degradation of 9,860 ha from 1990 to 2021. This resulted in CO2 emissions of 163,702,815.53 tons. The highest level of CO2 emissions is in Batu Ampar District, and the lowest is in Sungai Kakap District. There is a positive correlation between the amount of deforestation and forest degradation and the level of CO2 emissions caused by these activities. This means that the amount of CO2 emissions depends on the area's deforestation and forest degradation. To reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its effects on climate change, deforestation and forest degradation activities in Kubu Raya Kalimantan should be stopped.

气候变化问题已成为全球关注的问题,而热带地区具有通过其森林资源减轻气候变化影响的战略地位。通过保持森林生态系统在地方和区域层面支持生命的功能,可以维持碳储量,减少排放。地上生物量可以结合并储存碳储量。本研究旨在分析西加里曼丹省库布拉亚地区因森林砍伐和退化造成的二氧化碳排放量。第一手数据通过实地观察获得,第二手数据通过地理空间信息局和印尼环境与林业部提供的 1996-2021 年森林面积和土地覆盖地图获得。本研究采用非破坏性方法计算地上生物量。结果显示,从 1990 年到 2021 年,印度尼西亚西加里曼丹省的 Kubu Raya 区经历了 235,597 公顷的森林砍伐和 9,860 公顷的森林退化。这导致了 163,702,815.53 吨的二氧化碳排放量。二氧化碳排放量最高的是峇都安帕区,最低的是双溪卡卡普区。砍伐森林和森林退化的数量与这些活动造成的二氧化碳排放量之间存在正相关。这意味着二氧化碳排放量取决于该地区的森林砍伐和退化情况。为了减少大气中的二氧化碳浓度及其对气候变化的影响,应停止在加里曼丹库布拉亚省的森林砍伐和森林退化活动。
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引用次数: 0
Application of remote sensing and GIS to understand the spatio-temporal shifting of Bagmati River of Nepal 应用遥感和地理信息系统了解尼泊尔巴格马蒂河的时空变迁
Q2 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2024.101009

Geomorphology, hydrological conditions and human activities, alter river morphology and shift channels, causing environmental and socio-economic impacts. River shifting in Nepal is well-documented for large rivers like the Koshi and Karnali, while smaller rivers like the Bagmati have received less attention. This study employs geospatial tools and techniques to understand the morphological changes, quantify the spatio-temporal shifting, and erosion and deposition of the Bagmati River channel in Nepal over a 30-year period (1988–2018). The morphological changes were measured in terms of sinuosity index, river width and water area. The entire river maintained a generally sinuous character throughout the study period. The total average width of the river decreased by more than four times from 1287.17 m to 300.01 m from 1988 to 2018, and the water area also decreased by 6.59 km2 over the same period, reflecting a transition of the river into a narrower channel over the decades. Overall, the Bagmati River channel slightly shifted eastward in the upstream and downstream sections while significantly shifting westward in the midstream section with an annual rate of 9.94 m, 4.83 m and 41.5 m respectively. The annual rate of bank erosion was found to be one-fourth of the deposition (0.72 km2 per year), with the higher erosion and deposition in the east bank and midstream section of the river. This study highlighted the morphological changes, spatio-temporal channel shifting, and erosion and deposition of the Bagmati River located in the floodplain of Tarai region of Nepal.

地貌、水文条件和人类活动改变了河流的形态,使河道发生变化,对环境和社会经济造成影响。在尼泊尔,科希河和卡尔纳里河等大河的河道变迁记录详实,而巴格马蒂河等小河则较少受到关注。本研究采用地理空间工具和技术,了解尼泊尔巴格马蒂河河道在 30 年内(1988-2018 年)的形态变化、时空移动量化以及侵蚀和沉积情况。形态变化以蜿蜒指数、河道宽度和水域面积进行测量。在整个研究期间,整条河流总体上保持了蜿蜒曲折的特征。从 1988 年到 2018 年,河道总平均宽度从 1287.17 米减少到 300.01 米,减少了四倍多,同期水域面积也减少了 6.59 平方公里,反映出几十年来河道逐渐变窄。总体而言,巴格马蒂河河道在上游和下游河段略微向东移动,而在中游河段则明显向西移动,年移动速度分别为 9.94 米、4.83 米和 41.5 米。河岸的年侵蚀率为沉积率的四分之一(每年 0.72 平方公里),东岸和中游河段的侵蚀率和沉积率较高。这项研究突出了位于尼泊尔德赖地区洪泛平原的巴格马蒂河的形态变化、河道时空移动以及侵蚀和沉积作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Challenges
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