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Focus particles as utterances – the case of German ausgerechnet! 聚焦粒子作为话语——以德语ausgerechnet为例!
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2131976
Bjarne Ørsnes
ABSTRACT Focus particles such as auch “also”, nur “only” and sogar “even” form a closed word class and do not occur as immediate constituents in German. They usually have to adjoin to an associated focus constituent and are even occasionally referred to as function words. It is quite surprising that the focus particle ausgerechnet “of all X” (Peter kommt ausgerechnet heute “Peter is coming today of all days”) also occurs as an independent utterance as in Peter kommt heute. Ausgerechnet! “Peter is coming today. Of all days!”. The article describes this little studied (colloquial) use of ausgerechnet. It presents a detailed analysis of the focus particle ausgerechnet showing that it is an expressive item in the sense of Christopher Potts. The expressive semantics motivates its use as an utterance in analogy to exclamations with expressives such as the interjection Donnerwetter! “Oh dear!” or the adjective Toll! “great”. The analysis is presented in a construction-based framework and illustrates the need to integrate core and peripheral grammatical phenomena.
焦点词如auch“also”,nur“only”和sogar“even”构成一个封闭的词类,在德语中不作为直接成分出现。它们通常必须与相关的焦点组成部分相连,有时甚至被称为虚词。令人惊讶的是,焦点粒子ausgerechnet“of all X”(Peter kommt ausgerechnet heute“Peter is coming today of all days”)也作为一个独立的话语出现在Peter kommt heute中。Ausgerechnet !“彼得今天要来。天哪!”这篇文章描述了ausgerechnet这个很少被研究的(口语化的)用法。对焦点粒子ausgerechnet进行了详细的分析,表明它是克里斯托弗·波茨意义上的表达项。表达语义促使其作为一种话语使用,类似于感叹词的感叹词,如Donnerwetter!“哦,亲爱的!或者形容词Toll!“伟大的”。分析是在一个基于结构的框架,并说明需要整合核心和外围语法现象。
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引用次数: 0
Volition and mood in Italian: a study of the state-of-affairs subjunctive 意大利语中的意志与语气:对时事虚拟语气的研究
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2151229
A. Andersen
ABSTRACT This paper deals with the function of the Italian subjunctive in the sphere of volition. It argues that the subjunctive designates what is called a state-of-affairs (SoA) in this sphere. This argument is substantiated in two parts. The first part is a discussion of the subjunctive in the sphere of volition across the system. In the discussion, it is concluded that the subjunctive designates a SoA where it opposes the proposition-designating indicative. The second part is a corpus-based study of 25 verbs of volition with data from CORIS, a corpus of written Italian. This qualitative study tests the hypothesis that mood alternation in complements of verbs of volition has a decisive semantic impact on the main verb or the complex structure as whole. The data confirms the hypothesis, since the SoA-designating subjunctive is found to prompt a volitional meaning, whereas the proposition-designating indicative prompts a non-volitional meaning. By analyzing certain variants of the Italian subjunctive as SoA-designating, we can better account for, on the one hand, why the subjunctive remains persistent in the sphere of volition compared to other spheres of meaning, where it tends to lose ground to the indicative, and, on the other hand, what mood alternation entails in the sphere of volition.
本文探讨意大利语虚拟语气在意志领域的功能。它认为,在这个领域,虚拟语气指的是所谓的事务状态(SoA)。这一论点可分为两部分加以证实。第一部分是对跨制度意志领域的虚拟语气的探讨。在讨论中,我们得出结论,当虚拟语气与指示命题相反时,它表示SoA。第二部分是基于语料库的25个意志动词的研究,数据来自CORIS,一个书面意大利语语料库。本定性研究验证了意志动词补语中的语气变化对主动词或整个复杂结构具有决定性的语义影响的假设。数据证实了这一假设,因为我们发现指定soa的虚拟语气会提示意志意义,而指定命题的指示性则会提示非意志意义。通过分析意大利语中指定soa的虚拟语气的某些变体,我们可以更好地解释,一方面,与其他意义领域相比,为什么虚拟语气在意志领域仍然持续存在,而在其他意义领域,它往往会输给指示性,另一方面,在意志领域中,情绪的变化需要什么。
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引用次数: 0
On an idiosyncratic type of an Old English simile 古英语明喻的一种特殊类型
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2134630
M. Oleniak
ABSTRACT This paper describes a manner of expressing similarity through an Old English construction employing the noun gelicnes “likeness” (or its variants) as a comparison marker. The constructions in question are scrutinised with regard to their structure and their semantics, and these turn out to show direct interdependency and interconnectedness. The result is a detailed description of two major structural types of simile in Old English with the gelicnes component, distinguishable by their number of verbalised components, their positioning, and grammatical expression. The uniqueness of this structure is its capability to create similes without an explicitly expressed, but undefined tenor, which is no longer the case in Modern English. A simile with a non-verbalised undefined tenor is closer to metaphor than other poetic comparisons.
摘要本文描述了一种用名词gelicnes“likeness”(或其变体)作为比较标记的古英语结构表达相似性的方式。我们从结构和语义上仔细研究了这些结构,发现它们之间存在着直接的相互依赖和相互联系。结果详细描述了古英语中两种主要的明喻结构类型,通过它们的动词化成分的数量,它们的定位和语法表达来区分。这种结构的独特之处在于它创造明喻的能力,而不需要明确表达,但不明确的主旨,这在现代英语中已不复存在。一个带有非语言定义的明喻比其他诗歌比较更接近隐喻。
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引用次数: 0
Metonymical noun-noun nominal compounds in Persian 波斯语的转喻名词-名词名词性复合词
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2081012
Masoumeh Diyanati, H. Rezaei
ABSTRACT This study investigates patterns in metonymical noun-noun compounds in Persian and examines similarities and differences between metonymical compounds in Persian and in English. A detailed analysis of 435 metonymical compounds reveals the following patterns of metonymy-based compounds in Persian: i) metonymical modifier, ii) metonymical head, iii) metonymical head and modifier, iv) compound as a metonymical whole, and v) a whole-part/part-whole metonymic relationship between the components of the compound. The quantitative analysis shows that compounds with a whole-part/part-whole metonymical relationship and compounds with metonymical modifier are by far the most frequent patterns, a result that may be explained by the ease of processing of these two compound types resulting from the transparency of their head element. Comparing patterns of metonymical compounds in Persian with those described in English shows that the first four patterns are observable in both English and Persian whereas the two languages differ to some extent in the last pattern. While Persian compounds with compound-internal metonymic relationships instantiate either whole-part or part-whole metonymies, English compounds with internal metonymic relationship instantiate part-part metonymy as well as whole-part and part-whole metonymies.
摘要本研究探讨了波斯语转喻名词-名词复合形式,并分析了波斯语和英语转喻复合形式的异同。通过对435个转喻化合物的详细分析,揭示了波斯语转喻化合物的以下模式:1)转喻修饰语,2)转喻词头,3)转喻词头和修饰语,4)作为转喻整体的化合物,5)化合物成分之间的整体-部分/部分-整体转喻关系。定量分析表明,具有整体-部分/部分-整体转喻关系的化合物和具有转喻修饰语的化合物是迄今为止最常见的模式,这一结果可能是由于这两种化合物类型的头部元素透明而易于处理。波斯语和英语转喻复合词的模式比较表明,前四种模式在英语和波斯语中都可以观察到,而最后一种模式在两种语言中有一定程度的差异。波斯语中具有复合内部转喻关系的复合词可以使用整体-部分或部分-整体转喻,而英语中具有内部转喻关系的复合词可以使用部分-部分转喻以及整体-部分和部分-整体转喻。
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引用次数: 0
The syntax and semantics of Gã future markers Gã未来标记的语法和语义
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.1992593
A. Campbell
ABSTRACT This paper explores the syntax and semantics of two grammatical markers of future time in Gã (Niger–Congo, Kwa) – bàá- and àá-. The coexistence of àá- and bàá- over a long period, coupled with their overlapping roles, has led to some inconsistency in their analysis. I show that in modern Gã, bàá- is the most prevalent future marker, with àá- existing much less prominently alongside it. Data from natural speech and elicitation reveal that both markers have modal functions in addition to the temporal function. bàá- can also be used aspectually to mark habits. Due largely to the overwhelming frequency of the temporal function in the discourse data, I maintain that the primary function of bàá- is as a future tense marker. It is therefore not purely a modal. àá- has all but fallen out of use and has a more modal than temporal function. This study uncovers previously unreported non-temporal uses of bàá- and underscores the crucial role played by frequency in the determination of category function.
本文探讨了Gã(尼日尔-刚果,瓜瓦语)中两个将来时间语法标记- bàá-和àá-的句法和语义。àá和bàá在很长一段时间内共存,再加上它们的角色重叠,导致了它们的分析中的一些不一致。我指出,在现代Gã中,bàá是最普遍的未来标记,而àá则不那么显眼。自然言语和启发的数据表明,这两种标记除了具有时间功能外,还具有模态功能。Bàá -也可以用来标记习惯。由于在语篇数据中时间函数的频率过高,我认为bàá-的主要功能是作为将来时标记。因此,它不是纯粹的模态。àá-几乎已经不再使用,并且具有更多的模态功能而不是时间功能。这项研究揭示了先前未报道的bàá的非时间用途,并强调了频率在确定类别功能中所起的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Coda (de)voicing across morpheme boundaries in Rural Jordanian Arabic 约旦阿拉伯语乡村语素边界的尾音(de)发声
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2018253
Mutasim Al-Deaibes, Nicole L. Rosen
ABSTRACT Much work on phonetic assimilation in Arabic has focused on the assimilation of the definite article. However, assimilation across morpheme boundaries has been less of a target of study. Our research, based on word-list data comprising 57 words uttered by 12 native speakers of RJA, revealed that F1 and vowel duration were robust acoustic correlates in discriminating voiced from voiceless consonants. Results further showed that morpheme boundaries are important loci of assimilation: /t/ undergoes voicing assimilation when followed by a voiced obstruent at a morpheme boundary, whereas voiced obstruents devoice before /h/ at the morpheme boundary as compared to the word boundary. This morpheme-boundary voicing assimilation is notably different from assimilation across word boundaries.
阿拉伯语语音同化的研究主要集中在定冠词的同化上。然而,跨语素边界的同化一直是较少的研究目标。我们的研究基于12名RJA母语者发出的57个单词的单词列表数据,发现F1和元音持续时间在区分浊音和清音方面具有很强的声学相关性。结果进一步表明,语素边界是重要的同化位点:当/t/在语素边界后面跟一个浊音障碍时,会发生语音同化,而浊音障碍在语素边界/h/之前与词边界相比会发生语音同化。这种语素边界的语音同化与跨词边界的同化有明显的不同。
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引用次数: 5
A phonetically-based phoneme analysis of the Danish consonant system 基于语音的丹麦辅音系统音素分析
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2021.2022866
C. Horslund, Rasmus Puggaard-Rode, Henrik Jørgensen
ABSTRACT The traditional phoneme analysis of the Danish consonant inventory links onset and coda consonants on the basis of historical alternations and morphologically conditioned alternations within a small subset of the Danish lexicon. This traditional analysis proposes a system resulting in a large number of neutralizations that cannot be dissolved, and in which allophones of the same phoneme lack shared phonetic content. We argue that the system proposed by the traditional analysis is impossible to learn from the language input, which renders the analysis an implausible description of the Danish consonant system. On the basis of theoretical discussions, we offer an alternative phoneme analysis, which we believe to be learnable from the data available in the language input. Our analysis is based on insights from Natural Phonology and Bidirectional Phonetics and Phonology. We propose a system without undissolvable neutralizations, with shared phonetic content between allophones of the same phoneme, and without the need to rely on alternations that children are unlikely to learn in early childhood.
传统的丹麦语辅音音素分析将丹麦语词汇的一小部分历史变化和形态条件变化的基础上的起尾辅音联系起来。这种传统的分析提出了一个导致大量无法溶解的中和的系统,在这个系统中,相同音素的音素缺乏共享的语音内容。我们认为,传统分析所提出的系统是不可能从语言输入中学习的,这使得分析对丹麦辅音系统的描述难以置信。在理论讨论的基础上,我们提出了另一种音素分析方法,我们认为这种方法可以从语言输入的可用数据中学习。我们的分析是基于自然音韵学和双向音韵学的见解。我们提出了一个没有不可分解的中和的系统,在相同音素的音素之间共享语音内容,并且不需要依赖儿童在幼儿时期不太可能学习的替代。
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引用次数: 2
Bulletin du Cercle linguistique de Copenhague 2021 哥本哈根语言圈公报2021年
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2022.2040830
Nielsen Haberland
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引用次数: 0
A semantic and pragmatic explanation of harmony 和谐的语义和语用解释
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2021.1987685
Patrik Austin
ABSTRACT This paper introduces a semantically and pragmatically oriented typological generalisation, which is named the orientation principle. It entails that the position of connectives, as defined as a single lexical category including adpositions and conjunctions, provides an explanatory principle for a number of harmonic correlations in crosslinguistic data. A reanalysis of the data guided by this insight is proposed as an alternative to processing approaches.
摘要本文介绍了一种面向语义和语用的类型概括,即定位原则。连接词的位置被定义为一个单一的词汇范畴,包括副词和连词,这为跨语言数据中的一些和谐关联提供了解释原则。在这种见解的指导下,对数据进行重新分析,作为处理方法的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
Swedish predicative oblique case : default or not? 瑞典语谓语斜大小写:默认与否?
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/03740463.2021.1949677
H. Sigurdsson, J. Weijer
This article describes and discusses an ongoing change of case marking, NOM(inative) > OBL(ique), in certain predicates in Swedish (type “Then you can be I” > “Then you can be me”). This change has gone largely unnoticed hitherto. The discussion is based on a large-scale online survey, conducted in May 2016. It was tested whether the change relates to finiteness or to semantics. The results strongly indicate that the latter is the case. The change is found in predicates that express role semantics but nondetectable in predicates with plain identity readings (type “It is I”). In addition, there are strong indications that the change is closely related to another change that is also taking place in Swedish, NOM > OBL in comparative phrases (type “She is bigger than I” > “She is bigger than me”). The results speak against the hypothesis that OBL is becoming default in Swedish. Instead, it seems that many speakers are reanalyzing role predicates as well as comparative phrases such that they contain a head that is a case assigner, an overt one in comparatives but a silent one in role predicates. The article concludes that Swedish is largely retaining its basic NOM-OBL case system. (Less)
本文描述并讨论了瑞典语中某些谓语中正在发生的大小写标记变化,即NOM(原生)> OBL(独特)(输入“Then you can be I”>“Then you can be me”)。到目前为止,这种变化基本上没有被注意到。这一讨论是基于2016年5月进行的一项大规模在线调查。测试了这种变化是与有限性有关还是与语义有关。研究结果有力地表明后者是正确的。这种变化可以在表达角色语义的谓词中发现,但在具有普通标识读数(类型“It is I”)的谓词中无法检测到。此外,有强烈的迹象表明,这种变化与瑞典语中也发生的另一种变化密切相关,即比较短语中NOM > OBL(类型为“She is bigger than I”>“She is bigger than me”)。研究结果反驳了OBL正在成为瑞典语默认的假设。相反,似乎许多说话者都在重新分析角色谓词和比较级短语,这样它们就包含了一个定格头,在比较级中是一个明显的头,而在角色谓词中是一个沉默的头。文章的结论是,瑞典在很大程度上保留了其基本的NOM-OBL案件制度。(少)
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
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