Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1534312
G. S. Sachdeva
ABSTRACT The fact that there are abundant mineral resources in space is shown by remote sensing and observation through space probes and analysis of samples, in situ and otherwise. That these resources are useful to humanity and can augment depleting Earth resources is also established beyond a doubt. Further, the technology to excavate and process the same in situ is feasible. The end-product can be used for other activities on the mined planet or transported to Earth. The processed material can also be recycled for use and manufacturing on the celestial body itself, or to refuel space probes on deep space missions. Thus, the utility of celestial natural resources to mankind is obvious, but the algorithms of law and economics in regard to excavation, processing, transportation, and use in situ are not yet adequately clear for business viability and reasonable profits. This article discusses the prospects of space mining on celestial bodies in this context, focusing on the case of U.S. space laws.
{"title":"Commercial Mining of Celestial Resources: Case Study of U.S. Space Laws","authors":"G. S. Sachdeva","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1534312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1534312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The fact that there are abundant mineral resources in space is shown by remote sensing and observation through space probes and analysis of samples, in situ and otherwise. That these resources are useful to humanity and can augment depleting Earth resources is also established beyond a doubt. Further, the technology to excavate and process the same in situ is feasible. The end-product can be used for other activities on the mined planet or transported to Earth. The processed material can also be recycled for use and manufacturing on the celestial body itself, or to refuel space probes on deep space missions. Thus, the utility of celestial natural resources to mankind is obvious, but the algorithms of law and economics in regard to excavation, processing, transportation, and use in situ are not yet adequately clear for business viability and reasonable profits. This article discusses the prospects of space mining on celestial bodies in this context, focusing on the case of U.S. space laws.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"69 1","pages":"202 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82688843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1532743
A. Lele
ABSTRACT At present, the Asian continent is gaining significant importance in global affairs. The twenty-first century is sometimes described as the “Asian century.” As the largest and most populous continent in the world with progressive economics, the Asian continent is emerging as a business center of the world. This offers commercial opportunities in various sectors, including outer space. Further, Asia is emerging as a key hub for science and innovation. In this context, the present state and future prospects of space tourism in Asia are assessed.
{"title":"Asia and Space Tourism","authors":"A. Lele","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1532743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1532743","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT At present, the Asian continent is gaining significant importance in global affairs. The twenty-first century is sometimes described as the “Asian century.” As the largest and most populous continent in the world with progressive economics, the Asian continent is emerging as a business center of the world. This offers commercial opportunities in various sectors, including outer space. Further, Asia is emerging as a key hub for science and innovation. In this context, the present state and future prospects of space tourism in Asia are assessed.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"144 1","pages":"187 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80427923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-29DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1486792
Zaeem Shabbir, Ali Sarosh
ABSTRACT In twenty-first-century warfare, satellites have become indispensable for gaining dominance in battlespace. This highlights the need to protect space assets while countering the qualitative edge that space can provide to adversarial actions. Hence, “counterspace operations” continue to gain the attention of military planners and researchers around the globe. Although it is the major space powers that have developed requisite capability and are showing more concerns for space security, these concerns are global in nature. As such, there is a need to develop a framework that can be utilized by nascent space powers to ensure protection of their space assets. This research work is intended to draw the attention of policymakers, space-technology protagonists, and military personnel, particularly of nascent space powers, to these global concerns. It gives an overview of counterspace operations and explores the doctrinal view-point of major military space powers for safeguarding their own space programs and negating the advantage of space to the enemy. Based upon this, a step-by-step approach is proposed for nascent space powers for embodying of elements of counterspace operations to remain protected during peace, crisis, or war.
{"title":"Counterspace Operations and Nascent Space Powers","authors":"Zaeem Shabbir, Ali Sarosh","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1486792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1486792","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In twenty-first-century warfare, satellites have become indispensable for gaining dominance in battlespace. This highlights the need to protect space assets while countering the qualitative edge that space can provide to adversarial actions. Hence, “counterspace operations” continue to gain the attention of military planners and researchers around the globe. Although it is the major space powers that have developed requisite capability and are showing more concerns for space security, these concerns are global in nature. As such, there is a need to develop a framework that can be utilized by nascent space powers to ensure protection of their space assets. This research work is intended to draw the attention of policymakers, space-technology protagonists, and military personnel, particularly of nascent space powers, to these global concerns. It gives an overview of counterspace operations and explores the doctrinal view-point of major military space powers for safeguarding their own space programs and negating the advantage of space to the enemy. Based upon this, a step-by-step approach is proposed for nascent space powers for embodying of elements of counterspace operations to remain protected during peace, crisis, or war.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"16 1","pages":"119 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89548772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-22DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1486173
M. Nayak
ABSTRACT Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) is gearing up to face the challenge of a contested, degraded space environment that may degenerate into a full-on battleground. The U.S. space enterprise needs to be ready to not just respond, but dominate. AFSPC’s Space Mission Force (SMF) concept, to “present space forces capable of operating in a contested and operationally limited environment,” is a start toward this goal. Leveraging a historical case study from the air domain, I suggest that the SMF focus on operator training and tactics may be fundamentally insufficient in the event of a conflict in space with a near-peer adversary. To win a war in space, AFSPC must build rapid breakaway capabilities that can asymmetrically rearrange the Space Order of Battle. This work proposes the formation of a top-down “Space Innovation Force” (SIF) to complement the bottom-up SMF. If appropriately empowered, this autonomous flat-management cadre of SIF warriors provides revolutionary technological capabilities that an enemy will be unable to counter in the near term. Establishing such a SIF cadre also encourages retention of talented technical officers.
{"title":"Fighting a War in Space: The Case for a Space Innovation Force","authors":"M. Nayak","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1486173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1486173","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) is gearing up to face the challenge of a contested, degraded space environment that may degenerate into a full-on battleground. The U.S. space enterprise needs to be ready to not just respond, but dominate. AFSPC’s Space Mission Force (SMF) concept, to “present space forces capable of operating in a contested and operationally limited environment,” is a start toward this goal. Leveraging a historical case study from the air domain, I suggest that the SMF focus on operator training and tactics may be fundamentally insufficient in the event of a conflict in space with a near-peer adversary. To win a war in space, AFSPC must build rapid breakaway capabilities that can asymmetrically rearrange the Space Order of Battle. This work proposes the formation of a top-down “Space Innovation Force” (SIF) to complement the bottom-up SMF. If appropriately empowered, this autonomous flat-management cadre of SIF warriors provides revolutionary technological capabilities that an enemy will be unable to counter in the near term. Establishing such a SIF cadre also encourages retention of talented technical officers.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"142 1","pages":"157 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73782886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-18DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1484650
Elizabeth Mendenhall
ABSTRACT The creation and augmentation of the outer space governance regime during the twentieth century was guided by the use of analogies with other planetary domains. These analogies compare the “target” domain of outer space with various “source” domains, especially airspace, the seabed, the high seas, and Antarctica. These analogies, highlighted at different times to provide guidance on the regulation of existing and emerging space activities, shaped the fundamental principles and rules of the Outer Space Treaty. A survey of contemporary literature demonstrates that analogies continue to be used to structure thinking about outer space activities. This paper argues that such analogies are a misleading foundation for constructing a governance regime in outer space. They overlook essential and distinct features of outer space, and misguide the decisions of policymakers by influencing interest formation and problem definition. Six major features of the outer space environment are concealed by other-domain analogies, which helps explain why the use of analogies reduces the chances for effective governance. Scientific activity since the advent of the Space Age makes possible an alternative, non-analogic representation of outer space as a place, which has important implications for space governance.
{"title":"Treating Outer Space Like a Place: A Case for Rejecting Other Domain Analogies","authors":"Elizabeth Mendenhall","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1484650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1484650","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The creation and augmentation of the outer space governance regime during the twentieth century was guided by the use of analogies with other planetary domains. These analogies compare the “target” domain of outer space with various “source” domains, especially airspace, the seabed, the high seas, and Antarctica. These analogies, highlighted at different times to provide guidance on the regulation of existing and emerging space activities, shaped the fundamental principles and rules of the Outer Space Treaty. A survey of contemporary literature demonstrates that analogies continue to be used to structure thinking about outer space activities. This paper argues that such analogies are a misleading foundation for constructing a governance regime in outer space. They overlook essential and distinct features of outer space, and misguide the decisions of policymakers by influencing interest formation and problem definition. Six major features of the outer space environment are concealed by other-domain analogies, which helps explain why the use of analogies reduces the chances for effective governance. Scientific activity since the advent of the Space Age makes possible an alternative, non-analogic representation of outer space as a place, which has important implications for space governance.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"49 1","pages":"118 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90127290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-18DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1484651
Gerie W. Palanca
ABSTRACT The number of objects in Earth’s orbit has continued to grow since the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The historical “few objects, large space” principle left satellite operations a relatively benign environment, but that construct has shifted significantly due to the advent of the commercial space sector, the small satellite industry boom, and the resurgence of the desire for human space flight. The regulations for space operations both at the international and national level have always been sparse, but there is a large desire for more now that commercial capital is at stake. The purpose of this article is to bring to the surface available regulations for on-orbit operations to identify the gaps to fill and highlight the change for the Department of Defense. The international community and commercial sector recognize the need for a state like the United States to set a standard to influence the international community. This national-to-international framework is a technique used in other arenas, such as maritime traffic management and air traffic management, and the lessons learned from these fields are applicable to the space domain.
{"title":"Space Traffic Management at the National and International Levels","authors":"Gerie W. Palanca","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1484651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1484651","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The number of objects in Earth’s orbit has continued to grow since the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The historical “few objects, large space” principle left satellite operations a relatively benign environment, but that construct has shifted significantly due to the advent of the commercial space sector, the small satellite industry boom, and the resurgence of the desire for human space flight. The regulations for space operations both at the international and national level have always been sparse, but there is a large desire for more now that commercial capital is at stake. The purpose of this article is to bring to the surface available regulations for on-orbit operations to identify the gaps to fill and highlight the change for the Department of Defense. The international community and commercial sector recognize the need for a state like the United States to set a standard to influence the international community. This national-to-international framework is a technique used in other arenas, such as maritime traffic management and air traffic management, and the lessons learned from these fields are applicable to the space domain.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"13 3 1","pages":"141 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80881972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-08DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1433409
A. Dodd
ABSTRACT Since the late 1940s, a tenacious disconnect between popular interest and professional disinterest in unidentified flying objects (UFOs) has typified the controversy surrounding the subject. Numerous high-profile scientists have seen the topic of UFOs as an opportunity to denounce and rectify a popular, yet allegedly misguided, conviction—that some UFOs are physical anomalies indicating the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence—and thus to advance the explanatory authority of science. Rather than constituting rigorous, informed, and effective assessments, however, the ways in which many prominent scientists publicly address the UFO question often exemplify both the problematic “boundary-work” of scientific discourse in this area and, more specifically, the role that logical fallacies can play in the rhetorical construction of scientific authority in public domains. Through a critical discourse analysis, this article argues that ignorance of UFO phenomena is socially and discursively constructed in ways that are conducive to the public faces of individuals and institutions. More broadly, it suggests that the rudimentary standard of science communication attending to the extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) hypothesis for UFOs inhibits public understanding of science, dissuades academic inquiry within the physical and social sciences, and undermines progressive space policy initiatives.
{"title":"Strategic Ignorance and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Critiquing the Discursive Segregation of UFOs from Scientific Inquiry","authors":"A. Dodd","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1433409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1433409","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the late 1940s, a tenacious disconnect between popular interest and professional disinterest in unidentified flying objects (UFOs) has typified the controversy surrounding the subject. Numerous high-profile scientists have seen the topic of UFOs as an opportunity to denounce and rectify a popular, yet allegedly misguided, conviction—that some UFOs are physical anomalies indicating the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence—and thus to advance the explanatory authority of science. Rather than constituting rigorous, informed, and effective assessments, however, the ways in which many prominent scientists publicly address the UFO question often exemplify both the problematic “boundary-work” of scientific discourse in this area and, more specifically, the role that logical fallacies can play in the rhetorical construction of scientific authority in public domains. Through a critical discourse analysis, this article argues that ignorance of UFO phenomena is socially and discursively constructed in ways that are conducive to the public faces of individuals and institutions. More broadly, it suggests that the rudimentary standard of science communication attending to the extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) hypothesis for UFOs inhibits public understanding of science, dissuades academic inquiry within the physical and social sciences, and undermines progressive space policy initiatives.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"61 1","pages":"75 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87927901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-08DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2017.1381824
Jonathan Koch
ABSTRACT This article addresses the current lack of a legal framework for the use of space resources found on asteroids and other celestial bodies. In a world of growing inequality and in face of the increasing commercialization of space, governance structures are needed to ensure that the benefits of the “province of all mankind” are not solely reaped by those industrialized nations that have the technological and financial capabilities. Drawing upon the practical achievements of the International Seabed Authority governing the extraction of natural resources from the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction, a discursive policy framework for the equitable development of the global commons of space is proposed. Acknowledging the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach, the normative structure is complemented by the insight gained from stakeholders from across sectors, in a critical effort to unite political, ethical, and commercial considerations.
{"title":"Institutional Framework for the Province of all Mankind: Lessons from the International Seabed Authority for the Governance of Commercial Space Mining","authors":"Jonathan Koch","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2017.1381824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2017.1381824","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article addresses the current lack of a legal framework for the use of space resources found on asteroids and other celestial bodies. In a world of growing inequality and in face of the increasing commercialization of space, governance structures are needed to ensure that the benefits of the “province of all mankind” are not solely reaped by those industrialized nations that have the technological and financial capabilities. Drawing upon the practical achievements of the International Seabed Authority governing the extraction of natural resources from the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction, a discursive policy framework for the equitable development of the global commons of space is proposed. Acknowledging the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach, the normative structure is complemented by the insight gained from stakeholders from across sectors, in a critical effort to unite political, ethical, and commercial considerations.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"42 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90542989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-08DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2018.1436329
A. Faiyetole
ABSTRACT The services of space-based technology have advanced for monitoring strategies, especially for studying and predicting the physical events in ecosystems. This article investigates the viability of space technology use for monitoring implementations of climate policies and, potentialities for mitigation of climate process drivers. Qualitative data were sourced through Delphi experts’ method and quantitatively analyzed. The key findings show that experts allude to the high (3.33/4) anticipatory contributions of deploying space-based systems with dedicated sensors for monitoring implementation of international climate treaties. However, while there is a very strong yes (84.44 percent) rate on the potentiality of space-based solar power for direct climate change mitigation, the feasibility of deploying such systems in the near-future (2020 to 2025) is low (1.77/4). The statistics further show that the further away the possible start-time (2040 and a 50-year horizon of 2065) for deployment of space-based solar power, the more likely it will be deployed. The article concludes that deploying satellites for monitoring and mitigating global climate change contributes significantly to climate change management efforts. Specifically, the development of space-based solar power if fast-tracked. The article also provides a conceptual framework for climate change management using space technology, which facilitates constructive discussion informing policy direction on the subject.
{"title":"Potentialities of Space-Based Systems for Monitoring Climate Policies and Mitigation of Climate Process Drivers","authors":"A. Faiyetole","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2018.1436329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2018.1436329","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The services of space-based technology have advanced for monitoring strategies, especially for studying and predicting the physical events in ecosystems. This article investigates the viability of space technology use for monitoring implementations of climate policies and, potentialities for mitigation of climate process drivers. Qualitative data were sourced through Delphi experts’ method and quantitatively analyzed. The key findings show that experts allude to the high (3.33/4) anticipatory contributions of deploying space-based systems with dedicated sensors for monitoring implementation of international climate treaties. However, while there is a very strong yes (84.44 percent) rate on the potentiality of space-based solar power for direct climate change mitigation, the feasibility of deploying such systems in the near-future (2020 to 2025) is low (1.77/4). The statistics further show that the further away the possible start-time (2040 and a 50-year horizon of 2065) for deployment of space-based solar power, the more likely it will be deployed. The article concludes that deploying satellites for monitoring and mitigating global climate change contributes significantly to climate change management efforts. Specifically, the development of space-based solar power if fast-tracked. The article also provides a conceptual framework for climate change management using space technology, which facilitates constructive discussion informing policy direction on the subject.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"4 1","pages":"28 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79681969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-08DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2017.1378961
Biswanath Gupta, Raju Kd
ABSTRACT Space research is heralded as the harbinger of the next level of advancement in science and technology. The fact that countries are spending millions of dollars in this regard is testament to its potential. India is making inroads in the field and, in the last 15 years, has established itself as a dominant player. According to Antrix, the commercial wing of the Indian Space Research Organization, India commercially launched 209 foreign satellites of other countries into space. Apart from this, Antrix is applying its success in other commercial activities, like remote sensing, selling of space objects (parts of satellites and launching vehicles), and mission support. In keeping with this development, the Indian legal position and policy framework with respect to commercial space activities are reviewed. The article also surveys India’s commitment to international space law and its reflection in national legislation. Finally, the existing policy related to commercial space in India is examined and measures are suggested to create national legislation for the country to deal with issues of commercial space activities.
{"title":"Chartering Territories in Outer Space: Obligating the Need for a National Legal Framework in India","authors":"Biswanath Gupta, Raju Kd","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2017.1378961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2017.1378961","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Space research is heralded as the harbinger of the next level of advancement in science and technology. The fact that countries are spending millions of dollars in this regard is testament to its potential. India is making inroads in the field and, in the last 15 years, has established itself as a dominant player. According to Antrix, the commercial wing of the Indian Space Research Organization, India commercially launched 209 foreign satellites of other countries into space. Apart from this, Antrix is applying its success in other commercial activities, like remote sensing, selling of space objects (parts of satellites and launching vehicles), and mission support. In keeping with this development, the Indian legal position and policy framework with respect to commercial space activities are reviewed. The article also surveys India’s commitment to international space law and its reflection in national legislation. Finally, the existing policy related to commercial space in India is examined and measures are suggested to create national legislation for the country to deal with issues of commercial space activities.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"30 1","pages":"59 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87101959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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