A variety of methods for cleaning optical surfaces have been developed. substrate, coating, temperature, accessibility and circumstance all effect the selection of the optimum approach for cleaning of these optical components. A survey of several of the programs within the Hughes Aircraft Company, El Segundo Optical Engineering and Manufacturing facility, has turned up a broad range of cleaning techniques each individually tailored to the program specific requirements.
{"title":"Methods of Cleaning Optical Surfaces","authors":"Martha D. M. Hammer","doi":"10.1364/oft.1990.jtud1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1990.jtud1","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of methods for cleaning optical surfaces have been developed. substrate, coating, temperature, accessibility and circumstance all effect the selection of the optimum approach for cleaning of these optical components. A survey of several of the programs within the Hughes Aircraft Company, El Segundo Optical Engineering and Manufacturing facility, has turned up a broad range of cleaning techniques each individually tailored to the program specific requirements.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127754631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The precise polishing of optical surfaces is an important technology in the optics industry. We present a new polishing process that we call Rock and Roll polishing. This new process has the feature that it can be used to polish precise aspheric surfaces, axially and non-axially symmetric, can be scaled to polish several surfaces in parallel, and it is inexpensive.
{"title":"Rock and Roll Polishing: A New Process for Precise Optical Surface Polishing","authors":"J. Sasián, Michael B. North-Morris","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.omd.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.omd.4","url":null,"abstract":"The precise polishing of optical surfaces is an important technology in the optics industry. We present a new polishing process that we call Rock and Roll polishing. This new process has the feature that it can be used to polish precise aspheric surfaces, axially and non-axially symmetric, can be scaled to polish several surfaces in parallel, and it is inexpensive.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133113522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dynamics of grinding is less well investigated than other machining processes. In particular, the cylindrical cup grinding process used in optical manufacturing has received little attention. Our interest in this arises from the observation of rose-petal shaped marks called cutter marks during microgrinding glass lenses. Since microgrinding is a finish grinding process supposed to reduce greatly the amount of material to be removed in the polishing stage, it is important to find the cause of, and to eliminate, these cutter marks.
{"title":"Adaptation of Traditional Grinding Force Models to Cylindrical Cup Grinding","authors":"Natarajan Venkataraman, R. Gans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.othb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.othb.2","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of grinding is less well investigated than other machining processes. In particular, the cylindrical cup grinding process used in optical manufacturing has received little attention. Our interest in this arises from the observation of rose-petal shaped marks called cutter marks during microgrinding glass lenses. Since microgrinding is a finish grinding process supposed to reduce greatly the amount of material to be removed in the polishing stage, it is important to find the cause of, and to eliminate, these cutter marks.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultraprecision surface grinder1) having a glass-ceramic spindle of extremely-low thermal expansion has been developed, and very smooth surfaces better than conventional optically-polished surfaces can be obtained2) on various optical materials by cup-typed resinoid-bonded diamond wheels and the ultraprecision surface grinder. There are 3 grinding modes in grinding of optical glasses, such as the fracture mode, ductile & fracture mode and ductile mode3). The ductile mode grinding of NbF1 optical glass can be obtained by using a resinoid-bonded wheel having diamond grains less than 20 μm in grain size. There is no micro-crack observed under the surface ground in the ductile mode. The ground surface roughness less than 0.2nm rms or 2nm Rmax has been obtained on BSC7(BK7) glass sample with a SD3000-75-B wheel. So, there is big possibility of actualization that optical glasses will be finished into optical components by the ultraprecision grinding without polishing.
{"title":"Surface Roughness Generation Mechanism of Ultraprecision Grinding with Cup-Typed Resinoid-Bonded Diamond Wheels","authors":"Y. Namba, M. Shiokawa","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.2","url":null,"abstract":"The ultraprecision surface grinder1) having a glass-ceramic spindle of extremely-low thermal expansion has been developed, and very smooth surfaces better than conventional optically-polished surfaces can be obtained2) on various optical materials by cup-typed resinoid-bonded diamond wheels and the ultraprecision surface grinder. There are 3 grinding modes in grinding of optical glasses, such as the fracture mode, ductile & fracture mode and ductile mode3). The ductile mode grinding of NbF1 optical glass can be obtained by using a resinoid-bonded wheel having diamond grains less than 20 μm in grain size. There is no micro-crack observed under the surface ground in the ductile mode. The ground surface roughness less than 0.2nm rms or 2nm Rmax has been obtained on BSC7(BK7) glass sample with a SD3000-75-B wheel. So, there is big possibility of actualization that optical glasses will be finished into optical components by the ultraprecision grinding without polishing.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134113811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a man-made, birefringent, electro-optically active crystal. We have used LiNbO3 in the fabrication of 75mm diameter, thin, solid Fabry-Perot etalons [1], and 50mm diameter birefringent plates for a Lyot filter. The tight tolerances on the transmitted wavefront for these components require that the material be of extremely high quality and that the surfaces be polished flat to λ/30, or better. Cutting and grinding of LiNbO3 presents no problems, since diamond cutting tools and conventional, loose, abrasive grinding can be used, but precision polishing requires special techniques.
{"title":"Precision Flat Polishing Of Lithium Niobate","authors":"J. Seckold","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofb.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofb.4","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a man-made, birefringent, electro-optically active crystal. We have used LiNbO3 in the fabrication of 75mm diameter, thin, solid Fabry-Perot etalons [1], and 50mm diameter birefringent plates for a Lyot filter. The tight tolerances on the transmitted wavefront for these components require that the material be of extremely high quality and that the surfaces be polished flat to λ/30, or better. Cutting and grinding of LiNbO3 presents no problems, since diamond cutting tools and conventional, loose, abrasive grinding can be used, but precision polishing requires special techniques.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121778013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transparent flats are difficult to measure because of the reflections from the front and back surfaces of the flat. The metrology is even more difficult if the surface deformations are too large for conventional testing, as is often the case for plastic hard disk blanks, flat panel displays and silicon wafers. This paper describe an interferometer that successfully separates the front and back surface reflections while working at an equivalent wavelength of 12μm, thus solving both problems with one system.
{"title":"Grating interferometer for metrology of transparent flats","authors":"P. D. de Groot","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owc.3","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent flats are difficult to measure because of the reflections from the front and back surfaces of the flat. The metrology is even more difficult if the surface deformations are too large for conventional testing, as is often the case for plastic hard disk blanks, flat panel displays and silicon wafers. This paper describe an interferometer that successfully separates the front and back surface reflections while working at an equivalent wavelength of 12μm, thus solving both problems with one system.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115710533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Economics of Traditional Versus CNC Lens Fabrication","authors":"R. Wiederhold","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.1","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123346008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines non-linear effects which appear in the measurement of surface topography by phase-shifting interference microscopy due to the non-linear relationship between the measured profile, Zm(x), and the true profile, Zt(x). To lowest order this is where P(x) is the point-spread function of the measurement. In an ideal system P(x) = δ(x), the non-linear functions Arg and Exp cancel, and Zm(x) = Zt(x). In real systems, however, P(x) has a finite width which upsets this proportionality. In earlier studies we developed comprehensive models for P(x) by comparing optical and mechanical measurements of smooth surfaces [1,2]. Here we use these models to explore the nature and magnitudes of the non-linear effects which arise in the measurement of rough deterministic and random surfaces for which the linearization of Eq. 1 is not possible. This is done both analytically and via Monte-Carlo simulations.
{"title":"Non-Linear Effects in Optical Surface Metrology","authors":"E. Church, S. Feng, P. Takacs","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.tha7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.tha7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines non-linear effects which appear in the measurement of surface topography by phase-shifting interference microscopy due to the non-linear relationship between the measured profile, Zm(x), and the true profile, Zt(x). To lowest order this is where P(x) is the point-spread function of the measurement. In an ideal system P(x) = δ(x), the non-linear functions Arg and Exp cancel, and Zm(x) = Zt(x). In real systems, however, P(x) has a finite width which upsets this proportionality. In earlier studies we developed comprehensive models for P(x) by comparing optical and mechanical measurements of smooth surfaces [1,2]. Here we use these models to explore the nature and magnitudes of the non-linear effects which arise in the measurement of rough deterministic and random surfaces for which the linearization of Eq. 1 is not possible. This is done both analytically and via Monte-Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125134372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the results from a full-aperture calibration of an interferometer for the LIGO program. Measurements reproduce predictions to better than 0.001 rms over 200 mm. Comparisons will be made with published algorithms.
{"title":"Some Results from an Absolute Calibration for LIGO","authors":"R. Bourgeois, J. Magner, H. Stahl","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owc.4","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results from a full-aperture calibration of an interferometer for the LIGO program. Measurements reproduce predictions to better than 0.001 rms over 200 mm. Comparisons will be made with published algorithms.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125522237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before 1940, glass optics were generated by loose abrasive grinding. During World War II this started to be replaced by fixed abrasive grinding. Afterwards, in Europe, a typical supplier-driven market situation emerged. The booming post-war market for binoculars, camera lenses and eyeglasses provided the driving force behind the progress made in optical manufacturing. Therefore, from the mid-1950s onward, production sequences such as surface generation by fixed abrasive grinding, followed by labor intensive loose abrasive grinding and pitch polishing, had to be reorganized. These slow production cycles were replaced by multi-step, fixed abrasive grinding utilizing diamonds as abrasives, and by fast polishing methods.
{"title":"Technical Developments for the Next Decade of Optical Fabrication","authors":"K. H. Fiedler","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owa.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owa.1","url":null,"abstract":"Before 1940, glass optics were generated by loose abrasive grinding. During World War II this started to be replaced by fixed abrasive grinding. Afterwards, in Europe, a typical supplier-driven market situation emerged. The booming post-war market for binoculars, camera lenses and eyeglasses provided the driving force behind the progress made in optical manufacturing. Therefore, from the mid-1950s onward, production sequences such as surface generation by fixed abrasive grinding, followed by labor intensive loose abrasive grinding and pitch polishing, had to be reorganized. These slow production cycles were replaced by multi-step, fixed abrasive grinding utilizing diamonds as abrasives, and by fast polishing methods.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128506545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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