Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.070774
Vishal Gupta, King H. Yang
A number of studies have focused on optimising the hood structure to improve pedestrian safety. Most of these studies are limited to the central region of the hood but the central region of the hood is of lower risk to head injuries if proper packaging methodology for under-hood components is used. But the hood edges supported by other vehicular structures (fender and shotgun) are of higher stiffness and may possess a greater injury risk. This study investigated several shape parameters along hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface which could help to reduce the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) during impact with hood. The proposed passive structural change for hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface showed significant improvement in HIC along hood edges. These shape parameters helped in reducing the HIC up to 70% on different impact points on hood and along hood edges and helped in meeting legal requirements for pedestrian safety.
{"title":"Effect of hood periphery shape parameters and hood-fender interface characteristics on pedestrian head injury criterion","authors":"Vishal Gupta, King H. Yang","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.070774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070774","url":null,"abstract":"A number of studies have focused on optimising the hood structure to improve pedestrian safety. Most of these studies are limited to the central region of the hood but the central region of the hood is of lower risk to head injuries if proper packaging methodology for under-hood components is used. But the hood edges supported by other vehicular structures (fender and shotgun) are of higher stiffness and may possess a greater injury risk. This study investigated several shape parameters along hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface which could help to reduce the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) during impact with hood. The proposed passive structural change for hood edges and hood-to-vehicle interface showed significant improvement in HIC along hood edges. These shape parameters helped in reducing the HIC up to 70% on different impact points on hood and along hood edges and helped in meeting legal requirements for pedestrian safety.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.070788
M. Shen, F. Zhu, H. Mao, H. Fan, Nikhil Mone, Vikas Sanghavi, A. Kalra, X. Jin, C. Chou, King H. Yang
For improved protection for pedestrians in the 10 years (YO) old age group, it is imperative to investigate the injury mechanisms using paediatric finite element (FE) model. A 10 YO child FE pelvis and lower extremities (PLEX) model was developed in this study. The model was validated by comparing simulated results against available paediatric experimental data and scaled adult test results. Growth plates were then embedded into this baseline model at the lower extremities. The anatomical features were kept and the mechanical properties were properly estimated based on literature findings. Subsequently, the effect of the growth plates at knee joint regions was studied in a car-to-pedestrian impact scenario. Results showed that the presence and early fracture of growth plates at knee region could alter the injury pattern at the lower extremities. Failure criterion of tension or shearing assumed in this model could also greatly influence the fracture progress.
{"title":"Finite element modelling of 10-year-old child pelvis and lower extremities with growth plates for pedestrian protection","authors":"M. Shen, F. Zhu, H. Mao, H. Fan, Nikhil Mone, Vikas Sanghavi, A. Kalra, X. Jin, C. Chou, King H. Yang","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.070788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070788","url":null,"abstract":"For improved protection for pedestrians in the 10 years (YO) old age group, it is imperative to investigate the injury mechanisms using paediatric finite element (FE) model. A 10 YO child FE pelvis and lower extremities (PLEX) model was developed in this study. The model was validated by comparing simulated results against available paediatric experimental data and scaled adult test results. Growth plates were then embedded into this baseline model at the lower extremities. The anatomical features were kept and the mechanical properties were properly estimated based on literature findings. Subsequently, the effect of the growth plates at knee joint regions was studied in a car-to-pedestrian impact scenario. Results showed that the presence and early fracture of growth plates at knee region could alter the injury pattern at the lower extremities. Failure criterion of tension or shearing assumed in this model could also greatly influence the fracture progress.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.070767
Zhi Huang, Yiwan Wu
This paper presents studies on differential braking-based Lane Departure Assistance System (LDAS). The dynamic threshold of Time to Lane Crossing (TLC), determined by vehicle heading error, speed, road adhesion and reaction time of human-machine system, is studied to activate driving assistance. Based on 2-DOF reference vehicle model and driver preview model, the desired yaw rate to avoid lane departure is calculated. To avoid loss of lateral stability during braking, strategies for the distribution of braking force are developed based on balanced longitudinal slip ratio, which aim to limit the slip ratio on all wheels. The Hardware in Loop (HIL) test bench is established to evaluate the rapid prototyping of LDAS. Results show that the proposed methods can confine the vehicle in lane effectively with lateral stability maintained and operate robustly, benefiting from timely assistance, model-independent control algorithm, and small and balanced slip ratio.
{"title":"Lane departure assistance based on balanced longitudinal slip ratio differential braking control","authors":"Zhi Huang, Yiwan Wu","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.070767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070767","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents studies on differential braking-based Lane Departure Assistance System (LDAS). The dynamic threshold of Time to Lane Crossing (TLC), determined by vehicle heading error, speed, road adhesion and reaction time of human-machine system, is studied to activate driving assistance. Based on 2-DOF reference vehicle model and driver preview model, the desired yaw rate to avoid lane departure is calculated. To avoid loss of lateral stability during braking, strategies for the distribution of braking force are developed based on balanced longitudinal slip ratio, which aim to limit the slip ratio on all wheels. The Hardware in Loop (HIL) test bench is established to evaluate the rapid prototyping of LDAS. Results show that the proposed methods can confine the vehicle in lane effectively with lateral stability maintained and operate robustly, benefiting from timely assistance, model-independent control algorithm, and small and balanced slip ratio.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/ijvs.2015.070787
B. Henderson, M. Hall, P. Hoyes
In a low-speed collision when a vehicle is struck in the rear, certain types of damage may occur that cause a breach between the interior of the vehicle and the outside atmosphere. In the presence of these types of damage it is often thought that the vehicle's own exhaust gases may be able to enter the interior of the vehicle. As a consequence that vehicle may be deemed unsafe for continued use. This report describes an investigation into the ingress of carbon monoxide and, by implication, other exhaust gas components into the interior of a vehicle through areas of simulated damage at the rear. The results indicate the propensity of exhaust gas ingress to the interior of a vehicle.
{"title":"A study into the propensity for exhaust gas ingress into a vehicle as a result of collision damage","authors":"B. Henderson, M. Hall, P. Hoyes","doi":"10.1504/ijvs.2015.070787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2015.070787","url":null,"abstract":"In a low-speed collision when a vehicle is struck in the rear, certain types of damage may occur that cause a breach between the interior of the vehicle and the outside atmosphere. In the presence of these types of damage it is often thought that the vehicle's own exhaust gases may be able to enter the interior of the vehicle. As a consequence that vehicle may be deemed unsafe for continued use. This report describes an investigation into the ingress of carbon monoxide and, by implication, other exhaust gas components into the interior of a vehicle through areas of simulated damage at the rear. The results indicate the propensity of exhaust gas ingress to the interior of a vehicle.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/ijvs.2015.070787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.070762
Yuan-Lin Chen
A novel forward collision probability index for forward collision warning system is presented to alert and to assist drivers to keep a safe braking distance to avoid collision accidents in highway driving. The meaning of the forward collision probability index could be realised by the driver. A value of 100% of collision probability index means the collision will happen and a value of 0% of collision probability index means the driving is in safety scenario. Based on the forward collision probability index, the driver could know the driving situation and could keep in safety driving. The simulation results expressed the presented collision probability index are useful.
{"title":"Study on a novel forward collision probability index","authors":"Yuan-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.070762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070762","url":null,"abstract":"A novel forward collision probability index for forward collision warning system is presented to alert and to assist drivers to keep a safe braking distance to avoid collision accidents in highway driving. The meaning of the forward collision probability index could be realised by the driver. A value of 100% of collision probability index means the collision will happen and a value of 0% of collision probability index means the driving is in safety scenario. Based on the forward collision probability index, the driver could know the driving situation and could keep in safety driving. The simulation results expressed the presented collision probability index are useful.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.070773
Tika Ram, K. Chand
The study is based on a sample of 500 drivers taken from Rohtak district of Haryana in India. The four constructs viz. Traffic Rules (TR), Driving Responsibility (DR), Non-Driving Activities (NDA) and Risk Perception (RP) of study are defined by 21 items of the questionnaire. Structural equation modelling has been used to analyse the data. The results of the study indicate that there is significant effect of risk perception on drivers' attitude regarding NDA, driving responsibility and traffic rules. Traffic rules significantly directly and indirectly impact NDA. Driving responsibility and NDA are directly influenced by traffic rules. Driving responsibility directly affects NDA. Statistical properties are satisfactory to examine the effect of drivers' risk perception on safe driving attitude. The results of the study suggest that the state transport departments' focus on the risk perception of road accidents in driving training program can help in modifying drivers' attitude regarding safe driving.
{"title":"Effect of drivers' risk perception on safe driving attitude","authors":"Tika Ram, K. Chand","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.070773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070773","url":null,"abstract":"The study is based on a sample of 500 drivers taken from Rohtak district of Haryana in India. The four constructs viz. Traffic Rules (TR), Driving Responsibility (DR), Non-Driving Activities (NDA) and Risk Perception (RP) of study are defined by 21 items of the questionnaire. Structural equation modelling has been used to analyse the data. The results of the study indicate that there is significant effect of risk perception on drivers' attitude regarding NDA, driving responsibility and traffic rules. Traffic rules significantly directly and indirectly impact NDA. Driving responsibility and NDA are directly influenced by traffic rules. Driving responsibility directly affects NDA. Statistical properties are satisfactory to examine the effect of drivers' risk perception on safe driving attitude. The results of the study suggest that the state transport departments' focus on the risk perception of road accidents in driving training program can help in modifying drivers' attitude regarding safe driving.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.070773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-10DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.068690
Andreas Blank, S. Hahn, S. Heinlein, K. Zindler
Preventive pedestrian protection systems are validated by means of driving tests reproducing safety–critical traffic situations with pedestrian involvement on a testing ground. Hence, a test rig is needed to position the dummy which replicates the pedestrian during the manoeuvre. This paper presents the development of a new test rig ensuring a precise and reproducible positioning of the pedestrian dummy according to the tolerances defined in the corresponding test specifications. The test rig is designed for the use in outdoor environment and features a high flexibility achieved by a modular design, which enables also an easy assembly. Furthermore, a special dummy mounting is developed preventing damage due to collisions between the Vehicle Under Test (VUT) and the pedestrian dummy. Finally, based on measurement results of an appropriate test scenario the high positioning accuracy of the new test rig is presented.
{"title":"Development of a test rig for the precise positioning of a pedestrian dummy in driving tests","authors":"Andreas Blank, S. Hahn, S. Heinlein, K. Zindler","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.068690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068690","url":null,"abstract":"Preventive pedestrian protection systems are validated by means of driving tests reproducing safety–critical traffic situations with pedestrian involvement on a testing ground. Hence, a test rig is needed to position the dummy which replicates the pedestrian during the manoeuvre. This paper presents the development of a new test rig ensuring a precise and reproducible positioning of the pedestrian dummy according to the tolerances defined in the corresponding test specifications. The test rig is designed for the use in outdoor environment and features a high flexibility achieved by a modular design, which enables also an easy assembly. Furthermore, a special dummy mounting is developed preventing damage due to collisions between the Vehicle Under Test (VUT) and the pedestrian dummy. Finally, based on measurement results of an appropriate test scenario the high positioning accuracy of the new test rig is presented.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-10DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.068688
Seok-kwon Jeong, W. Wibowo, S. You
This paper is concerned with the control mechanism design for automotive power windows system to enhance safety and comfort for the driver and the passenger. A new low–cost anti–pinch system has been presented for exceeding FMVSS118–S5 safety standards. First, the Hall effect IC as a speed sensor is specifically installed on the motor rotor for the anti–pinch system. Next, the effects of the number of Hall sensors and angular position of each sensor on the anti–pinch performance have been investigated to obtain optimal speed resolution. Then, three Hall IC sensors have been employed to a new anti–pinch system. In addition, it is found that the optimal sensor position is 60° through extensive experimental tests. Finally, the new motorised window system has been verified to exceed the rigorous international regulations while guaranteeing safety and comfort.
{"title":"Safety mechanism design for automotive power windows using Hall sensor","authors":"Seok-kwon Jeong, W. Wibowo, S. You","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.068688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068688","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with the control mechanism design for automotive power windows system to enhance safety and comfort for the driver and the passenger. A new low–cost anti–pinch system has been presented for exceeding FMVSS118–S5 safety standards. First, the Hall effect IC as a speed sensor is specifically installed on the motor rotor for the anti–pinch system. Next, the effects of the number of Hall sensors and angular position of each sensor on the anti–pinch performance have been investigated to obtain optimal speed resolution. Then, three Hall IC sensors have been employed to a new anti–pinch system. In addition, it is found that the optimal sensor position is 60° through extensive experimental tests. Finally, the new motorised window system has been verified to exceed the rigorous international regulations while guaranteeing safety and comfort.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-10DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.068691
Samuel Lawoyin, D. Fei, O. Bai, Xin Liu
Each year, thousands of accidents and fatalities occur when drowsy and fatigued drivers operate motor vehicles. Steering Wheel Movements (SWM) monitoring is an important and well documented method for the detection of drowsy driving. Although the SWM method has been shown to be effective, it has not yet been widely deployed on motor vehicles owing to cost prohibitions and the complexity of implementation. An earlier article by the same authors introduced and demonstrated the efficacy of an accelerometer–based method for SWM monitoring. The residual question from the previous study pertains to the detection accuracy of the method. The current study evaluates the accuracy of the method in detecting drowsiness using data from eight persons. Electrooculography (EOG), Electroencephalography (EEG) and the percent of eyelid closures (PERCLOS) were used to label drowsy states for training Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN). Results show that using solely accelerometer data accurately classifies driver drowsiness (80.65%). The high accuracy demonstrates that accelerometers can be a simple, non–obtrusive and cost–effective method to help proliferate the practical deployment of individual drowsy detection.
{"title":"Evaluating the efficacy of an accelerometer–based method for drowsy driving detection","authors":"Samuel Lawoyin, D. Fei, O. Bai, Xin Liu","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.068691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068691","url":null,"abstract":"Each year, thousands of accidents and fatalities occur when drowsy and fatigued drivers operate motor vehicles. Steering Wheel Movements (SWM) monitoring is an important and well documented method for the detection of drowsy driving. Although the SWM method has been shown to be effective, it has not yet been widely deployed on motor vehicles owing to cost prohibitions and the complexity of implementation. An earlier article by the same authors introduced and demonstrated the efficacy of an accelerometer–based method for SWM monitoring. The residual question from the previous study pertains to the detection accuracy of the method. The current study evaluates the accuracy of the method in detecting drowsiness using data from eight persons. Electrooculography (EOG), Electroencephalography (EEG) and the percent of eyelid closures (PERCLOS) were used to label drowsy states for training Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN). Results show that using solely accelerometer data accurately classifies driver drowsiness (80.65%). The high accuracy demonstrates that accelerometers can be a simple, non–obtrusive and cost–effective method to help proliferate the practical deployment of individual drowsy detection.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-10DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.068687
Peijun Ji, Qing Zhou
The new school bus regulations of China took effect in 2012. A main difference between the Chinese regulations and the US regulations is that lap belt is required in China, while in the USA, the seatback, to which child collides, is the only occupant restraint required by the state regulations. Seat spacing's effect on occupant protection on school bus was studied by NHTSA using different dummies, but no consistent trend was found. In this study, using finite element modelling, a school bus restraint model is developed, and under frontal impact loading, effects of seat spacing on six–year–old dummy protection are studied and lap–belted and no–lap–belt cases are compared. Kinematics and injury parameter readings of the dummy show that, for non–belted cases, smaller seat spacing results in lower HIC, while for belted cases, properly chosen seat spacing can minimise HIC. For chest acceleration, seat spacing has little effect while belt or no–belt has more prominent effect.
{"title":"Influence of school bus seat spacing on crash protection of six–year olds","authors":"Peijun Ji, Qing Zhou","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.068687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068687","url":null,"abstract":"The new school bus regulations of China took effect in 2012. A main difference between the Chinese regulations and the US regulations is that lap belt is required in China, while in the USA, the seatback, to which child collides, is the only occupant restraint required by the state regulations. Seat spacing's effect on occupant protection on school bus was studied by NHTSA using different dummies, but no consistent trend was found. In this study, using finite element modelling, a school bus restraint model is developed, and under frontal impact loading, effects of seat spacing on six–year–old dummy protection are studied and lap–belted and no–lap–belt cases are compared. Kinematics and injury parameter readings of the dummy show that, for non–belted cases, smaller seat spacing results in lower HIC, while for belted cases, properly chosen seat spacing can minimise HIC. For chest acceleration, seat spacing has little effect while belt or no–belt has more prominent effect.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.068687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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