Psychiatria Hungarica最新文献

The situation of people with different sexual orientations and gender identities varies worldwide depending on the legal and social situation despite a formal depathologization in the medical classification systems DSM 1973 and ICD 1991. The spectrum ranges from equality to discrimination and exclusion to social ostracism, sometimes combined with legal persecution, in some countries even with the threat of a death penalty. On the basis of a historical overview of the medical-social discourse, it will be shown which scientific and societal advances make depathologization possible, although even in today's times a consistent and sustainable effect of this depathologization appears to be increasingly difficult in some countries, and in some cases even a societal re-pathologization is taking place. Aspects of persistent medical and societal stigma on the health of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) people are highlighted. Scientific models that empirically explain the increased risk of mental illness among LGBT people as a result of various forms of stigma and guidelines for psychotherapeutic treatment are presented. In an outlook, the continuing precarious situation of sexual minorities worldwide is pointed out and the importance of medical, social and political destig matization as a prerequisite for the mental health of LGBT people is emphasized. Non-discriminatory legislation is an important element in addition to medical statements and medical guidelines for treatment.

Affirmative approach has increasingly become the primary approach in working with clients belonging to gender and sexual diversity. In the recommendations and guidelines of the most important psychiatric and psychological associations, as well as the international organizations that bring these associations together, the shift towards an affirmative attitude is clearly observable.This manuscript attempts to present the theoretical background of the affirmative approach, details the possible difficulties of a person with a gender and sexual minority identity and, based on these, tries to provide specific affirmative advice for the helping professionals.

Objectives: Mental health of university students has become a public health priority: approximately one quarter of them reported depression. Besides the classic risk factors, more studies are focusing on the phenomena of the digital world. As women are particularly at risk for depression, in the present study, we analyzed depressive symptoms in college girls exploring the role of online self-disclosure and social media addiction.

Methods: Data were collected using a self-reported online questionnaire shared on social networking sites. The study sample consisted of college girls aged 15-30 years (N=237; M= 23.2; SD=2.8 years). Our questionnaire package included the Beck Depression Inventory, the Revised Self-Disclosure Scale, and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. In addition to descriptive statistics and calculations of correlation coefficients, the analysis focused on multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results: In the multivariate analysis, we found that a specific pattern of online self-disclosure in relation to depressive symptoms emerges: in terms of the content shared about themselves, college girls prone to depression tend to be more likely to disclose less (quantity: ß=-0.12, p< 0.05), but deeper/more intimate (depth: ß=0.22, p<0.001), and also more negative (positivity: ß=-0.34, p<0.001) and less honest (honesty: ß=-0.29, p<0.001) information. Social media addiction remained a significant predictor along with online self-disclosure variables, but its role decreased (ß=0.15, p<0.05).

Conclusions: The dangers of self-disclosure on social media platforms should be highlighted in prevention and treatment, especially because people with mental health problems tend to spend a lot of time online, which in many cases they find safer than face-to-face interactions.

Introduction: In contrast to most other countries, in Hungary, suicide rates increased significantly in the first year (March to December 2020) of the COVID-19 epidemic. Worldwide, the burden of emergency health care tended to decrease in the first period of the pandemic. The main goal of the present research was to assess how the number of suicidal deliberate self-poisoning has changed in the first two years of the pandemic compared to the trend of the previous years (before March 2020) in the capital of Hungary, Budapest, and in Pest County (population approx. 3 million).

Methods: In our retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed the results of emergency psychiatric evaluations of patients admitted to the Péterfy Hospital Emergency Department and Clinical Toxicology due to self-intoxication. From the data stored in the hospital's electronic health care system, we recorded two variables: suicidal self-poisoning, that is, suicide attempt, and the gender of the patient. Interrupted time series analysis was used, which relied on negative binomial regression estimates. In addition, the leveling in the trends was examined by changepoint detection.

Results: In males, suicide attempts decreased by 16.6% compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). A similar and significant decrease was observed in females and the overall population. The trend change took place in August 2020 for women and the total population, and in October for men.

Conclusions: It is suggested that people who have undergone a non-violent drug self-poisoning suicide attempt are less likely to call for help, such as an ambulance. Alternatively, fewer had attempted suicide because they did not want to be hospitalized. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the change in the examined trend (August and October) coincides with the beginning of the second wave of the epidemic in Hungary.

Backgrund: Bupropion (BUP) is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor frequently used in prisons. Although its positive effects on depression treatment are often presented, there are many questions about its approved use in prisons and similar facilities. In this context, this article aims to present two case reports of BUP XL unapproved use and a review of the mechanism of action, formulations, and the clinical profile of BUP.

Methods: Two case reports. The patients' data for the case reports were obtained from their medical records. A PubMed search was conducted using the terms BUP, inmates, and efficacy to identify randomized and non-randomized controlled trials and case reports to evaluate the possible effects of BUP in prison settings. Only approved medications were included.

Results: The positive effects of BUP XL on major depressive disorder treatment are well-reported, but few reports are on the pharmacokinetics of BUP XL in prisons. The exact mechanism of its effect on the central nervous system is predominantly connected with its unique pharmacokinetics.

Conclusions: This paper shows that BUP XL will continue to play an essential role in treating a major depressive disorder in adults in prisons and other related disorders, although a different treatment strategy should be preferred in patients with high addictive potential. Because of a similar mechanism of action, the most appropriate alternatives for BUP XL could be mirtazapine, agomelatine, aripiprazole, and quetiapine, although clinical trials are needed to confirm these alternatives.

No abstract available.

Sexual minorities suffer from worse than average mental health. The most widespread explanation of this phenomenon is minority stress theory, which attributes poor mental health to stigmatization and discrimination by the rest of society. In my review I argue that minority stress theory is not a sufficient explanation of poor mental health in sexual minorities. My arguments are based on four observations: 1. other social groups which experience or historically experienced discrimination do not suffer from poor mental health; 2. sexual minorities suffer from worse than average mental health even when they experience a low level of discrimination; 3. the quasi-experimental studies best suited to support this theory suffer from serious methodological errors; 4.genetic-biometric studies do not or only partially support the hypothesis that sexual minority status (through discrimination or other mechanisms) is causal to poor men tal health. Alternative theories are necessary to explain the etiology of mental health problems in sexual minorities.

Regardless of sexual orientation, we are all socialised in a heteronormative culture and society. 85% of LGBTQ+ people are aware of their sexual identity before the age of 18, and like members of minority groups in general, they are regularly subjected to microaggressions, possibly overt verbal and/or physical abuse and discrimination. One of the most common settings for this is school. If school is left out of sexual education as a socialisation medium and as a representation of society for the child, the family - and the LGBTQ+ child in it - is left with a heavy burden. The tabooed LGBTQ+ sexuality, excluded from the discourse of public education, reinforces the invisibility of these young people, increasing shame, guilt, feelings of stigma, isolation - with consequent feelings of nonconformity and mental illness. Given that the knowledge, attitudes, orientations and skills of the family members involved are often limited or prejudiced, and that children spend a large part of their lives at school, the family is not the only medium for education and support for identity development, and often the family itself needs support.

Introduction: In the recent research and interpretation of the genetical-biological and environmental-social factors shaping psychosexual development, in addition to scientific arguments, more and more ideological and political aspect have received unfortunate emphasis.

Objective: Since the literature investigating the development of gender identity and gender orientation has not only increased, but also polarized, it is timely to look at the scientific exchange of ideas and debates among the differing positions.

Method: Exploring the significance of genetic, biological and social factors involved in the development of gender identity and gender orientation based on international literature data.

Results: Based on the current state of science it can be concluded that, in addition to the indisputably marked genetic-biological factors, education and social patterns, as well as the extremely complex environmental and media-related influence with its variable intensity and diverse emotional content also play a significant role in the psychosexual development. This is supported, among other observations, by the data indicating that homoerotic behavior is more common in people raised by same-sex couples.

Conclusion: As psychosexual development is determined jointly by both genetic-biological and social factors (like education, media etc), belonging to a sexual minority group is not a choice, not the result of a personal decision. Therefore, any kind of discrimination in this regard is unacceptable. Further scientific studies are necessary to answer a large number of questions that still remain open.

Introduction: The prevention of social anxiety alone and in the prevention of comorbid diseases is key. In the present research, we examine subclinical-level social anxiety from a previously understudied perspective, in its asso ciation with environmental self-regulatory strategies. We use the theory of favorite places to describe environmental self-regulatory processes. The aim of the research is to determine how subclinical level social anxiety is related to the environmental self-regulatory processes taking place in favorite places.

Methods: In the study, we conducted an online questionnaire survey of 483 adults who were clinically healthy - 329 women (68.11%) and 154 men (31.88%). Respondents' social anxiety was assessed with the Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire (BFNE-S), while environmental self-regulatory strategies were assessed with the Favorite Places Questionnaire.

Results: The extent of social anxiety was correlated with visiting favorite places in positive and negative emotional states, as well as the level of recovering and distressing experiences in the favorite place. Within the subsample characterized by elevated social anxiety, the pattern that visiting a favorite place helps a person regain his or her emotional balance primarily through the regulation of negative experiences was more characteristic. However, we found no correlation between the type of favorite place (e.g., place of residence, natural place) and the person's level of social anxiety.

Conclusion: The research highlights that individuals with subclinical-level social anxiety are particularly active in using environmental self-regulatory processes to achieve their emotional balance. In prevention and clinical practice, it is worthwhile to monitor environmental self-regulatory processes and support for related needs, with particular emphasis on place use patterns.