Važnost ovog Zbornika ponajviše se ističe u jasnom naglašavanju panoramske širine, umijeća i snage oblikovanja znanstvenog i intelektualnog interesa i doprinosa profesora Nikole Viskovića. Zajednički nazivnik svih priloga u knjizi jest poruka da povijest nomosa kao temeljne preokupacije teoretičara prava nije zanimljiva sama po sebi, već je ona prije svega važna zbog nemjerljivog značenja za razvoj i društveni utjecaj pravne i političke teorije do današnjih dana. Vješto razvijajući širok raspon intelektualnog interesa kroz različita područja prava, politike i kulture, Viskovićev élan vital rezultirao je produkcijom koja je, uspinjući se s plana pravne teorije na druge životne intelektualne, političke, kulturne, ekološke i druge teme i planove, uspješno razotkrivala – i još uvijek to čini – sva važna stanja, probleme, aktere i pravce suvremenog pravnog diskursa. Zalažući se prije svega za ozbiljno kritičko preispitivanje postojećeg državnopravnog poretka, u kojoj kritici njegovo integralno poimanje prava (svaka je pravna pojava spoj društvenih odnosa, vrijednosti i normi) natkriljuje svaki njegov redukcionizam, profesor Nikola Visković pojavljuje se i ostaje uporni, konstruktivni i dostojni akter one duge i bogate intelektualne tradicije koja u analizi stalnih i otvorenih tenzija između “činjenica i normi” (Faktizität und Geltung) neumorno i nezaustavljivo propituje i traži humani i časni smisao prava i politike.
这种剪贴画的重要性越来越突出，因为它明确强调了全景的范围、艺术以及科学和智力兴趣形式的力量，以及尼古拉·维斯科维奇教授的贡献。这本书中所有方法的共同点是，作为法律理论家的一个基本关注点，诺姆斯的历史本身并不有趣，但最重要的是，它很重要，因为直到今天，法律和政治理论的发展和社会影响具有不公平的重要性。在通过法律、政治和文化的不同领域发展广泛的知识兴趣的同时，维斯科维奇的精英们已经产生了一个作品，按照法律理论计划，成功地发现了知识、政治、文化、生态和其他与生活相关的问题和计划的其他方面，并且仍然发现了所有重要的条件、问题，当代法律辩论的参与者和准则。首先，对当前国家秩序进行认真的批判性审查，批评法律的整体点（社会关系、价值观和规范的每一种法律外观）都会受到每一次还原，尼古拉·维斯科维奇教授出现并保持耐心，这一长期而丰富的知识传统分析了事实和规范之间持续而公开的紧张关系（Faktizität und Geltung），其建设性和有价值的行为者令人不安，也不可持续，并寻求法律和政策的人性和诚实意义。
{"title":"Prikaz knjige: Guć, J.; Jurić, H. (ur.), “Nikola Visković: Pravo – Politika – Bioetika. Zbornik povodom osamdesetog rođendana”, Pergamena, Zagreb – Split, 2020.","authors":"Arsen Bačić","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.3.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.3.08","url":null,"abstract":"Važnost ovog Zbornika ponajviše se ističe u jasnom naglašavanju panoramske širine, umijeća i snage oblikovanja znanstvenog i intelektualnog interesa i doprinosa profesora Nikole Viskovića. Zajednički nazivnik svih priloga u knjizi jest poruka da povijest nomosa kao temeljne preokupacije teoretičara prava nije zanimljiva sama po sebi, već je ona prije svega važna zbog nemjerljivog značenja za razvoj i društveni utjecaj pravne i političke teorije do današnjih dana. Vješto razvijajući širok raspon intelektualnog interesa kroz različita područja prava, politike i kulture, Viskovićev élan vital rezultirao je produkcijom koja je, uspinjući se s plana pravne teorije na druge životne intelektualne, političke, kulturne, ekološke i druge teme i planove, uspješno razotkrivala – i još uvijek to čini – sva važna stanja, probleme, aktere i pravce suvremenog pravnog diskursa. Zalažući se prije svega za ozbiljno kritičko preispitivanje postojećeg državnopravnog poretka, u kojoj kritici njegovo integralno poimanje prava (svaka je pravna pojava spoj društvenih odnosa, vrijednosti i normi) natkriljuje svaki njegov redukcionizam, profesor Nikola Visković pojavljuje se i ostaje uporni, konstruktivni i dostojni akter one duge i bogate intelektualne tradicije koja u analizi stalnih i otvorenih tenzija između “činjenica i normi” (Faktizität und Geltung) neumorno i nezaustavljivo propituje i traži humani i časni smisao prava i politike.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42614963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ugledna talijanska izdavačka kuća Mucchi iz Modene u rujnu 2021. godine, pod uredničkom palicom Antonija Saccoccija, redovitog profesora Sveučilišta La Sapienza u Rimu, i Stefana Porcellija, višeg istraživača Sveučilišta u Bresciji, objavila je znanstvenu monografiju pod nazivom Kineski građanski zakonik i rimski pravni sustav (Codice civile cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico). Riječ je o monografiji za kojom se, očekivano, javio veliki interes u romanističkim krugovima, ali i među širom zainteresiranom pravničkom javnošću. Naime, 1. siječnja 2021. godine u Narodnoj Republici Kini, najmnogoljudnijoj i jednoj od ekonomski najsnažnijih zemalja svijeta, stupio je na snagu novi Građanski zakonik (Codex iuris civilis sinicus, dalje: Zakonik), koji je 28. svibnja 2020. godine usvojio Državni narodni kongres Kine. Težnja za uređenjem pravnog sustava, poštujući princip vladavine prava u Kini, prisutna je posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća. U segmentu privatnog prava bili su prisutni veliki napori i različiti iskoraci u cilju uređenja mnogih pitanja značajnih za kinesko društvo u cjelini. Došlo je do usvajanja Zakona o dioničkim društvima, Zakona o ugovorima, Zakona o vlasništvu i stvarnim pravima itd. Pravni znanstvenici koji su pratili te izmjene, poput jednog od urednika predmetne monografije, Stefana Porcellija, ocijenili su kako su revizije ovih zakona bile prilično značajne i temeljite te su se ticale mnogih segmenata duboko vezanih s istinskim potrebama kineskog društva. Donošenje svih tih zakona te kontinuirani rad na modifikacijama unutar pravnog poretka dodijelio je novim zakonima središnju ulogu u kineskom društvu. Iako su nedvojbeno reformski procesi doprinosili jačanju vladavine prava, nastojeći uspostaviti vertikalni niz između kineske prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti, sve se izvjesnijom činila nužnost kodificiranja prava. Prijedlozi za izradu Zakonika spominjali su se još prije 20-ak godina, ali zauzet je opći stav kako društvo, ako se savinjistički izrazimo, još uvijek nije zrelo za cjelovitu reformu. I tako, nastavljen je niz donošenja novih zakona, što je zbog velike količine propisa uzrokovalo nužnost sustavnog usklađivanja kako bi se ti propisi mogli razumjeti i primijeniti. Zbog svega navedenog u listopadu 2014. godine Središnji odbor Komunističke partije Kine izrazio je želju da se izradi Nacrt građanskog zakonika za Narodnu Republiku Kinu. Radovi na izradi kodifikacije napredovali su velikom brzinom, a u tom procesu došlo je do snažne, u prvom redu akademske, suradnje kineskih i talijanskih pravnika. Na tom tragu rimsko pravo i moderne građanske kodifikacije, osobito talijanski Codice civile, poslužili su kao izvrsni modeli iz kojih se crpila pravnička inspiracija, a sve kako bi se, poštujući pravila o pravnoj transplantaciji, instituti i koncepti na adekvatan način inkorporirali u kinesku pravnu kulturu i omogućili joj daljnji gospodarski rast i razvoj, što je nedvojbeno u korelaciji s osiguranjem pravne sigurnosti. Zakonikom j
2021年9月，来自摩德纳的意大利Mucchi出版社。今年，在罗马拉萨皮恩扎大学固定教授Antonio Saccocces和布雷西亚大学高级研究员Stefan Porcelli的编辑团队下，出版了一本名为《中国民法与罗马法律体系》（Civic Civic and Guiuridic Romanistic Code）的科学专著。这是一本关于专著的书，预计它会引起浪漫主义界的极大兴趣，也会引起更广泛的法律界的兴趣。姓名，1。siječnja 2021。中华人民共和国是世界上最高尚、最强大的经济体之一，一年后，一部新的民法（Codex iuris civilis sinicus，进一步简称：法律）生效，即28。2020年5月去年通过了中国人民代表大会。在过去的几十年里，中国法律体系对尊重法治原则的挑战一直存在。在私法部分，为解决整个中国社会的许多重要问题做出了巨大努力和各种努力。已经通过了一项关于利益攸关方、合同、财产和不动产权利等的法律。关注这些变化的法律科学家，如专题专著的编辑之一Stefan Porcelli，认为这些法律的修订是相当重要和实质性的，涉及许多与中国社会真实需求密切相关的领域。所有这些法律的通过，以及在法律秩序中不断修改的工作，使新法律在中国社会中发挥了核心作用。尽管不分青红皂白的改革进程有助于加强法治，以便在中国的过去、现在和未来之间建立一个纵向系列，但越来越需要编纂权利。Prijedlozi za izradu Zakonika spominjali su se jošprije 20 ak godina，ali zauzet je opći stav kako društvo，ako se savinjitički izrazimo，jošuvijek nije zrelo za cjelovitu reformu。因此，一系列新的法律继续被通过，由于大量的法规，这导致了系统协调的必要性，以便这些法规能够被理解和应用。Zbog svega navedenog u listopadu 2014。年，中国共产党中央委员会表示希望起草一份《中华人民共和国民法》草案。编纂工作有了很高的进步，在这一过程中，首先是学术界、中意律师之间的合作。在这种背景下，罗马法和现代民法典，特别是意大利民法典，成为法律灵感的典范，所有这些都是为了融入中国法律文化，允许进一步的经济增长和发展，充分尊重法律移植规则、制度和概念，它与法律保障间接相关。通过对民事、商业和部分劳动关系的监管，司法的目标是由法律规定的，通过为那些在中国地区服务或想在中国地区工作的人提供明确的法律框架。正如编辑本人在进口研究中指出的那样，相关法典的形式和概念表明，那里的中国立法者和法律科学家正试图与罗马法律体系或建立在罗马法律传统中的法律指令进行对话。为了理解法律适用概念的适用范围和来源含义，有必要了解其内容，并不断研究罗马法律体系及其内部发展。
{"title":"Prikaz knjige: Saccoccio, A.; Porcelli, S. (ur.), “Codice civile cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico”, Mucchi editore, Modena, 2021.","authors":"Mirza Hebib","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.3.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.3.09","url":null,"abstract":"Ugledna talijanska izdavačka kuća Mucchi iz Modene u rujnu 2021. godine, pod uredničkom palicom Antonija Saccoccija, redovitog profesora Sveučilišta La Sapienza u Rimu, i Stefana Porcellija, višeg istraživača Sveučilišta u Bresciji, objavila je znanstvenu monografiju pod nazivom Kineski građanski zakonik i rimski pravni sustav (Codice civile cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico). Riječ je o monografiji za kojom se, očekivano, javio veliki interes u romanističkim krugovima, ali i među širom zainteresiranom pravničkom javnošću. Naime, 1. siječnja 2021. godine u Narodnoj Republici Kini, najmnogoljudnijoj i jednoj od ekonomski najsnažnijih zemalja svijeta, stupio je na snagu novi Građanski zakonik (Codex iuris civilis sinicus, dalje: Zakonik), koji je 28. svibnja 2020. godine usvojio Državni narodni kongres Kine. Težnja za uređenjem pravnog sustava, poštujući princip vladavine prava u Kini, prisutna je posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća. U segmentu privatnog prava bili su prisutni veliki napori i različiti iskoraci u cilju uređenja mnogih pitanja značajnih za kinesko društvo u cjelini. Došlo je do usvajanja Zakona o dioničkim društvima, Zakona o ugovorima, Zakona o vlasništvu i stvarnim pravima itd. Pravni znanstvenici koji su pratili te izmjene, poput jednog od urednika predmetne monografije, Stefana Porcellija, ocijenili su kako su revizije ovih zakona bile prilično značajne i temeljite te su se ticale mnogih segmenata duboko vezanih s istinskim potrebama kineskog društva. Donošenje svih tih zakona te kontinuirani rad na modifikacijama unutar pravnog poretka dodijelio je novim zakonima središnju ulogu u kineskom društvu. Iako su nedvojbeno reformski procesi doprinosili jačanju vladavine prava, nastojeći uspostaviti vertikalni niz između kineske prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti, sve se izvjesnijom činila nužnost kodificiranja prava. Prijedlozi za izradu Zakonika spominjali su se još prije 20-ak godina, ali zauzet je opći stav kako društvo, ako se savinjistički izrazimo, još uvijek nije zrelo za cjelovitu reformu. I tako, nastavljen je niz donošenja novih zakona, što je zbog velike količine propisa uzrokovalo nužnost sustavnog usklađivanja kako bi se ti propisi mogli razumjeti i primijeniti. Zbog svega navedenog u listopadu 2014. godine Središnji odbor Komunističke partije Kine izrazio je želju da se izradi Nacrt građanskog zakonika za Narodnu Republiku Kinu. Radovi na izradi kodifikacije napredovali su velikom brzinom, a u tom procesu došlo je do snažne, u prvom redu akademske, suradnje kineskih i talijanskih pravnika. Na tom tragu rimsko pravo i moderne građanske kodifikacije, osobito talijanski Codice civile, poslužili su kao izvrsni modeli iz kojih se crpila pravnička inspiracija, a sve kako bi se, poštujući pravila o pravnoj transplantaciji, instituti i koncepti na adekvatan način inkorporirali u kinesku pravnu kulturu i omogućili joj daljnji gospodarski rast i razvoj, što je nedvojbeno u korelaciji s osiguranjem pravne sigurnosti. Zakonikom j","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70272271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the application of the EU directive as a source of European private international law with an emphasis on the post-Lisbon period in private international law of the member states. After presenting the main features of a directive in private international law, such as the legal basis for those “measures” in secondary legislation, types of directive, their structure, purpose and the effects of a directive, the author points out the special importance of the directive expressed in the Ingmar and Unamar cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In both cases the legal framework was Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents. In the Ingmar case of 2000, although lacking a (unilateral) conflict of law rule, the Court gave, by interpretation, the position of an unwritten (or hidden) conflict of law rule to a substantive law provision of the Directive. At the same time the Court determined that the provisions of Articles 17 to 19 are to be regarded as mandatory rules for the purposes of private international law. For the former EC legal order it was essential that a principal established in a non-member country (USA), whose commercial agent acts within the EC, cannot evade those provisions by freely choosing un-harmonized applicable law. In 2013 Court of Justice of the European Union was again asked to deal with Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 but in the new Unamar case with parties from Bulgaria (principal) and Belgium (commercial agent). Again, the Court confirmed the mandatory character of Articles 17 and 18 of the Directive and applied also Art. 7(2) of the Rome Convention of 1980. In his ruling it took into consideration the provisions of Art. 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation in which there is a definition of overriding mandatory provisions. Taking into account the terms of the mandatory provisions, but this time also consistent with the wording of Article 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation of 2008, the Court concluded that the law chosen by the parties to a commercial agency contract may be rejected by the court of another Member State before which the case has been brought in favor of the law of the forum, owing to the mandatory nature in the legal order of that Member State, only if the court of the forum state held it to be crucial to grant the commercial agent protection, going beyond that provided for by the directive, thus taking account of the nature of such mandatory provisions. From June 1988 to today (2021) the EEC, the EC and the EU adopted a considerable number of directives as measures for the approximation of national law dealing mostly with consumer, but also employment and insurance issues, setting forth conflict rules. These sector-specific rules (or special conflict rules for certain (consumer) contracts) from the second-generation directives based on unilateral conflict rules prevail over
本文讨论了欧盟指令作为欧洲国际私法渊源的适用问题，重点讨论了后里斯本时期成员国国际私法的适用问题。在介绍了国际私法中指令的主要特征，如二级立法中这些“措施”的法律依据、指令的类型、结构、目的和指令的效果之后，作者指出了该指令在欧盟法院Ingmar和Unamar案中的特殊重要性。在这两种情况下，法律框架都是1986年12月18日关于协调成员国有关个体经营者的法律的第86/653/EEC号理事会指令。在2000年的Ingmar案中，尽管缺乏（单方面的）法律冲突规则，但法院通过解释，将不成文（或隐藏的）法律规则的立场赋予了该指令的实体法条款。与此同时，法院裁定，第十七条至第十九条的规定应被视为国际私法的强制性规则。对于前欧共体法律秩序，至关重要的是，在非成员国（美国）设立的委托人，其商业代理人在欧共体内行事，不能通过自由选择不统一的适用法律来规避这些规定。2013年，欧盟法院再次被要求处理1986年12月18日第86/653/EEC号理事会指令，但在新的Unamar案中，涉及保加利亚（委托人）和比利时（商业代理人）的当事人。法院再次确认了该指令第17条和第18条的强制性，并适用了1980年《罗马公约》第7（2）条。在他的裁决中，它考虑到了《罗马一号条例》第9（1）条的规定，其中有一个压倒一切的强制性规定的定义。考虑到强制性条款的条款，但这一次也与2008年《罗马一号条例》第9条第（1）款的措辞一致，法院得出结论，商业代理合同当事人选择的法律可能会被另一成员国的法院驳回，该成员国已向法院提起有利于法院地法律的诉讼，由于该成员国法律秩序中的强制性，只有在法院地国法院认为给予商业代理人保护至关重要的情况下，才能超越该指令的规定，从而考虑到此类强制性规定的性质。从1988年6月到今天（2021年），欧洲经济共同体、欧盟委员会和欧盟通过了相当多的指令，作为接近主要涉及消费者，但也涉及就业和保险问题的国家法律的措施，制定了冲突规则。基于单方面冲突规则的第二代指令中的这些特定部门规则（或某些（消费者）合同的特殊冲突规则）在特定事项上优于1980年《罗马公约》（第20条）和2008年《罗马第一条例》（第23条）的冲突规则，规定了与合同义务有关的法律冲突规则。这种情况造成了处理国家、（前国际）和欧洲层面法律冲突规则的法律来源的“迷宫”。所描述的几种文书之间的法律冲突规则受到抑制，并且这些规则之间存在差异，这违反了《罗马一号条例》第40条第（1）款第1款。但与此同时，《罗马一号条例》并没有排除在特定事项上纳入规则冲突的可能性（《罗马一级条例》第40（1-2）条）。在本文的最后，作者回答了另一个问题：如何解决2008年《罗马一号条例》与欧盟法律的其他条款，包括实施这些法案的国家法律之间缺乏协调的问题？第一步可能是对《罗马一号条例》第23条作出狭义解释，并仅优先考虑与特定事项有关的欧盟特别法律冲突规则。严格意义上说，消费者指令中规定，如果合同与一个或多个成员国的领土有直接联系，即使双方选择了第三国的法律，也将适用欧盟法律的所有条款不应（始终）被视为法律规则的选择。这种考虑有可能排除《罗马一号条例》第23条的适用，而适用《罗马一》第3（4）条或第9（2）条。这种“法律冲突规则”的一个例子是2008年4月23日关于消费者信贷协议的《消费者信贷指令2008/48 EC》（OJ EU L 133/66）第22（4）款。第二步是重新开启2008年以来欧洲议会为所有欧盟内部市场法的普遍优先权而输掉的政治斗争。 在《罗马一号条例》通过13年后，我们有一些额外的论点支持在不违反“内部市场正常运作”的情况下，在欧盟法律中适用至高无上的一般原则（《罗马一条条例》序言40（2））。第一个论点是一般性的，被称为社区化过程。其结果不仅是罗马一号（没有第23条），而且是2011年10月25日关于消费者权利的第2011/83/EU号指令，这是《欧盟消费者权益法》后里斯本时期的一项新法律，在消费者指令中应被视为后法。在此类指令中，没有旨在通过适用欧盟法律来保护所有欧盟价值观的单方面冲突规则，这已经不是第一次了。但是，相关条款规定，消费者不应被剥夺该指令授予的保护，并且，如果适用于合同的法律是第三国的法律，则应适用《罗马一号条例》，以确定消费者是否保留该指令赋予的保护（该指令关于消费者权利的序言58）。考虑到上述所有论点，作者得出结论：在21世纪的第三个十年，关于欧盟消费者保护指令中所载与特定事项有关的特殊欧盟法律冲突规则的后里斯本法律实践不应再盛行。相反，在具有国际因素的情况下，应通过适用第3（4）条和第6（2）条中关于消费者保护的规定，以及2008年《罗马一号条例》第9（2）条来保障指令在有或没有单方面冲突规则的情况下的适用，以确定消费者是否保留该指令授予的保护。
{"title":"Smjernice u postlisabonskom europskom međunarodnom privatnom pravu","authors":"Vilim Bouček","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.3.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the application of the EU directive as a source of European private international law with an emphasis on the post-Lisbon period in private international law of the member states. After presenting the main features of a directive in private international law, such as the legal basis for those “measures” in secondary legislation, types of directive, their structure, purpose and the effects of a directive, the author points out the special importance of the directive expressed in the Ingmar and Unamar cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In both cases the legal framework was Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents. In the Ingmar case of 2000, although lacking a (unilateral) conflict of law rule, the Court gave, by interpretation, the position of an unwritten (or hidden) conflict of law rule to a substantive law provision of the Directive. At the same time the Court determined that the provisions of Articles 17 to 19 are to be regarded as mandatory rules for the purposes of private international law. For the former EC legal order it was essential that a principal established in a non-member country (USA), whose commercial agent acts within the EC, cannot evade those provisions by freely choosing un-harmonized applicable law. In 2013 Court of Justice of the European Union was again asked to deal with Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 but in the new Unamar case with parties from Bulgaria (principal) and Belgium (commercial agent). Again, the Court confirmed the mandatory character of Articles 17 and 18 of the Directive and applied also Art. 7(2) of the Rome Convention of 1980. In his ruling it took into consideration the provisions of Art. 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation in which there is a definition of overriding mandatory provisions. Taking into account the terms of the mandatory provisions, but this time also consistent with the wording of Article 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation of 2008, the Court concluded that the law chosen by the parties to a commercial agency contract may be rejected by the court of another Member State before which the case has been brought in favor of the law of the forum, owing to the mandatory nature in the legal order of that Member State, only if the court of the forum state held it to be crucial to grant the commercial agent protection, going beyond that provided for by the directive, thus taking account of the nature of such mandatory provisions. From June 1988 to today (2021) the EEC, the EC and the EU adopted a considerable number of directives as measures for the approximation of national law dealing mostly with consumer, but also employment and insurance issues, setting forth conflict rules. These sector-specific rules (or special conflict rules for certain (consumer) contracts) from the second-generation directives based on unilateral conflict rules prevail over","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45126952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The law does not follow the dramatic development of new technologies, including the distributed ledger technology (hereinafter: DLT), often called blockchain (hereinafter: BC). There are numerous examples of the application of these technologies in a company. An underregulated environment emphasizes the need of an ethical approach in situations where a company decides to select a new BC tool, as well as to identify a relevant body in the company that will ensure the selection and implementation BC technological solutions in an ethical and impartial manner. The development of an ethical framework for BC solutions is not only needed as a substitute for the missing legal regulation, but should also be an independent regulatory effort. To this end, technology scandals are being investigated in which significant deviations from the fundamental promises of BC technology have occurred during hacker attacks. It was examined whether the same system recovery procedures were applied in factually similar situations. It was found that recovery procedures were substantially diverging, which raises strong ethical concerns. Therefore, regulatory initiatives calling for ethical BC technology are explored. In the last part of the paper, the author proposes two alternatives as an answer to the question who should be in charge in the company to ensure that BC technology solutions are selected and applied in an ethical and impartial manner. Although companies are free to set up their “ethical and prevention of conflict of interest system” autonomously, they might consider to select a technology committee for that role or a compliance officer. Either way, companies should decide whether to design ethical and conflict of interest control as ex ante or ex post, given the importance of the corporate function or operation that is going to be digitalized by applying BC technology solutions.
{"title":"Kako osigurati primjenu etične blockchain tehnologije u trgovačkom društvu","authors":"Edita Čulinović Herc","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.04","url":null,"abstract":"The law does not follow the dramatic development of new technologies, including the distributed ledger technology (hereinafter: DLT), often called blockchain (hereinafter: BC). There are numerous examples of the application of these technologies in a company. An underregulated environment emphasizes the need of an ethical approach in situations where a company decides to select a new BC tool, as well as to identify a relevant body in the company that will ensure the selection and implementation BC technological solutions in an ethical and impartial manner. The development of an ethical framework for BC solutions is not only needed as a substitute for the missing legal regulation, but should also be an independent regulatory effort. To this end, technology scandals are being investigated in which significant deviations from the fundamental promises of BC technology have occurred during hacker attacks. It was examined whether the same system recovery procedures were applied in factually similar situations. It was found that recovery procedures were substantially diverging, which raises strong ethical concerns. Therefore, regulatory initiatives calling for ethical BC technology are explored. In the last part of the paper, the author proposes two alternatives as an answer to the question who should be in charge in the company to ensure that BC technology solutions are selected and applied in an ethical and impartial manner. Although companies are free to set up their “ethical and prevention of conflict of interest system” autonomously, they might consider to select a technology committee for that role or a compliance officer. Either way, companies should decide whether to design ethical and conflict of interest control as ex ante or ex post, given the importance of the corporate function or operation that is going to be digitalized by applying BC technology solutions.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49621980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transfer of undertakings, businesses or their parts, consequently leading to an ex lege transfer of an employment contract to the transferee as a new employer usually formally takes place on the basis of a direct legal transaction, usually directly between the transferor and the transferee, e.g. purchase, lease, or merger. However, in order to protect workers' rights, the case law of the Court of Justice has established that transfer may also occur in situations where there is no classical direct contractual relationship between the transferor and the transferee, but rather a third party's will (e.g. one company loses the right to provide a certain economic service and the other gains it), as a result of which the transferee actually continues to perform the economic activity that was previously performed by the transferor, provided that the subject of the transfer is an economic entity that retains its identity. In such situations, the safeguarding of workers' rights also depends on whether it is a labour-intensive business (an activity based mainly on the labour force) or asset-intensive business (an activity based mainly on expensive equipment). Therefore, I refer to this situation a factual (indirect) transfer, because it does not occur directly on the basis of a formal legal transaction between the transferor and the transferee, but in fact indirectly, depending on the circumstances of the case and the economic activity being transferred. Given that such case law of the Court of Justice of EU can result in a significant cost in the form of a de facto obligation to take over workers and their acquired rights that the transferee did not count on, the primary purpose of this paper is to identify the preconditions and the main features of the factual (indirect) transfer of an economic entity that retains its identity, and to pinpoint in what circumstances there may be an obligation to take over workers.
{"title":"Faktičan (neizravan) prijenos gospodarske cjeline i utjecaj na radnopravni položaj radnika","authors":"Ivan Vukorepa","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.18","url":null,"abstract":"The transfer of undertakings, businesses or their parts, consequently leading to an ex lege transfer of an employment contract to the transferee as a new employer usually formally takes place on the basis of a direct legal transaction, usually directly between the transferor and the transferee, e.g. purchase, lease, or merger. However, in order to protect workers' rights, the case law of the Court of Justice has established that transfer may also occur in situations where there is no classical direct contractual relationship between the transferor and the transferee, but rather a third party's will (e.g. one company loses the right to provide a certain economic service and the other gains it), as a result of which the transferee actually continues to perform the economic activity that was previously performed by the transferor, provided that the subject of the transfer is an economic entity that retains its identity. In such situations, the safeguarding of workers' rights also depends on whether it is a labour-intensive business (an activity based mainly on the labour force) or asset-intensive business (an activity based mainly on expensive equipment). Therefore, I refer to this situation a factual (indirect) transfer, because it does not occur directly on the basis of a formal legal transaction between the transferor and the transferee, but in fact indirectly, depending on the circumstances of the case and the economic activity being transferred. Given that such case law of the Court of Justice of EU can result in a significant cost in the form of a de facto obligation to take over workers and their acquired rights that the transferee did not count on, the primary purpose of this paper is to identify the preconditions and the main features of the factual (indirect) transfer of an economic entity that retains its identity, and to pinpoint in what circumstances there may be an obligation to take over workers.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44162625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Companies and business shares are part of life. Certain ambiguities arise from the changing case law concerning the jurisdiction of the courts resolving issues regarding business shares when it comes to marital property, but also from inadequate legislation. This paper highlights the course of development of the legal regime concerning the property of spouses, which inevitably requires certain changes in terms of a stronger protection of spouses who are not members of the company, but may suffer great damage if business shares are acquired during the course of marriage. The constitutional requirement for the rule of law implies, inter alia, legal certainty which is not favoured by the current normative situation, marked by the fragmentation of court jurisdiction and legal norms regarding marital property, which is a family law institute. Certain changes in commercial and family law provisions, as well as in provisions governing court jurisdiction are necessary in order to avoid divergent treatment of different types of property belonging to spouses.
{"title":"Prijepori o sudskoj nadležnosti i poslovnim udjelima u svjetlu bračne stečevine","authors":"Dubravka Hrabar","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.05","url":null,"abstract":"Companies and business shares are part of life. Certain ambiguities arise from the changing case law concerning the jurisdiction of the courts resolving issues regarding business shares when it comes to marital property, but also from inadequate legislation. This paper highlights the course of development of the legal regime concerning the property of spouses, which inevitably requires certain changes in terms of a stronger protection of spouses who are not members of the company, but may suffer great damage if business shares are acquired during the course of marriage. The constitutional requirement for the rule of law implies, inter alia, legal certainty which is not favoured by the current normative situation, marked by the fragmentation of court jurisdiction and legal norms regarding marital property, which is a family law institute. Certain changes in commercial and family law provisions, as well as in provisions governing court jurisdiction are necessary in order to avoid divergent treatment of different types of property belonging to spouses.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the taxation point of view, the maritime sector could almost be described as quirky – there are examples of the earliest forms of taxes and other public contributions as well as almost all types of taxation, unlike in any other sector. Moreover, some of the most unusual and controversial taxes throughout history were levied in and related to the maritime world. In that context, port taxes, salt taxes, specific ship taxes and carbon taxes in the framework of decarbonization are analyzed. Despite the common perception of the maritime sector as a sector enjoying favorable tax treatment, taxes and other budgetary instruments had an extremely important influence on its development and functioning.
{"title":"More, brodovi i – porezi","authors":"Tereza Rogić Lugarić","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.17","url":null,"abstract":"From the taxation point of view, the maritime sector could almost be described as quirky – there are examples of the earliest forms of taxes and other public contributions as well as almost all types of taxation, unlike in any other sector. Moreover, some of the most unusual and controversial taxes throughout history were levied in and related to the maritime world. In that context, port taxes, salt taxes, specific ship taxes and carbon taxes in the framework of decarbonization are analyzed. Despite the common perception of the maritime sector as a sector enjoying favorable tax treatment, taxes and other budgetary instruments had an extremely important influence on its development and functioning.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43255016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to systematically present the general rules of procedure on the reimbursement of litigation costs. Special focus is put on the issues concerning the contents of the claim for reimbursement of litigation costs and the temporal and procedural limits for filing it. The author investigates the manner of deciding on the claim and the award of litigation costs, with a special review of the issue of costs incurred in the appeals process.
{"title":"Opće uređenje odlučivanja o naknadi troškova parničnog postupka","authors":"Mihajlo Dika","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.02","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to systematically present the general rules of procedure on the reimbursement of litigation costs. Special focus is put on the issues concerning the contents of the claim for reimbursement of litigation costs and the temporal and procedural limits for filing it. The author investigates the manner of deciding on the claim and the award of litigation costs, with a special review of the issue of costs incurred in the appeals process.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43543202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The commercial agency contract is the meeting point for the Civil Obligations Act, the Companies Act, the Competition Act and the Labour Act. Even to this day, traces of the rules that regulate the original legal position of the commercial agent can be found in these regulations, from which all other special directions of its further development branched off. The commercial agent belongs to the narrowest, key circle of commercial staff. Traders and wider entrepreneurs must be able to rely on the agent with confidence. His loyalty obligation, obligation of care for the interests of the principal is close in this sense to the obligations of the management in companies based on the share capital or employees. A good example of this is the legal prohibition of competition with the principal. The commercial agent should in these cases, by analogy with the rules of Article 101 of the Labour Act and the provisions of Articles 76, 138a, 248 and 429 of the Companies Act alternatively enable the principal to consider the transactions it has concluded for its own benefit as those of the principal and to transfer to the principal everything it has received from transactions it has concluded for someone else's benefit, i.e. to cede to that person the right to collect what it was to receive. It must not, however, be equated in this respect with employees and members of the capital market managements. There are also important differences between them, due to which the obligations of the commercial agent are different in content. The commercial agency agreement should be discussed from the position of the internal relationship between the commercial agent and the principal and the external relationship between the commercial agent and the third party. Only when the contours of a specific internal relationship are determined will the answer be given to the question of whether a commercial agent is an independent economic level within the meaning of the Competition Act.
{"title":"Trgovačko zastupanje kao dio trgovačkog statusnog i trgovačkog materijalnog prava","authors":"Petar Miladin","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.07","url":null,"abstract":"The commercial agency contract is the meeting point for the Civil Obligations Act, the Companies Act, the Competition Act and the Labour Act. Even to this day, traces of the rules that regulate the original legal position of the commercial agent can be found in these regulations, from which all other special directions of its further development branched off. The commercial agent belongs to the narrowest, key circle of commercial staff. Traders and wider entrepreneurs must be able to rely on the agent with confidence. His loyalty obligation, obligation of care for the interests of the principal is close in this sense to the obligations of the management in companies based on the share capital or employees. A good example of this is the legal prohibition of competition with the principal. The commercial agent should in these cases, by analogy with the rules of Article 101 of the Labour Act and the provisions of Articles 76, 138a, 248 and 429 of the Companies Act alternatively enable the principal to consider the transactions it has concluded for its own benefit as those of the principal and to transfer to the principal everything it has received from transactions it has concluded for someone else's benefit, i.e. to cede to that person the right to collect what it was to receive. It must not, however, be equated in this respect with employees and members of the capital market managements. There are also important differences between them, due to which the obligations of the commercial agent are different in content. The commercial agency agreement should be discussed from the position of the internal relationship between the commercial agent and the principal and the external relationship between the commercial agent and the third party. Only when the contours of a specific internal relationship are determined will the answer be given to the question of whether a commercial agent is an independent economic level within the meaning of the Competition Act.","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43657286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The realization of fundamental human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia and international treaties is inconceivable without the establishment, organization and performance of activities or services which are considered to be of general social interest. Such activities may or may not be market-oriented. Market-oriented activities are those whose performance is aimed at making a profit or economically assessable benefits, while if this is not the case, the activity is considered non-market-oriented. Market-oriented activities of general social interest are most often performed by institutions and capital companies. The paper discusses the internal and external relations of these legal entities, in particular their structure, management, management supervision, assets, liability for obligations, and representation. Joint stock companies and limited liability companies are considered in contrast with “ordinary” and public institutions. After comparing these types of legal entities, an attempt is made at answering the fundamental question: which legal form is more appropriate for performing market-oriented activities of general social interest?
{"title":"Trgovačka društva kapitala i ustanove kao nositelji tržišno usmjerenih djelatnosti od općeg društvenog interesa","authors":"Ratko Brnabić, Marko Ivkošić","doi":"10.3935/zpfz.72.12.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.14","url":null,"abstract":"The realization of fundamental human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia and international treaties is inconceivable without the establishment, organization and performance of activities or services which are considered to be of general social interest. Such activities may or may not be market-oriented. Market-oriented activities are those whose performance is aimed at making a profit or economically assessable benefits, while if this is not the case, the activity is considered non-market-oriented. Market-oriented activities of general social interest are most often performed by institutions and capital companies. The paper discusses the internal and external relations of these legal entities, in particular their structure, management, management supervision, assets, liability for obligations, and representation. Joint stock companies and limited liability companies are considered in contrast with “ordinary” and public institutions. After comparing these types of legal entities, an attempt is made at answering the fundamental question: which legal form is more appropriate for performing market-oriented activities of general social interest?","PeriodicalId":34908,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41865765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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