Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2022.v50.1445
Ana Sara Vieira Barbosa, T. S. Jeromini, Givanildo Zildo Silva, C. C. Martins
Seeds’ qualities are influenced by several factors such as the density and size of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of Corymbia citriodora, E. phaeotricha and E. propinqua seeds that were subjected to classification by sieve. The seeds passed through sieves that retained the following sizes: C. citriodora (2.00; 1.68; 1.41; 1.19; 1.00 mm), E. phaeotricha (1.41; 1.19; 1.00; 0.84 mm) and E. propinqua (1.00; 0.84; 0.71; 0.59 e 0.50 mm). The tests of retention percentage, physical purity, germination, first count of germination, germination speed index and average germination time were performed. The design used was randomized with four replications and five treatments for C. citriodora and E. propinqua, and four treatments for E. phaeotricha, due to the number of sieves that retained seeds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test. When significant, the statistics related to the classification of seeds by sieves were compared using the Tukey test with 5% probability. The use of sieve classification is effective for the separation of seeds with high physical and physiological quality. C. citriodora with a seed size of 1.41 to 2.00 mm have maximum physical and physiological quality and can be pelleted. For E. phaeotricha and E. propinqua, seeds with a size of 1.19 to 1.41 mm and 0.84 to 1.00 mm, respectively, have the highest physical and physiological quality.
{"title":"Eucalyptus citriodora, E. phaeotricha and E. propinqua seeds subjected to classification by sieves","authors":"Ana Sara Vieira Barbosa, T. S. Jeromini, Givanildo Zildo Silva, C. C. Martins","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2022.v50.1445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2022.v50.1445","url":null,"abstract":"Seeds’ qualities are influenced by several factors such as the density and size of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of Corymbia citriodora, E. phaeotricha and E. propinqua seeds that were subjected to classification by sieve. The seeds passed through sieves that retained the following sizes: C. citriodora (2.00; 1.68; 1.41; 1.19; 1.00 mm), E. phaeotricha (1.41; 1.19; 1.00; 0.84 mm) and E. propinqua (1.00; 0.84; 0.71; 0.59 e 0.50 mm). The tests of retention percentage, physical purity, germination, first count of germination, germination speed index and average germination time were performed. The design used was randomized with four replications and five treatments for C. citriodora and E. propinqua, and four treatments for E. phaeotricha, due to the number of sieves that retained seeds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test. When significant, the statistics related to the classification of seeds by sieves were compared using the Tukey test with 5% probability. The use of sieve classification is effective for the separation of seeds with high physical and physiological quality. C. citriodora with a seed size of 1.41 to 2.00 mm have maximum physical and physiological quality and can be pelleted. For E. phaeotricha and E. propinqua, seeds with a size of 1.19 to 1.41 mm and 0.84 to 1.00 mm, respectively, have the highest physical and physiological quality.","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42345429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p174-182
Célia Ribeiro do Nascimento, Anderson Chaves Rodrigues, F. P. D. Arruda, Ricardo Silva de Sousa, Luís Alfredo Pinheiro Leal Nunes
{"title":"Efeito da bagana de carnaúba nos atributos microbiológicos, umidade e temperatura do solo","authors":"Célia Ribeiro do Nascimento, Anderson Chaves Rodrigues, F. P. D. Arruda, Ricardo Silva de Sousa, Luís Alfredo Pinheiro Leal Nunes","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p174-182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p174-182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p158-164
Nivânia Pereira da Costa-Menezes, Valter Da Silva, M. J. A. Wanderley, Alberto Nunes Dos Anjos, T. S. Melo, J. Batista
{"title":"Use of bioinsecticide and sugarcane molasses in the management of Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) and Metamasius spp. (Horn)","authors":"Nivânia Pereira da Costa-Menezes, Valter Da Silva, M. J. A. Wanderley, Alberto Nunes Dos Anjos, T. S. Melo, J. Batista","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p158-164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p158-164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44170978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p152-157
Henrique Facco Lufiego, W. Boller, M. S. D. Farias, J. Schlosser, G. M. Bertollo
{"title":"Spray nozzles and curtain of chains in fungicide application to control Asian soybean rust","authors":"Henrique Facco Lufiego, W. Boller, M. S. D. Farias, J. Schlosser, G. M. Bertollo","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p152-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p152-157","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47719658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p165-173
Willian Tsuyoshi Kume, Luana Marques Campos, R. Ribeiro, G. Caione
{"title":"Desordens nutricionais provocadas por deficiência e excesso de zinco em plantas de milho","authors":"Willian Tsuyoshi Kume, Luana Marques Campos, R. Ribeiro, G. Caione","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p165-173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n4p165-173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49052556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p144-151
J. F. D. C. Filho, José Airton Blamires Batalha, Rebecca Karolline Assunção Lima, R. Melo, S. S. Matos, Nilzamara Mendonça do Nascimento, Alexson Filgueiras Dutra, G. Junior
Excess nitrogen (N) in the form of ammonium (NH 4 + ) in the culture medium can induce ammonium toxicity, causing physiological disturbances in plants and resulting in impaired growth and dry matter production. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and dry matter production of watermelon and cucumber plants grown under different nitrogen concentrations in the ammoniacal form and in nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out at the Department of Plant Science located at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, during the period from October to November 2017. Two cucurbit species, watermelon and cucumber, were studied separately for each experiment using a completely randomized design, with four replicates and five treatments, corresponding to the following ammonium concentrations: 0.5; 2.2; 4.5; 8.7; and 14.0 mmol L -1 NH 4 + . Twenty-one days after transplanting the watermelon and cucumber seedlings, the following variables were analyzed: leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, stem diameter, root volume, root length, root dry matter, and shoot dry matter. Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution causes toxicity in watermelon and cucumber plants, decreasing plant growth and dry matter production. Symptoms of ammonium toxicity are more evident in the cucumber plant, which presented chlorosis and necrosis followed by plant death after 15 days of cultivation.
{"title":"Excess ammonium causes toxicity in watermelon and cucumber plants grown in nutrient solution","authors":"J. F. D. C. Filho, José Airton Blamires Batalha, Rebecca Karolline Assunção Lima, R. Melo, S. S. Matos, Nilzamara Mendonça do Nascimento, Alexson Filgueiras Dutra, G. Junior","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p144-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p144-151","url":null,"abstract":"Excess nitrogen (N) in the form of ammonium (NH 4 + ) in the culture medium can induce ammonium toxicity, causing physiological disturbances in plants and resulting in impaired growth and dry matter production. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and dry matter production of watermelon and cucumber plants grown under different nitrogen concentrations in the ammoniacal form and in nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out at the Department of Plant Science located at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piaui, during the period from October to November 2017. Two cucurbit species, watermelon and cucumber, were studied separately for each experiment using a completely randomized design, with four replicates and five treatments, corresponding to the following ammonium concentrations: 0.5; 2.2; 4.5; 8.7; and 14.0 mmol L -1 NH 4 + . Twenty-one days after transplanting the watermelon and cucumber seedlings, the following variables were analyzed: leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, stem diameter, root volume, root length, root dry matter, and shoot dry matter. Excess ammonium in the nutrient solution causes toxicity in watermelon and cucumber plants, decreasing plant growth and dry matter production. Symptoms of ammonium toxicity are more evident in the cucumber plant, which presented chlorosis and necrosis followed by plant death after 15 days of cultivation.","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42944077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p113-120
Samuel Gonçales Ferreira dos Santos, Hélio Soares Miranda Netto, Dennis Ricardo Cabral Cruz, Jefferson Kran Sarti, R. S. Rodovalho, Vinicius Gonçalves de Almeida
A banana e um produto biologico altamente higroscopico. Os produtos higroscopicos possuem a propriedade de sofrerem mudancas em seus teores de agua, sob a forma de vapor ou liquido com a ambiente, por meio do processo de absorcao ou dessorcao. A secagem consiste na remocao de grande parte de agua inicialmente contida no produto logo apos a maturidade fisiologica, com o objetivo de promover longos periodos de armazenamento. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estimar as curvas de secagem de fatias de banana maca da cultivar BRS Tropical, bem como obter o coeficiente de difusao efetivo e as propriedades termodinâmicas em diferentes condicoes de secagem ambiente natural. Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados diversos modelos matematicos utilizados para representacao da secagem de produtos agricolas. O modelo matematico Midilli Modificado e o que melhor representa a cinetica de secagem para as fatias de banana maca tropical. O aumento da temperatura promove: uma taxa maior de remocao de agua nas fatias de banana maca durante a secagem; aumento do coeficiente de difusao efetivo sendo que esta relacao pode ser descrita pela equacao de Arrhenius; aumento da energia livre de Gibbs, enquanto a entalpia e a entropia decrescem.
{"title":"Cinética de secagem e propriedades termodinâmicas de fatias de banana maçã tropical (Musa spp)","authors":"Samuel Gonçales Ferreira dos Santos, Hélio Soares Miranda Netto, Dennis Ricardo Cabral Cruz, Jefferson Kran Sarti, R. S. Rodovalho, Vinicius Gonçalves de Almeida","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p113-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p113-120","url":null,"abstract":"A banana e um produto biologico altamente higroscopico. Os produtos higroscopicos possuem a propriedade de sofrerem mudancas em seus teores de agua, sob a forma de vapor ou liquido com a ambiente, por meio do processo de absorcao ou dessorcao. A secagem consiste na remocao de grande parte de agua inicialmente contida no produto logo apos a maturidade fisiologica, com o objetivo de promover longos periodos de armazenamento. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estimar as curvas de secagem de fatias de banana maca da cultivar BRS Tropical, bem como obter o coeficiente de difusao efetivo e as propriedades termodinâmicas em diferentes condicoes de secagem ambiente natural. Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados diversos modelos matematicos utilizados para representacao da secagem de produtos agricolas. O modelo matematico Midilli Modificado e o que melhor representa a cinetica de secagem para as fatias de banana maca tropical. O aumento da temperatura promove: uma taxa maior de remocao de agua nas fatias de banana maca durante a secagem; aumento do coeficiente de difusao efetivo sendo que esta relacao pode ser descrita pela equacao de Arrhenius; aumento da energia livre de Gibbs, enquanto a entalpia e a entropia decrescem.","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47350916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p102-112
Neisvaldo B. dos Santos, Roberto Soares Do Nascimento
Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane for sugar, alcohol, and bioenergy mills. These mills have been taking into account production costs in order to facilitate financial control, assist in the decision-making process to profit from agricultural activity, and to be more competitive in the market. The mills invest in the acquisition of harvesters and tractor-trailer combinations to enable the cutting, harvesting, and internal loading of sugarcane. However, the acquisition of the mechanized harvesting system machines requires a high investment on the projected cash flow of the mill. Therefore, this study aims to identify the economic viability of a mechanized sugarcane harvesting system for the financial cash of the mill. The methodology considers the costs of implantation and cultivation of the crop of projected future seasons, cost analysis using the net present value and the internal rate of return, and reference mechanisms such as the benefit-cost ratio, discounted payback , and break-even point . This methodology was used to compose the financial cash of the mill, which also included the use of secondary data. In order to generate data for the mechanized sugarcane harvesting system, the “ ColheCana ” computational model was adopted as the management platform. The results showed that the mechanized harvesting system using a single-row harvester reached the break-even point in the fourth harvest, while the system using a two-row harvester reached the break-even point in the third harvest.
{"title":"Economic viability of the mechanized harvesting system in financial cash of a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) mill","authors":"Neisvaldo B. dos Santos, Roberto Soares Do Nascimento","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p102-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p102-112","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane for sugar, alcohol, and bioenergy mills. These mills have been taking into account production costs in order to facilitate financial control, assist in the decision-making process to profit from agricultural activity, and to be more competitive in the market. The mills invest in the acquisition of harvesters and tractor-trailer combinations to enable the cutting, harvesting, and internal loading of sugarcane. However, the acquisition of the mechanized harvesting system machines requires a high investment on the projected cash flow of the mill. Therefore, this study aims to identify the economic viability of a mechanized sugarcane harvesting system for the financial cash of the mill. The methodology considers the costs of implantation and cultivation of the crop of projected future seasons, cost analysis using the net present value and the internal rate of return, and reference mechanisms such as the benefit-cost ratio, discounted payback , and break-even point . This methodology was used to compose the financial cash of the mill, which also included the use of secondary data. In order to generate data for the mechanized sugarcane harvesting system, the “ ColheCana ” computational model was adopted as the management platform. The results showed that the mechanized harvesting system using a single-row harvester reached the break-even point in the fourth harvest, while the system using a two-row harvester reached the break-even point in the third harvest.","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44880000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p137-143
Karine Pacheco de Jesus, Edvânia da Silva Carvalho, M. O. Souza, Josival Santos Souza, A. Mendonça
The maintenance of seed viability during storage is influenced by several factors related to the species and to the environment. This work aimed to determine the viability of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia seeds from unripe and ripe fruits stored at different temperatures (ambient, 10 oC, 0 oC and -21 oC). For this, the germination performance of the seeds was evaluated at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months of storage. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. The variables evaluated were: number of germinated seeds, number of hard seeds, number of unviable seeds and number of normal seedlings. The storage potential of M. caesalpiniifolia seeds depends on the fruit maturity stage. Seeds from unripe fruits without drying do not tolerate storage. Seeds from unripe fruits with drying at 15% water content maintain viability, for 12 months, when stored at a temperature of 10 °C. Seeds from ripe fruits without drying maintain viability, for 12 months, when stored at temperatures of 0 °C and 10 °C.
{"title":"Viability of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. seeds as a function of fruit maturity stage and storage temperature","authors":"Karine Pacheco de Jesus, Edvânia da Silva Carvalho, M. O. Souza, Josival Santos Souza, A. Mendonça","doi":"10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p137-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p137-143","url":null,"abstract":"The maintenance of seed viability during storage is influenced by several factors related to the species and to the environment. This work aimed to determine the viability of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia seeds from unripe and ripe fruits stored at different temperatures (ambient, 10 oC, 0 oC and -21 oC). For this, the germination performance of the seeds was evaluated at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months of storage. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates of 25 seeds per treatment. The variables evaluated were: number of germinated seeds, number of hard seeds, number of unviable seeds and number of normal seedlings. The storage potential of M. caesalpiniifolia seeds depends on the fruit maturity stage. Seeds from unripe fruits without drying do not tolerate storage. Seeds from unripe fruits with drying at 15% water content maintain viability, for 12 months, when stored at a temperature of 10 °C. Seeds from ripe fruits without drying maintain viability, for 12 months, when stored at temperatures of 0 °C and 10 °C.","PeriodicalId":35044,"journal":{"name":"Cientifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44016042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-29DOI: 10.15361/1984-5529.2021v49n3p128-136
Leandro Vidotti Vila Real, N. Neto, Cecilia Giolo Favaro, P. Alves
One of the main critical points in the production process of orange trees is the negative interference imposed by weeds. Considering the relevance of this factor, this study aims to evaluate integrated methods for weed control on the yield of orange ( Citrus sinensis L.), cv. ‘Natal’. A field experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with the following nine treatments: manual weeding of the area associated with maintenance with herbicide; herbicide application in the total area; herbicide application in the total area followed by sowing of jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis L.) between the rows; herbicide application in the total area followed by sowing of the legume in the total area; herbicide application between the rows only in the free space between canopies; herbicide application in the row; herbicide application in the canopy projection; herbicide application in the total area except for the canopy projection; besides a control treatment, without weeding. The herbicide used was glyphosate, always applied at a dose of 1,080 g ha -1 . Among the studied managements, it can be concluded that the manual weeding of the area associated with maintenance with glyphosate (1,080 g ha -1 ); glyphosate application in the total area; glyphosate application in the total area followed by sowing of jack bean between the rows; glyphosate application in the total area followed by sowing of jack beans in the total area; and glyphosate application in the canopy projection resulted in the same yield as the traditional management adopted by the farmer, which consists of glyphosate application in the row. On the other hand, glyphosate application in the total area except for the canopy projection and glyphosate application between the rows only in the free space between canopies were not good weed control methods, resulting in lower yield, whose value was similar to that of the control without weeding (in the bush).
桔子树生产过程中的一个主要关键点是杂草的负面干扰。考虑到这一因素的相关性，本研究旨在评估综合除草方法对‘纳塔尔’柑桔产量的影响。采用随机区组设计，采用以下九种处理方法进行了田间试验：对与除草剂维持相关的区域进行人工除草；除草剂在总面积的施用；在总面积上施用除草剂，然后在各行之间播种蚕豆（Canavalia ensiformis L.）；在总面积施用除草剂，然后在总面积播种豆类；仅在树冠之间的自由空间中在行之间施用除草剂；行内施用除草剂；除草剂在冠层投影中的应用；在除树冠投影以外的总面积内施用除草剂；除对照处理外，不除草。所使用的除草剂是草甘膦，通常以1080克公顷-1的剂量施用。在所研究的管理中，可以得出结论：与草甘膦（1080 g ha-1）维护相关的区域的人工除草；草甘膦在总面积的应用；在总面积施用草甘膦，然后在各行之间播种蚕豆；在总面积施用草甘膦，然后在总面积播种蚕豆；在冠层投影中施用草甘膦与农民采用的传统管理（即在行中施用草甘膦）产生相同的产量。另一方面，除冠层投影外的总面积施用草甘膦和仅在冠层之间的自由空间在行间施用草甘膦不是很好的杂草控制方法，导致产量较低，其值与未除草的对照（灌木中）相似。
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