Abstract:Salish languages show a wide variety of names for ‘black bear’ and ‘grizzly bear’. A number of these are doubtless of great antiquity and some of them may go back to Proto-Salish. However, reconstruction of the protoforms seems problematic in light of inter-Salish and extra-Salish borrowing and of what appears to be extensive taboo-driven lexical replacement.
{"title":"Salish Words for ‘Black Bear’ and ‘Grizzly Bear’","authors":"Jan P. van Eijk","doi":"10.1353/anl.2017.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2017.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Salish languages show a wide variety of names for ‘black bear’ and ‘grizzly bear’. A number of these are doubtless of great antiquity and some of them may go back to Proto-Salish. However, reconstruction of the protoforms seems problematic in light of inter-Salish and extra-Salish borrowing and of what appears to be extensive taboo-driven lexical replacement.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2017.0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66192871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:A significant number of lexical and grammatical similarities exist among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region in Venezuela usually regarded as independent: Betoi-Jirara, an extinct isolate, the small Sáliban family, and Hod i, an isolate still actively spoken. While a genealogical connection of Sáliban and Hod i appears unfounded—the similarities here gathered are better attributed to contact than to genetic inheritance—a distant genealogical relationship between Betoi-Jirara and the Sáliban languages seems plausible, although the evidence is not conclusive. Perhaps due to the meagerness of the Betoi-Jirara corpus, the Betoi-Sáliban lexical resemblances are not particularly numerous, while several of their structural similarities seem to be mid-Orinoco regional traits or the result of contact.
{"title":"Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hod i: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region","authors":"Raoul Zamponi","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A significant number of lexical and grammatical similarities exist among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region in Venezuela usually regarded as independent: Betoi-Jirara, an extinct isolate, the small Sáliban family, and Hod i, an isolate still actively spoken. While a genealogical connection of Sáliban and Hod i appears unfounded—the similarities here gathered are better attributed to contact than to genetic inheritance—a distant genealogical relationship between Betoi-Jirara and the Sáliban languages seems plausible, although the evidence is not conclusive. Perhaps due to the meagerness of the Betoi-Jirara corpus, the Betoi-Sáliban lexical resemblances are not particularly numerous, while several of their structural similarities seem to be mid-Orinoco regional traits or the result of contact.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44118784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Languages of the Uto-Aztecan family are notable for typically having multiple ways to indicate predicative possession, as well as for having a variety of mechanisms for deriving verbs from nouns (i.e., creating denominal verbs). Five morphemes can be reconstructed for Proto—Uto-Aztecan that gave rise to specific denominal verb-creating affixes (most usually, suffixes) that mark predicative possession across the family. The reconstructed suffixes are *-ka 'have (alienable)', *-pV 'have (inalienable)', *-ɨ, a postposition (most likely a locative), *-tu 'active possession' ('get', 'acquire'), and *-wa, a marker of attributive possession ('possessed thing').
{"title":"Derived Verbs of Possession in Uto-Aztecan: Reconstructions and Paths of Change","authors":"Jason D. Haugen","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Languages of the Uto-Aztecan family are notable for typically having multiple ways to indicate predicative possession, as well as for having a variety of mechanisms for deriving verbs from nouns (i.e., creating denominal verbs). Five morphemes can be reconstructed for Proto—Uto-Aztecan that gave rise to specific denominal verb-creating affixes (most usually, suffixes) that mark predicative possession across the family. The reconstructed suffixes are *-ka 'have (alienable)', *-pV 'have (inalienable)', *-ɨ, a postposition (most likely a locative), *-tu 'active possession' ('get', 'acquire'), and *-wa, a marker of attributive possession ('possessed thing').","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44943767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Elders in San Juan Quiahije, Oaxaca, Mexico, have a unique command of the specialized vocabulary of landscape and associated cultural practices of Eastern Chatino. Drawing on oral evidence from Eastern Chatino, I show in this article a variety of ways in which one individual can relate to landscape. I include details of one day of documentation, highlighting my foot journey with an elder through San Juan Quiahije. The speaker related her life story, and described the physical landscape. I provide background to the language and its vitality, describe our hike, and analyze the language used.
{"title":"Documenting Landscape Knowledge in Eastern Chatino: Narratives of Fieldwork in San Juan Quiahije","authors":"Emiliana Cruz","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Elders in San Juan Quiahije, Oaxaca, Mexico, have a unique command of the specialized vocabulary of landscape and associated cultural practices of Eastern Chatino. Drawing on oral evidence from Eastern Chatino, I show in this article a variety of ways in which one individual can relate to landscape. I include details of one day of documentation, highlighting my foot journey with an elder through San Juan Quiahije. The speaker related her life story, and described the physical landscape. I provide background to the language and its vitality, describe our hike, and analyze the language used.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47616470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"South Eastern Huastec Narratives: A Trilingual Edition trans. and ed. by Ana Kondic (review)","authors":"Sergio F. Romero","doi":"10.1353/anl.2017.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2017.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2017.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49649247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Nakota (Siouan) has expanded its lexicon of acculturation almost exclusively through coining and polysemy (semantic extension). The few loanwords designate only foreign types of person or animal, and some (e.g., 'pig', 'Métis') have diffused indirectly from neighboring Siouan and Algonquian languages. Loanshifts are mostly syntactic compounds that express concepts alien to traditional Nakota culture. When the influx of new entities and concepts increased at the turn of the twentieth century, semantic extension—representative of an older stratum of lexical expansion, when new experiences were commonly equated with their closest traditional analog—was replaced by coining of transparent and descriptive words.
{"title":"Nakota Linguistic Acculturation","authors":"Vincent Collette","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nakota (Siouan) has expanded its lexicon of acculturation almost exclusively through coining and polysemy (semantic extension). The few loanwords designate only foreign types of person or animal, and some (e.g., 'pig', 'Métis') have diffused indirectly from neighboring Siouan and Algonquian languages. Loanshifts are mostly syntactic compounds that express concepts alien to traditional Nakota culture. When the influx of new entities and concepts increased at the turn of the twentieth century, semantic extension—representative of an older stratum of lexical expansion, when new experiences were commonly equated with their closest traditional analog—was replaced by coining of transparent and descriptive words.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47541976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendan Fairbanks’s book is a remarkable effort to discover and describe as complete a roster as possible of discourse markers in the Mille Lacs dialect of Ojibwe in east central Minnesota. He points out that “the topic of discourse markers in Ojibwe is largely unexplored” and that these markers “have not been the topic of much . . . discussion within the Algonquian literature” (p. 1). Ojibwe (or Anishnaabemowin, as it is called, with some variation, by Algonquianist linguists and mother-tongue speakers alike) is, of course (as Fairbanks reminds the reader), a multidialectical language within the Algonquian language family, one of the largest indigenous language families in North America (including such languages as Ojibwe, Algonquin, Cree, Odawa, and Blackfoot, among others). As Fairbanks notes early in the book, very few Algonquian communities are currently producing mother-tongue speakers of the language. One elder told him that only about 2 percent of the members of the Mille Lacs community speak the language fluently (out of a population of around four thousand), and all of those speakers are fifty years of age or older (p. 5). Fairbanks provides a detailed, comprehensive, and revelatory study of Ojibwe discourse markers in use in his community’s dialect. His primary goal is to provide “a descriptive piece with the intention of helping to preserve, document and revive the Ojibwe language” (p. 6). Further, he notes that one of his reasons for writing his book is the “decline in the number of native speakers” in his community (p. 5); another is to benefit the “growing number of second language speakers of Ojibwe” (p. 5). He writes, “while a long tradition of Algonquianist linguistics has brought to light many complex insights about the Ojibwe language as a whole . . . many aspects of Ojibwe remain unexplored and misunderstood” (p. 6). Ojibwe Discourse Markers seeks to remedy some of those misunderstandings. One of the striking features of Fairbanks’s book is his methodology. His data are not restricted to narratives, the common domain of discourse analysts, but includes “a number of recorded examples of discourse marker usage in real time within interactions between speakers themselves” (p. 7). Using examples from naturally occurring conversational interaction, Fairbanks’s analysis lays a foundation for discourse linguists to focus on features of talk rather than text. This is noteworthy, and sets Ojibwe Discourse Markers apart from previous studies. As J. Randolph Valentine notes, “Overwhelmingly, linguistic studies in Algonquian languages focus on formal linguistic patterns; the phoneme, the morpheme, the word, the sentence, or the text” (2001:281). Fairbanks’s book is groundbreaking in its recognition that language is most often used in real-life interaction and is not merely comprised of a set of grammatical rules and linguistic forms. After presenting his methodology and discussing orthographic issues, Fairbanks defines what he means by d
{"title":"Ojibwe Discourse Markers by Brendan Fairbanks (review)","authors":"R. Spielmann","doi":"10.1353/anl.2017.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/anl.2017.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Brendan Fairbanks’s book is a remarkable effort to discover and describe as complete a roster as possible of discourse markers in the Mille Lacs dialect of Ojibwe in east central Minnesota. He points out that “the topic of discourse markers in Ojibwe is largely unexplored” and that these markers “have not been the topic of much . . . discussion within the Algonquian literature” (p. 1). Ojibwe (or Anishnaabemowin, as it is called, with some variation, by Algonquianist linguists and mother-tongue speakers alike) is, of course (as Fairbanks reminds the reader), a multidialectical language within the Algonquian language family, one of the largest indigenous language families in North America (including such languages as Ojibwe, Algonquin, Cree, Odawa, and Blackfoot, among others). As Fairbanks notes early in the book, very few Algonquian communities are currently producing mother-tongue speakers of the language. One elder told him that only about 2 percent of the members of the Mille Lacs community speak the language fluently (out of a population of around four thousand), and all of those speakers are fifty years of age or older (p. 5). Fairbanks provides a detailed, comprehensive, and revelatory study of Ojibwe discourse markers in use in his community’s dialect. His primary goal is to provide “a descriptive piece with the intention of helping to preserve, document and revive the Ojibwe language” (p. 6). Further, he notes that one of his reasons for writing his book is the “decline in the number of native speakers” in his community (p. 5); another is to benefit the “growing number of second language speakers of Ojibwe” (p. 5). He writes, “while a long tradition of Algonquianist linguistics has brought to light many complex insights about the Ojibwe language as a whole . . . many aspects of Ojibwe remain unexplored and misunderstood” (p. 6). Ojibwe Discourse Markers seeks to remedy some of those misunderstandings. One of the striking features of Fairbanks’s book is his methodology. His data are not restricted to narratives, the common domain of discourse analysts, but includes “a number of recorded examples of discourse marker usage in real time within interactions between speakers themselves” (p. 7). Using examples from naturally occurring conversational interaction, Fairbanks’s analysis lays a foundation for discourse linguists to focus on features of talk rather than text. This is noteworthy, and sets Ojibwe Discourse Markers apart from previous studies. As J. Randolph Valentine notes, “Overwhelmingly, linguistic studies in Algonquian languages focus on formal linguistic patterns; the phoneme, the morpheme, the word, the sentence, or the text” (2001:281). Fairbanks’s book is groundbreaking in its recognition that language is most often used in real-life interaction and is not merely comprised of a set of grammatical rules and linguistic forms. After presenting his methodology and discussing orthographic issues, Fairbanks defines what he means by d","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/anl.2017.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45313854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The hypothesis that the members of the Proto–Uto-Aztecan speech community were maize farmers is premised in part on the assumption that a Proto–Uto-Aztecan etymon for 'maize' can be reconstructed; this implies that cognates with maize-related meanings should be attested in languages in both the Northern and Southern branches of the language family. A Proto–Southern Uto-Aztecan etymon for 'maize' is reconstructible, but the only potential cognate for these terms documented in a Northern Uto-Aztecan language is a single Gabrielino word. However, this word cannot be identified definitively as cognate with the Southern Uto-Aztecan terms for 'maize'; consequently, the existence of a Proto–Uto-Aztecan word for 'maize' cannot be postulated.
{"title":"Uto-Aztecan Maize Agriculture: A Linguistic Puzzle from Southern California","authors":"JANE H. Hill, W. L. Merrill","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The hypothesis that the members of the Proto–Uto-Aztecan speech community were maize farmers is premised in part on the assumption that a Proto–Uto-Aztecan etymon for 'maize' can be reconstructed; this implies that cognates with maize-related meanings should be attested in languages in both the Northern and Southern branches of the language family. A Proto–Southern Uto-Aztecan etymon for 'maize' is reconstructible, but the only potential cognate for these terms documented in a Northern Uto-Aztecan language is a single Gabrielino word. However, this word cannot be identified definitively as cognate with the Southern Uto-Aztecan terms for 'maize'; consequently, the existence of a Proto–Uto-Aztecan word for 'maize' cannot be postulated.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42335098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Directives are the primary grammatical resource in Sakapultek for speakers' self-positioning with regard to notions of necessity, obligation, and responsibility. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and analysis of naturally occurring talk, I argue that such deontic stances require grounding in a locus of moral authority and index idealized relationship types among participants in a communicative event; distinguishing the multiplicity of Sakapultek directive forms in these terms is more illuminating than analyzing them in terms of directness or politeness. I suggest that the stances offered by the various directive forms are grounded in relative degree of egocentric or "subjectively" grounded moral authority.
{"title":"Directives, Moral Authority, and Deontic Stance-Taking in Sakapultek Maya","authors":"R. Shoaps","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Directives are the primary grammatical resource in Sakapultek for speakers' self-positioning with regard to notions of necessity, obligation, and responsibility. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and analysis of naturally occurring talk, I argue that such deontic stances require grounding in a locus of moral authority and index idealized relationship types among participants in a communicative event; distinguishing the multiplicity of Sakapultek directive forms in these terms is more illuminating than analyzing them in terms of directness or politeness. I suggest that the stances offered by the various directive forms are grounded in relative degree of egocentric or \"subjectively\" grounded moral authority.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47196956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Nǁng is a moribund language complex that is a member of the Tuu family and used to be spoken widely across the southern portion of the Kalahari in the north of South Africa. While its modern linguistic remnants have been studied intensively, there are nevertheless many gaps in our knowledge about Nǁng. This article surveys the older records that began to be collected in the second half of the nineteenth century, arguing that these can inform our modern analysis of the linguistic and nonlinguistic data and complement our overall perception of this extinct ethnolinguistic group and its wider geographical and historical context.
{"title":"Casting a Wider Net over Nǁng: The Older Archival Resources","authors":"Tom Güldemann","doi":"10.1353/ANL.2017.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ANL.2017.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Nǁng is a moribund language complex that is a member of the Tuu family and used to be spoken widely across the southern portion of the Kalahari in the north of South Africa. While its modern linguistic remnants have been studied intensively, there are nevertheless many gaps in our knowledge about Nǁng. This article surveys the older records that began to be collected in the second half of the nineteenth century, arguing that these can inform our modern analysis of the linguistic and nonlinguistic data and complement our overall perception of this extinct ethnolinguistic group and its wider geographical and historical context.","PeriodicalId":35350,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ANL.2017.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46903987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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