Pub Date : 2016-10-10DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2016.079655
A. Merah, K. Hartani
In order to facilitate driving and prevent accidents due to lane departure, this paper focuses on the development of an assistance device for lane keeping of a passenger electric vehicle. The goal is to develop a shared control mode based on the anticipation of risk and the prediction of the most probable actions of the driver. The paper is mainly articulated around two axes: the cybernetic modelling of the driver in his task of lateral control of the vehicle and the design of a shared steering control using a Driver-Vehicle-Road (DVR) model. Since many vehicle/road interaction factors (such as road adhesion, aerodynamic forces) and actuator dynamics are very poorly known, the proposed work addresses shared control resulting from applying the linear-quadratic control (LQR) synthesis to the global model (DVR). Innovative criteria were used for assessing the time to lane crossing, the level of sharing between the driver and lateral assistance, as well as their cooperative or conflicting behaviour. All simulation tests are carried out on a 5.8 km track that has several pretty tight radius turns (up to 150 m). The implementation of LQR controller has been made for a longitudinal speed set at 75 km/h. The LQR is sufficient to keep the vehicle under control on a road with low radius curvature. Preliminary simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to explain the concept.
{"title":"Shared steering control between a human and an automation designed for low curvature road","authors":"A. Merah, K. Hartani","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.079655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.079655","url":null,"abstract":"In order to facilitate driving and prevent accidents due to lane departure, this paper focuses on the development of an assistance device for lane keeping of a passenger electric vehicle. The goal is to develop a shared control mode based on the anticipation of risk and the prediction of the most probable actions of the driver. The paper is mainly articulated around two axes: the cybernetic modelling of the driver in his task of lateral control of the vehicle and the design of a shared steering control using a Driver-Vehicle-Road (DVR) model. Since many vehicle/road interaction factors (such as road adhesion, aerodynamic forces) and actuator dynamics are very poorly known, the proposed work addresses shared control resulting from applying the linear-quadratic control (LQR) synthesis to the global model (DVR). Innovative criteria were used for assessing the time to lane crossing, the level of sharing between the driver and lateral assistance, as well as their cooperative or conflicting behaviour. All simulation tests are carried out on a 5.8 km track that has several pretty tight radius turns (up to 150 m). The implementation of LQR controller has been made for a longitudinal speed set at 75 km/h. The LQR is sufficient to keep the vehicle under control on a road with low radius curvature. Preliminary simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to explain the concept.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.079655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-22DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2016.077152
A. Kalra, Vishal Gupta, M. Shen, X. Jin, C. Chou, King H. Yang
Numerous efforts have been made to replicate pedestrian-car crashes experimentally or numerically to study the pedestrian injury biomechanics for developing countermeasures for pedestrian protection. This overview summarises such efforts towards pedestrian safety and available surrogates used in optimisation of pedestrian-friendly vehicle designs. This paper provides not only available physical surrogates (impactors and pedestrian dummies) used by different regulatory agencies, but also a collection of various numerical models used to predict injury responses in car-pedestrian impacts. Additionally, an overview of many reported cadaveric experiments performed as sustained by pedestrians in car crashes is presented. A validation matrix is proposed for correlating existing/future numerical models with available cadaveric test data. This is to ensure development of high predictive quality FE whole body human models to assess injury risk to pedestrians in car crashes, and in turn for continued improvement over design of pedestrian friendly vehicle front-end and effective countermeasures for pedestrian protection.
{"title":"Pedestrian safety: an overview of physical test surrogates, numerical models and availability of cadaveric data for model validation","authors":"A. Kalra, Vishal Gupta, M. Shen, X. Jin, C. Chou, King H. Yang","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.077152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077152","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous efforts have been made to replicate pedestrian-car crashes experimentally or numerically to study the pedestrian injury biomechanics for developing countermeasures for pedestrian protection. This overview summarises such efforts towards pedestrian safety and available surrogates used in optimisation of pedestrian-friendly vehicle designs. This paper provides not only available physical surrogates (impactors and pedestrian dummies) used by different regulatory agencies, but also a collection of various numerical models used to predict injury responses in car-pedestrian impacts. Additionally, an overview of many reported cadaveric experiments performed as sustained by pedestrians in car crashes is presented. A validation matrix is proposed for correlating existing/future numerical models with available cadaveric test data. This is to ensure development of high predictive quality FE whole body human models to assess injury risk to pedestrians in car crashes, and in turn for continued improvement over design of pedestrian friendly vehicle front-end and effective countermeasures for pedestrian protection.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A previously developed finite element (FE) model of a 6-year-old pedestrian abdomen was used to analyse internal organs injuries in lateral impact tests in conjunction with scaling methods. The model was applied to reconstruct adult abdominal cadaver experiments in lateral impact to verify its biofidelity by comparing simulation results with scaled experimental response corridors. Simulation results showed that the abdominal force-deformation curves were well matched with the scaled experimental corridors in different impact speeds. The maximum values of abdominal impact force, deformation and viscous criterion (VC) were proportional to impact velocity. In terms of compression and viscous criterion, the paediatric abdomen had a 25% probability risk of AIS4+ (Abbreviated Injury Scale) abdominal injury in impact velocities of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s. Judging by the first principal strain, contusion or rupture of the left kidney, stomach and spleen appeared in simulations of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s, while liver rupture appeared only in simulations of 9.4 m/s. Predicted internal organ injuries were found to be consistent among the force, deformation, and VC basis injury criteria. The maximum abdominal impact force was inversely proportional to the impact angle, while the abdominal deformation was proportional to the impact angle. Therefore, the model can be further applied to analyse abdominal injuries for a 6-year-old human in pedestrian impact.
{"title":"Abdominal injury analysis of a 6-year-old pedestrian finite element model in lateral impact","authors":"Wenle Lv, J. Ruan, Haiyan Li, Shihai Cui, Lijuan He, Shijie Ruan","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.077155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077155","url":null,"abstract":"A previously developed finite element (FE) model of a 6-year-old pedestrian abdomen was used to analyse internal organs injuries in lateral impact tests in conjunction with scaling methods. The model was applied to reconstruct adult abdominal cadaver experiments in lateral impact to verify its biofidelity by comparing simulation results with scaled experimental response corridors. Simulation results showed that the abdominal force-deformation curves were well matched with the scaled experimental corridors in different impact speeds. The maximum values of abdominal impact force, deformation and viscous criterion (VC) were proportional to impact velocity. In terms of compression and viscous criterion, the paediatric abdomen had a 25% probability risk of AIS4+ (Abbreviated Injury Scale) abdominal injury in impact velocities of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s. Judging by the first principal strain, contusion or rupture of the left kidney, stomach and spleen appeared in simulations of 6.7 m/s and 9.4 m/s, while liver rupture appeared only in simulations of 9.4 m/s. Predicted internal organ injuries were found to be consistent among the force, deformation, and VC basis injury criteria. The maximum abdominal impact force was inversely proportional to the impact angle, while the abdominal deformation was proportional to the impact angle. Therefore, the model can be further applied to analyse abdominal injuries for a 6-year-old human in pedestrian impact.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077155","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-22DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2016.077151
Khaled Hamad
This paper quantitatively describes the extent of the road traffic accidents problem in the Emirate of Sharjah, the third largest emirate in UAE, for the period 2001-2014. Several interesting findings were revealed. While Sharjah's population almost doubled during this period, the number of injury/fatality causing accidents decreased by more than half during the same period. The annual number of road accidents and injuries increased until the 2008 when the numbers sharply declined then stabilised in recent years, which could be attributed to the introduction of the new traffic law of UAE. Though both accidents and injuries per 100,000 population considerably decreased annually, the fatalities per 100,000 population only marginally decreased, indicating that the severity of accident may have increased. Overall, Sharjah enjoyed a better rate of fatalities per 100,000 population than that for the whole UAE. This paper's results should be useful to identify directions to undertake in future research, policies, and programs on highway safety in Sharjah, UAE.
{"title":"Road traffic accidents trends in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates during 2001-2014","authors":"Khaled Hamad","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.077151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077151","url":null,"abstract":"This paper quantitatively describes the extent of the road traffic accidents problem in the Emirate of Sharjah, the third largest emirate in UAE, for the period 2001-2014. Several interesting findings were revealed. While Sharjah's population almost doubled during this period, the number of injury/fatality causing accidents decreased by more than half during the same period. The annual number of road accidents and injuries increased until the 2008 when the numbers sharply declined then stabilised in recent years, which could be attributed to the introduction of the new traffic law of UAE. Though both accidents and injuries per 100,000 population considerably decreased annually, the fatalities per 100,000 population only marginally decreased, indicating that the severity of accident may have increased. Overall, Sharjah enjoyed a better rate of fatalities per 100,000 population than that for the whole UAE. This paper's results should be useful to identify directions to undertake in future research, policies, and programs on highway safety in Sharjah, UAE.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-22DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2016.077145
Noritoshi Atsumi, Yuko Nakahira, M. Iwamoto
Higher brain dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by head rotational impact in traffic accidents is one of the most serious automotive safety problems. However, the injury mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we developed two human head finite element (FE) models based on THUMS for further understanding of TBI mechanism. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the factors affecting brain tissue displacements and intracranial pressures during head impact by using these models. The mesh fineness, material properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contact conditions between brain parenchyma and surrounding external organisation had little influence on validation accuracy against test data on brain responses of post mortem human subjects (PMHS). However, there were significant differences in the values of cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) and the contours of strain distribution between these models. These findings have the potential for better understanding of TBI mechanism.
{"title":"Development and validation of a head/brain FE model and investigation of influential factor on the brain response during head impact","authors":"Noritoshi Atsumi, Yuko Nakahira, M. Iwamoto","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.077145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077145","url":null,"abstract":"Higher brain dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by head rotational impact in traffic accidents is one of the most serious automotive safety problems. However, the injury mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, we developed two human head finite element (FE) models based on THUMS for further understanding of TBI mechanism. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the factors affecting brain tissue displacements and intracranial pressures during head impact by using these models. The mesh fineness, material properties of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contact conditions between brain parenchyma and surrounding external organisation had little influence on validation accuracy against test data on brain responses of post mortem human subjects (PMHS). However, there were significant differences in the values of cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) and the contours of strain distribution between these models. These findings have the potential for better understanding of TBI mechanism.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-22DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2016.077154
Hui-qin Chen, Guanjun Zhang, Ren-peng Chen, Lei Chen, Xiexing Feng
The objective of this research was to study the performance of young novice male drivers in a driving simulator after they were administered different doses of alcohol (placebo: 0 g/kg; medium dose: 0.75 g/kg; high dose: 1 g/kg) during the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ascending and descending periods. The high dose of alcohol produced an average peak BAC of 74±5.477 mg/100 ml at 30 min after administration, and the medium dose produced an average peak BAC of 47.714±17.68 mg/100 ml at 10 min after administration. Compared with the placebo, the drivers' performance under the high dose of alcohol was characterised by more abrupt steering manoeuvres, a greater average speed, and a greater offset from the lane centre. The drivers were more timid under the medium dose administration. The study on driver behaviour plays an important role on constructing the early warning model, so as to put forward the corresponding intervention measures of unsafe driving behaviour and improve vehicle safety in reducing accidents due to drinking and/or drunk driving on public roads.
{"title":"Comparison of driving performance during the blood alcohol concentration ascending period and descending period under alcohol influence in a driving simulator","authors":"Hui-qin Chen, Guanjun Zhang, Ren-peng Chen, Lei Chen, Xiexing Feng","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2016.077154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077154","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to study the performance of young novice male drivers in a driving simulator after they were administered different doses of alcohol (placebo: 0 g/kg; medium dose: 0.75 g/kg; high dose: 1 g/kg) during the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ascending and descending periods. The high dose of alcohol produced an average peak BAC of 74±5.477 mg/100 ml at 30 min after administration, and the medium dose produced an average peak BAC of 47.714±17.68 mg/100 ml at 10 min after administration. Compared with the placebo, the drivers' performance under the high dose of alcohol was characterised by more abrupt steering manoeuvres, a greater average speed, and a greater offset from the lane centre. The drivers were more timid under the medium dose administration. The study on driver behaviour plays an important role on constructing the early warning model, so as to put forward the corresponding intervention measures of unsafe driving behaviour and improve vehicle safety in reducing accidents due to drinking and/or drunk driving on public roads.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2016.077154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.074373
Yi Huang, Qing Zhou, Xiaowei Zhang, Cong Wang
Restraint system parameter configurations encouraged by the current legislative or consumer crash tests cannot provide tailored protection to occupants with different statures under various crash severities. The restraint system parameters should be adapted to different circumstances. In this study, a restraint system optimisation framework was built to explore optimal configurations for five different sizes of occupants in two crash severities. Seat position was treated as a variable in the design space. The optimisation results showed that optimal seat positions had clear patterns for the two crash severities. In high crash severity, dummies tended to sit closer to the knee bolster to achieve better contacts of airbag and knee bolster. In low crash severity, optimal seat positions were farther from knee bolster. With aggressively tuned pretensioner and stature dependent load limiting values, the dummies were efficiently restrained by the seat belt. Tailored protections to the ten cases were achieved after the optimisation, compared to the fixed parameter restraint system. Language: en
{"title":"Optimisation study of occupant restraint system concerning variations in occupant size and crash severity in frontal collisions","authors":"Yi Huang, Qing Zhou, Xiaowei Zhang, Cong Wang","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.074373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074373","url":null,"abstract":"Restraint system parameter configurations encouraged by the current legislative or consumer crash tests cannot provide tailored protection to occupants with different statures under various crash severities. The restraint system parameters should be adapted to different circumstances. In this study, a restraint system optimisation framework was built to explore optimal configurations for five different sizes of occupants in two crash severities. Seat position was treated as a variable in the design space. The optimisation results showed that optimal seat positions had clear patterns for the two crash severities. In high crash severity, dummies tended to sit closer to the knee bolster to achieve better contacts of airbag and knee bolster. In low crash severity, optimal seat positions were farther from knee bolster. With aggressively tuned pretensioner and stature dependent load limiting values, the dummies were efficiently restrained by the seat belt. Tailored protections to the ten cases were achieved after the optimisation, compared to the fixed parameter restraint system. Language: en","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.074378
Wenle Lv, Shijie Ruan, Haiyan Li, Shihai Cui, Lijuan He
A detailed anatomy structure finite element (FE) model of the paediatric thorax and abdomen of a 6-year-old was constructed and validated. The thoracoabdominal geometrical model, extracted from computed tomography (CT) scan images of a 6-year-old child, was divided into finite element models with different types of elements. The validity of the model was verified by reconstructing impact experiments of paediatric cadaver thorax and abdomen and comparing impact force-deformation curves, maximum viscous criterion (VC) values and tissue injuries between simulations and experiments. The simulation results showed that the thoracoabdominal impact force-deformation curves located in the experimental corridors, and the trend of the curves, was well consistent with the experimental corridors. The maximum viscous criterion values in simulations were also located in the range of experimental results. Injuries to ribs and internal organs predicted in simulations were consistent with the autopsy results. Therefore, the model can be used to study the mechanism of child pedestrians' thoracic and abdominal injury in traffic accidents. Language: en
{"title":"Development and validation of a 6-year-old pedestrian thorax and abdomen finite element model and impact injury analysis","authors":"Wenle Lv, Shijie Ruan, Haiyan Li, Shihai Cui, Lijuan He","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.074378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074378","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed anatomy structure finite element (FE) model of the paediatric thorax and abdomen of a 6-year-old was constructed and validated. The thoracoabdominal geometrical model, extracted from computed tomography (CT) scan images of a 6-year-old child, was divided into finite element models with different types of elements. The validity of the model was verified by reconstructing impact experiments of paediatric cadaver thorax and abdomen and comparing impact force-deformation curves, maximum viscous criterion (VC) values and tissue injuries between simulations and experiments. The simulation results showed that the thoracoabdominal impact force-deformation curves located in the experimental corridors, and the trend of the curves, was well consistent with the experimental corridors. The maximum viscous criterion values in simulations were also located in the range of experimental results. Injuries to ribs and internal organs predicted in simulations were consistent with the autopsy results. Therefore, the model can be used to study the mechanism of child pedestrians' thoracic and abdominal injury in traffic accidents. Language: en","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.074377
Jian Zhou, Shao Qiu, Junyuan Zhang, Yue Ma
This paper presents a trapezoid method for occupant restraint system design analysis based on occupant ride-down energy control theory. The sub-system characteristic determination of an occupant restraint system could be simplified and analysed by a two-step trapezoid energy curve which is generated from ride-down energy control method. The parameter definitions resulted from the target two-step residual energy trapezoid analysis for some case studies were put into a numerical model for validation. Occupant responses showed very good agreements between the outcomes both from trapezoid analysis and the numerical simulation. In the concept design phase, this method could be used to give rapid assessments for restraint system parameters based on occupant injury target, available vehicle crush space and interior survival space design, and provide reliable inputs for sub-restraint system design and a good reference point for the initial restraint system layout.
{"title":"Define occupant restraint system characteristics by using two-step trapezoid method based on ride-down rate control in frontal impact","authors":"Jian Zhou, Shao Qiu, Junyuan Zhang, Yue Ma","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.074377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074377","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a trapezoid method for occupant restraint system design analysis based on occupant ride-down energy control theory. The sub-system characteristic determination of an occupant restraint system could be simplified and analysed by a two-step trapezoid energy curve which is generated from ride-down energy control method. The parameter definitions resulted from the target two-step residual energy trapezoid analysis for some case studies were put into a numerical model for validation. Occupant responses showed very good agreements between the outcomes both from trapezoid analysis and the numerical simulation. In the concept design phase, this method could be used to give rapid assessments for restraint system parameters based on occupant injury target, available vehicle crush space and interior survival space design, and provide reliable inputs for sub-restraint system design and a good reference point for the initial restraint system layout.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-27DOI: 10.1504/IJVS.2015.074369
J. Ouyang, Qingan Zhu, S. Zhong, Zeyu Li, Chang Liu
The purpose of this study was to provide structural response of front abdominal impact in children. Nine unembalmed cadavers were divided into two groups. A young cohort aged 2-4 years (four cadavers) and an older cohort aged 5-12 years (five cadavers) were impacted. An autopsy was performed after the impact. The average velocity of the cadaveric tests was 6.3 m/s (±0.25 m/s). Mean peak V*C values were 2.53±0.59 m/s and 1.98±0.41 m/s in old cadaveric cohort and young cadaveric cohort respectively (p > 0.05). The maximum deformation and mean peak forces were 9.27±0.21 cm, 530.30±102.62 N and 9.88±1.50 cm, 929.16±133.24 N in young cohort and old cohort separately (p < 0.05). Eight cadavers were found with various injuries. Good force-deformation data may be derived from the cadaveric response data, and force/deformation corridors have been derived for both subject populations.
本研究的目的是提供儿童前腹部撞击的结构反应。九具未经防腐处理的尸体被分成两组。2-4岁的年轻队列(4具尸体)和5-12岁的老年队列(5具尸体)受到影响。撞击后进行了尸检。尸体试验的平均速度为6.3 m/s(±0.25 m/s)。老年组和青年组的平均峰值V*C值分别为2.53±0.59 m/s和1.98±0.41 m/s (p < 0.05)。青年组最大变形量为9.27±0.21 cm，平均峰值力为530.30±102.62 N，老年组最大变形量为9.88±1.50 cm，平均峰值力为929.16±133.24 N (p < 0.05)。八具尸体被发现，身上有不同的伤痕。良好的力-变形数据可以从尸体反应数据中得到，并且力/变形走廊已经为两个受试者群体得到。
{"title":"Abdominal impact study on paediatric cadaveric subjects","authors":"J. Ouyang, Qingan Zhu, S. Zhong, Zeyu Li, Chang Liu","doi":"10.1504/IJVS.2015.074369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074369","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to provide structural response of front abdominal impact in children. Nine unembalmed cadavers were divided into two groups. A young cohort aged 2-4 years (four cadavers) and an older cohort aged 5-12 years (five cadavers) were impacted. An autopsy was performed after the impact. The average velocity of the cadaveric tests was 6.3 m/s (±0.25 m/s). Mean peak V*C values were 2.53±0.59 m/s and 1.98±0.41 m/s in old cadaveric cohort and young cadaveric cohort respectively (p > 0.05). The maximum deformation and mean peak forces were 9.27±0.21 cm, 530.30±102.62 N and 9.88±1.50 cm, 929.16±133.24 N in young cohort and old cohort separately (p < 0.05). Eight cadavers were found with various injuries. Good force-deformation data may be derived from the cadaveric response data, and force/deformation corridors have been derived for both subject populations.","PeriodicalId":35143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Vehicle Safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJVS.2015.074369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66693582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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