Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014088
M. Olawole, O. M. Olapoju
Road traffic accidents involving tankers are important causes of death and injury in Nigeria. This study examined spatial patterns and possible determinants of tanker accidents in Nigeria. Secondary data on tanker accidents for the year 2007 to 2010 and other relevant data were sourced from the databases of the Federal Road Safety Commissions of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics. The spatial patterns of tanker accidents were mapped using Global and local Moran's I statistics. The data were also subjected to Ordinary Least Square and Geographically Weighted Regression techniques. Findings indicated that tanker accidents vary by state and also revealed an upward trend in the occurrence of tanker accidents. The local Moran's I indicate persistent clustering of tanker accidents in two states throughout the study periods. Factors influencing the patterns of tanker accidents in the country were identified. The study recommends strategies for the avoidance of tanker accidents in Nigeria.
{"title":"Understanding the spatial patterns of tanker accidents in Nigeria using geographically weighted regression","authors":"M. Olawole, O. M. Olapoju","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014088","url":null,"abstract":"Road traffic accidents involving tankers are important causes of death and injury in Nigeria. This study examined spatial patterns and possible determinants of tanker accidents in Nigeria. Secondary data on tanker accidents for the year 2007 to 2010 and other relevant data were sourced from the databases of the Federal Road Safety Commissions of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics. The spatial patterns of tanker accidents were mapped using Global and local Moran's I statistics. The data were also subjected to Ordinary Least Square and Geographically Weighted Regression techniques. Findings indicated that tanker accidents vary by state and also revealed an upward trend in the occurrence of tanker accidents. The local Moran's I indicate persistent clustering of tanker accidents in two states throughout the study periods. Factors influencing the patterns of tanker accidents in the country were identified. The study recommends strategies for the avoidance of tanker accidents in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46097502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014108
Md Reshad Ul Hoque, Gleb V. Tcheslavski
Virtual traffic light environment was simulated by exposing the test subject to images of traffic lights to study his cognitive responses. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was collected from a driver in this environment, pre-processed and decomposed into EEG rhythms with wavelet transform. Epochs related to individual visual stimuli were extracted. Minimum and maximum values, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and variance were used as feature vectors for classification with K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and neural network classifiers to discriminate between different traffic light colours. Classification accuracy was 84.05% and 86.94% for KNN and NN classifiers respectively, while the highest performance was observed for images of yellow lights. We conclude that drivers may perceive different traffic lights differently and that their perception results in distinct neurological activities reflected in EEG. Therefore, EEG-based detection of traffic lights may be possible that may be implemented in future automotive BCI systems expanding cars' assistive driving capabilities.
{"title":"Can electroencephalography improve road safety? An EEG-based study of driver's perception of traffic light signals in a virtual environment","authors":"Md Reshad Ul Hoque, Gleb V. Tcheslavski","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014108","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual traffic light environment was simulated by exposing the test subject to images of traffic lights to study his cognitive responses. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was collected from a driver in this environment, pre-processed and decomposed into EEG rhythms with wavelet transform. Epochs related to individual visual stimuli were extracted. Minimum and maximum values, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and variance were used as feature vectors for classification with K-nearest neighbour (KNN) and neural network classifiers to discriminate between different traffic light colours. Classification accuracy was 84.05% and 86.94% for KNN and NN classifiers respectively, while the highest performance was observed for images of yellow lights. We conclude that drivers may perceive different traffic lights differently and that their perception results in distinct neurological activities reflected in EEG. Therefore, EEG-based detection of traffic lights may be possible that may be implemented in future automotive BCI systems expanding cars' assistive driving capabilities.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46034806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014068
Maryam Keyvanara, N. Salehi, A. Monadjemi
Recently, the human lifestyle has strongly been affected by the novel technological equipment. The applications of Artificial Intelligence are widely being utilised to improve the performance and quality of the modern life. One of the important applications of these techniques is to seek to improve public safety, including the safety of driving. The statistics indicate that the mortality of car accidents yearly constitutes a significant proportion of the overall deaths. A number of strategies have been studied to materialise driver drowsiness detection systems. One of the best strategies relies on image processing and computer vision methods. In this paper, a novel real-time method for driver drowsiness detection is presented. This method uses Haar wavelet-based features for face detection. The eye state determination has been performed using PCA feature extraction along with an SVM classifier. The proposed method has been implemented and tested on a real-time ARM based embedded system, with a camera installed in front of the driver. Results show that the presented intelligent system has a high detection accuracy, compared to the methods presented thus far, on the standard datasets such as BioID and RS-DMV.
{"title":"Robust real-time driver drowsiness detection based on image processing and feature extraction methods","authors":"Maryam Keyvanara, N. Salehi, A. Monadjemi","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014068","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the human lifestyle has strongly been affected by the novel technological equipment. The applications of Artificial Intelligence are widely being utilised to improve the performance and quality of the modern life. One of the important applications of these techniques is to seek to improve public safety, including the safety of driving. The statistics indicate that the mortality of car accidents yearly constitutes a significant proportion of the overall deaths. A number of strategies have been studied to materialise driver drowsiness detection systems. One of the best strategies relies on image processing and computer vision methods. In this paper, a novel real-time method for driver drowsiness detection is presented. This method uses Haar wavelet-based features for face detection. The eye state determination has been performed using PCA feature extraction along with an SVM classifier. The proposed method has been implemented and tested on a real-time ARM based embedded system, with a camera installed in front of the driver. Results show that the presented intelligent system has a high detection accuracy, compared to the methods presented thus far, on the standard datasets such as BioID and RS-DMV.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42557595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014110
M. Patil, V. Galgali
In a country that continues to hold the record for high road deaths every year, it is important to have reliable safety system in vehicles which is an absolutely crucial pre-requisite for driver safety. The latest tests, conducted by Global NCAP (New Car Assessment Program), showed that in an accident, most budget cars would leave the driver with possible life-threatening injuries. For such cars with insufficient or unreliable safety devices, this paper deals with the design of an impact absorbing steering column, used to achieve controlled deceleration of a restrained/unrestrained occupant to reduce the impact forces and thus reducing the chances of fatal injuries.
{"title":"Design and analysis of an impact energy absorbing steering system","authors":"M. Patil, V. Galgali","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014110","url":null,"abstract":"In a country that continues to hold the record for high road deaths every year, it is important to have reliable safety system in vehicles which is an absolutely crucial pre-requisite for driver safety. The latest tests, conducted by Global NCAP (New Car Assessment Program), showed that in an accident, most budget cars would leave the driver with possible life-threatening injuries. For such cars with insufficient or unreliable safety devices, this paper deals with the design of an impact absorbing steering column, used to achieve controlled deceleration of a restrained/unrestrained occupant to reduce the impact forces and thus reducing the chances of fatal injuries.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44031418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/ijvs.2018.10014067
G. G. Muscolo, Giorgio Moregola, R. Molfino
The paper presents a new concept architecture of light duty fully electric vehicle for efficient sustainable urban freight transport which allows the movement of two Euro Pallets 800 × 1200 mm (or boxes with similar bottom part). Active suspensions of the vehicle have been designed in order to adapt their stiffness to the payload on board and to modify the chassis height during loading-unloading tasks. In this paper, a preliminary study to optimise safety conditions on goods on board of the vehicle, and on people near the vehicle is presented. In order to guarantee safety conditions for the vehicle's driver and city areas where the vehicle should be moved, design optimisations on the chassis have been developed. These optimisations have been compared using computational analysis. Two alternative solutions have been proposed and one of the presented results has been included on the real vehicle.
{"title":"A preliminary study to optimise safety conditions on a freight urban robotic vehicle","authors":"G. G. Muscolo, Giorgio Moregola, R. Molfino","doi":"10.1504/ijvs.2018.10014067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijvs.2018.10014067","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a new concept architecture of light duty fully electric vehicle for efficient sustainable urban freight transport which allows the movement of two Euro Pallets 800 × 1200 mm (or boxes with similar bottom part). Active suspensions of the vehicle have been designed in order to adapt their stiffness to the payload on board and to modify the chassis height during loading-unloading tasks. In this paper, a preliminary study to optimise safety conditions on goods on board of the vehicle, and on people near the vehicle is presented. In order to guarantee safety conditions for the vehicle's driver and city areas where the vehicle should be moved, design optimisations on the chassis have been developed. These optimisations have been compared using computational analysis. Two alternative solutions have been proposed and one of the presented results has been included on the real vehicle.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47252000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-06DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014087
Zhonghao Bai, K. Sun, F. Zhu, Libo Cao, Jun Hu, C. Chou, Binhui Jiang
A new extruded octagonal multi-cell tubular energy absorber is developed for improving and enhancing the vehicle crashworthiness. A combined experimental and numerical study is conducted to further assess its performance. In this study, a sled impact test is first performed to investigate the structural response of an octagonal multi-cell tube, and the test data are then used to validate the FE tube model. Using this FE tube model, the effect of key geometric parameters on the structural crashworthiness is analysed in detail. It is found that the number of webs along the circumferential direction, the size of inner tube and wall thicknesses of outer tube, web and inner tube have significant effects on crashworthiness of the energy absorber mentioned above. Based on the parametric study, multi-objective optimisation is subsequently performed to further improve its energy absorption efficiency. These findings can provide valuable guidelines for designing such new types of energy absorber under dynamic axial impact.
{"title":"Crashworthiness optimal design of a new extruded octagonal multi-cell tube under dynamic axial impact","authors":"Zhonghao Bai, K. Sun, F. Zhu, Libo Cao, Jun Hu, C. Chou, Binhui Jiang","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10014087","url":null,"abstract":"A new extruded octagonal multi-cell tubular energy absorber is developed for improving and enhancing the vehicle crashworthiness. A combined experimental and numerical study is conducted to further assess its performance. In this study, a sled impact test is first performed to investigate the structural response of an octagonal multi-cell tube, and the test data are then used to validate the FE tube model. Using this FE tube model, the effect of key geometric parameters on the structural crashworthiness is analysed in detail. It is found that the number of webs along the circumferential direction, the size of inner tube and wall thicknesses of outer tube, web and inner tube have significant effects on crashworthiness of the energy absorber mentioned above. Based on the parametric study, multi-objective optimisation is subsequently performed to further improve its energy absorption efficiency. These findings can provide valuable guidelines for designing such new types of energy absorber under dynamic axial impact.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43068860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018891
N. Kharate, R. Pawar, R. Deshmukh
The performance of the disc brake system basically depends on geometric parameters and operating parameters. The aim of this research is to optimise the operating parameters of the disc brake system to improve the performance, durability and robustness of the brake system. Operating parameters such as braking pressure, rotational speed and load with four levels each are considered as input parameters and braking time as a response parameter. A standard design of experiments (DOE) by Taguchi method is applied to evaluate the main and interactive effect on the performance. The S-N ratio graph describes the significant effect of each parameter on the brake performance and suggests its optimal level for better performance. Multiple linear regression equation describes the satisfactory correlation between the experimental and computed values which proves the realism of the results.
{"title":"Performance optimisation of disc brake system using Taguchi approach","authors":"N. Kharate, R. Pawar, R. Deshmukh","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018891","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of the disc brake system basically depends on geometric parameters and operating parameters. The aim of this research is to optimise the operating parameters of the disc brake system to improve the performance, durability and robustness of the brake system. Operating parameters such as braking pressure, rotational speed and load with four levels each are considered as input parameters and braking time as a response parameter. A standard design of experiments (DOE) by Taguchi method is applied to evaluate the main and interactive effect on the performance. The S-N ratio graph describes the significant effect of each parameter on the brake performance and suggests its optimal level for better performance. Multiple linear regression equation describes the satisfactory correlation between the experimental and computed values which proves the realism of the results.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018888
Luke Gaylor, M. Junge, S. Abanteriba
Lateral impacts with narrow objects subject the side of the vehicle to highly concentrated loading. Passive safety systems such as thoracic and head side airbags attempt to prevent injury during the given impact. The aim of the research is to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of the airbags systems by reviewing NASS-CDS data. The risk of injury is directly compared for vehicles with and without the deployed airbags. A total of 209 raw events (60,794 weighted) were obtained, of which 38 (2784 weighted) vehicles provided additional thoracic protection with the airbag and 28 (2450 weighted) had a head airbag deploy. The results indicated a strong protective ability of the head side airbags to prevent injury. On the other hand, no distinctive benefit could be attributed to the deployed thoracic airbags.
{"title":"Effectiveness of vehicle passive safety systems in lateral fixed-object collisions","authors":"Luke Gaylor, M. Junge, S. Abanteriba","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018888","url":null,"abstract":"Lateral impacts with narrow objects subject the side of the vehicle to highly concentrated loading. Passive safety systems such as thoracic and head side airbags attempt to prevent injury during the given impact. The aim of the research is to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of the airbags systems by reviewing NASS-CDS data. The risk of injury is directly compared for vehicles with and without the deployed airbags. A total of 209 raw events (60,794 weighted) were obtained, of which 38 (2784 weighted) vehicles provided additional thoracic protection with the airbag and 28 (2450 weighted) had a head airbag deploy. The results indicated a strong protective ability of the head side airbags to prevent injury. On the other hand, no distinctive benefit could be attributed to the deployed thoracic airbags.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018890
Sudeshna Mitra, N. Mitra, K. Lakshminarayana
It is well known that adaptive deformable fronts attached to trucks reduce pedestrian injury. However, the suitability of these frontal attachment devices from a holistic point of view, considering both primary and secondary impacts, is questioned in this paper. Using head-injury-criteria index, the effects of pedestrian gait and different closing speeds are considered for evaluation of numerous truck-pedestrian side and rear impact situations. Numerical simulations, considering coupled rigid and deformable-body dynamics, have been carried out in this paper to arrive at conclusions. For primary side impact scenario DEA frontal attachment provides a performance improvement specifically for 0% gait; however, the performance improvement is non-uniform for other gait cycles. For primary rear impact scenarios, it is observed that DEA is not a useful alternative at all. For secondary collision scenarios (involving both side and rear impacts) DEA is not at all an effective means for performance improvement.
{"title":"Pedestrian injury severity in the event of a collision with a truck: are energy absorbing adaptive deformable fronts suitable?","authors":"Sudeshna Mitra, N. Mitra, K. Lakshminarayana","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.10018890","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that adaptive deformable fronts attached to trucks reduce pedestrian injury. However, the suitability of these frontal attachment devices from a holistic point of view, considering both primary and secondary impacts, is questioned in this paper. Using head-injury-criteria index, the effects of pedestrian gait and different closing speeds are considered for evaluation of numerous truck-pedestrian side and rear impact situations. Numerical simulations, considering coupled rigid and deformable-body dynamics, have been carried out in this paper to arrive at conclusions. For primary side impact scenario DEA frontal attachment provides a performance improvement specifically for 0% gait; however, the performance improvement is non-uniform for other gait cycles. For primary rear impact scenarios, it is observed that DEA is not a useful alternative at all. For secondary collision scenarios (involving both side and rear impacts) DEA is not at all an effective means for performance improvement.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2018.097720
Ludk Hyník, Tomasz Bokowski, Wenle Lv
Motorcycle riders belong to the group of so-called vulnerable road users, for whom protection against an impact is an important issue due to the multi-directional loading and the complex kinematics after the impact. Virtual biomechanical human body models play an important role to assess injuries, especially for such complex scenarios. The major motorcycle riders' personal protective equipment is the helmet. Several authors developed their own helmet model taking into account various helmet details. The presented work concerns a simple finite element helmet model development and validation according to the ECE Regulation 22.05. The helmet is validated in several impact scenarios coupling the headform impactor to the helmet and throwing it to the defined anvils. The advantage of the developed helmet is the low calculation time step by fulfilling the regulation. It can be coupled to the human body model easily without decreasing the global calculation time step.
{"title":"Development of a simple motorcyclist helmet finite element model","authors":"Ludk Hyník, Tomasz Bokowski, Wenle Lv","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2018.097720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2018.097720","url":null,"abstract":"Motorcycle riders belong to the group of so-called vulnerable road users, for whom protection against an impact is an important issue due to the multi-directional loading and the complex kinematics after the impact. Virtual biomechanical human body models play an important role to assess injuries, especially for such complex scenarios. The major motorcycle riders' personal protective equipment is the helmet. Several authors developed their own helmet model taking into account various helmet details. The presented work concerns a simple finite element helmet model development and validation according to the ECE Regulation 22.05. The helmet is validated in several impact scenarios coupling the headform impactor to the helmet and throwing it to the defined anvils. The advantage of the developed helmet is the low calculation time step by fulfilling the regulation. It can be coupled to the human body model easily without decreasing the global calculation time step.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2018.097720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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