Psychiatria Hungarica最新文献

Initially, it had been assumed that in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection comorbidity with psychiatric disorders worsens clinical outcomes. This was attributed to patients' poor overall health conditions, concomitant illnesses and unhealthy lifestyles. However, only schizophrenia is in a statistically significant correlation with very serious conditions leading to death, possibly as a result of underlying immune dysfunctions. Clozapine (an antipsychotic used in therapy of treatment resistant schizophrenia) seems to decrease the likelihood of recovery in COVID-19 patients, however admi nistration of antidepressant medications appears to increase it. It has also been justified that among these antidepressant drugs, fluvoxamin shows to have an effect in inhibiting cytokine storms and reducing the severity of the COVID-19 infection. Most recent data suggest that the well-known antiviral effect of lithium is also present in patients with COVID-19 infection.

No abstract available.

The aim of the study is to analyze the possibility of the insanity as ground for total or partial exemption from criminal responsibility in the light of the current terrorist acts, which is based on a recent case in France. In connection with the case, the domestic and international regulation of the insanity will be reviewed and analyzed, with a brief overview of its execution of a sentence. In this context, it can be stated that both the Hungarian and foreign regulations consider it to be ground for total or partial exemption from criminal responsibility if the ability to set off at the time of the commission of the act is limited or excluded. Where appropriate, the decision on the matter, in addition to leading to a conviction or acquittal of the act, also has an impact on enforcement, as it does not matter whether the place of detention is a medical or penitentiary institution. After that, after the general definition of the concept and types of terrorism, the mental disorders that may occur in connection with the mentioned acts and may affect the ability to set off are described. Finally, based on a review of the literature, it can be concluded that insanity as ground for total or partial exemption from criminal responsibility and the application of the relevant legal consequences to perpetrators of terrorist acts is not excluded, but given the complexity of the behavior and the duration of mental disorders fewer illnesses can occur as in the case of other criminal offenses.

Following Wernicke and Kleist's footsteps, Karl Leonhard developed a detailed nosology of psychomotor disturbances occurring in endogenous/functional psychoses. In Leonhard's classification the good prognosis cycloid motility psychosis is distinguished from the group of systemic and non-systemic catatonic schizophrenias. The diag - no sis of both types of catatonic schizophrenias is based on the recognition of a specific catatonic sign/symptom coupled with less specific, yet relatively stable other psychiatric symptoms forming unique Gestalts of psychiatric syndromes, or disease entities. These catatonic subtypes can be easily identified with practice and guidance by an experienced clinician. Apart from periodic catatonia, the other Leonhardian catatonia subtypes have never been subjected to syste - matic validation studies. The late Bertalan Petho refined the clinical description of catatonia in Leonhard's nosology and contributed to their clinical validation by conducting long-term follow-up studies.

Background: Psychobiographical analyses of the significant representatives of confessional poetry are important in understanding both the genesis of the poems and the history of the authors' psychiatric disorders. Most of the American confessional poets have died by suicide but Robert Lowell avoided this sad faith.

Aims: The purpose of this present paper is to analyze how the psychiatric disorder has been captured in his confessio - nal poetry and what sorts of creative processes can be identified that have possibly contributed to the fact that Lowell avoided suicide.

Methods: Art-, biographical- and document analyses have been performed. The analyzed writings belong to the confessional-lyrical part of Lowell's oeuvre. The reconstruction of the biography- and the illness history have been conducted based on international publications.

Results: Robert Lowell was hospitalized for the first time due to a psychiatric disorder in 1949, at the age of 32. The diagnosis was bipolar disorder and he suffered from this disorder through the rest of his life. During his psychiatric treatments obvious relationships have been revealed between his hypomanic states and artistic creativity. Moreover, he felt that his illness had been playing an important part in his art and contributed to his identity. The onset of the episodes of his bipolar disorder and the processes of his artistic self-expression were intertwined. Accordingly, hypo - manic states served as sources for creativity and the illness itself became an important theme in his poetry.

Conclusions: Robert Lowell's artistic viewpoint, his desire for freedom and the sensitive way he was able to show Ame - rica in the mid-twentieth century all might have been in relationship with his psychiatric illness. His unique per - spective and artistic and political sensitivity made him one of the most admired poets of his era and maybe the same sensitivity contributed to his unexpected death at the age of 60. Professional psychiatric treatments, creative generative processes and the received support from family members and friends were those factors that might have been helped him in avoiding suicide.

Introduction: There is a growing in te rest in the possible association between perfectionism and suicide. Smith and colleagues (2018) gave an up-to-date overview on this topic in a meta-analysis including quantitative studies and found that perfectionism disp la yed positive associations with suicide ideation and attempts. The current article's purpose was to conduct a systematic review on this topic, focusing on studies with qualitative research method.

Method: A systematic literature search was conducted on four databases (PsychInfo, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science) with the following keywords: (*perfectionism or self-criticism) and (suicide* or suicidality*). Inclusion criteria were: peer-reviewed journals and publications written in Eng lish and qualitative methodology. Exclusion criteria were the absence of empirical data.

Results: Altogether eight articles were identified, which met the inclusion criteria. All studies found strong correlation between perfectionism and suicidal behaviour. We also differentiated the studies using clinical or community sample and found the same, that perfectionism strongly connects to suicidal behaviour in both groups.

Discussion: This review of studies using qualitative research method supports those previous studies with quantitative method, which suggest that perfectionism can play an important role in suicidal behaviour.

Background: The ability to mentalize is essential during social interactions. Mentalization can be divided into two separate systems: to an explicit part characterized by being conscious, reflective, verbal, and to an implicit part that is unconscious, automatic, non-verbal, intuitive. The term spontaneous mentalization is also used for the attribution of mental state that appears without explicit instruction. In schizophrenia, several studies have confirmed the deficit of explicit mentalization, but little data are available on non-explicit mentalization. Our aim is to provide a narrative review of the literature on this issue.

Methods: Based on the methodology used in different publications, we examined implicit and spontaneous mentalization separately. To search for publications on the topic, we performed a PubMed database search.

Results: A total of 26 studies, 9 studies examining implicit and 17 studies examining spontaneous mentalization were found.

Conclusions: Based on the results, implicit mentalization is relatively retained, but the effectiveness of implicit detec - tion of intentionality may be significantly influenced by other factors (e.g., neurocognitive deficits). In contrast, studies clearly report a deficit in spontaneous mentalization. Patients with schizophrenia are less sensitive to situations requiring spontaneous mentalizing activity. Interactions are less described by complex intentional mental states, and the descriptions often do not correspond to the particular interaction. Overall, in addition to the deficit of explicit mentalization, implicit or spontaneous mentalization performance is also affected in schizophrenia, if not to the same extent. These different deficits can also have potential therapeutic consequences.

Introduction: Novel psychoactive substance use (NPS) has proven a challenge for the domestic addiction treatment system. In the first few years, studies focused on types of substances and prevalence. Recently social and cultu ral background, personality/identity issues and experiences of NPS users have been thematised in scientific studies. Our study is connected to the latter tradition.

Methods: Our study comprised a questionnaire on sociodemographic factors, and a mixed method content analysis of highly valenced episodes of life interviews, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. We analysed the data obtained from 42 NPS users entering treatment. NPS use was confirmed by preceding drug tests. We used descriptive statistical methods to analyse questionnaire data, and employed paired-sample T-test to analyse the data from quanti tative content analysis. The text corpus (personal texts) of the Hungarian National Text Resources was selected as baseline to compare percentages. In our qualitative analysis, we outlined a conceptual network on high point and low point episodes of the life story.

Results: Extreme poverty and deprivation was not characteristic of the current sample as a whole. Our content ana - lysis supported previous results on the highly self-destructive nature of novel psychoactive substance use. Major results of the content analysis of highly valenced low point texts were experiences of entrapment, failure, victimisation and never-ending troubles. The use of function words, especially in low point texts, bore marked resemblance with "negative code" frequencies, also indicating a self-destructive attitude. Parallel, elements related to inevitability have increased significantly, while words referring to defence (generalizations and distancing) decreased.

Conclusion: We interpret the results in terms of the arrested flight/cry of pain model. The results support and add to the conclusions of previous studies on the highly self-destructive nature of NPS-use and may introduce new aspects into treatment. The study is persuasive on the relevance of content analysis in clinical areas.

There is no single easy way of suicide risk assessment. Although more and more theories try to describe sui - cide behavior, our scales struggle with severe psychometric limitations. While quantitative psychometric scales stand on a theoretically firm basis, their sensitivity is poor; (semi)structured, qualitative interviews are systematic and com - prehensive but costly and time-consuming. Interviews, compared to scales, also represent a new approach in suicide risk assessment. In this approach, among other things, expanding clinicians' knowledge about suicide, the narrative approach of a suicide crisis and suicide attempt, and a more specified formulation of the risk level and indicated intervention are central. Following the theoretical part of the paper, I will describe two assessment tools that represent the quantitative and qualitative approaches, respectively. I would like to argue that both short psychometric scales and systematic interviews have their salient role in different areas of clinical practice. Systematic interviews could play an important role in postgraduate education as with their help the approach to suicide risk evaluation as a process can be conveyed to professionals.