The new 6.5-m honeycomb mirror for the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory on Mt. Hopkins was polished with a 1.2-m stress lap on the Large Optical Generator at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. Problems during the last few months of polishing led to the development of a system for monitoring the drag forces on this lap. Records of the drag forces during each stroke were then used to compute an effective drag coefficient as well as the frictional power dissipated per unit area of mirror as a function of radius. While the glass removal rate was found to track the observed distribution of expended frictional energy quite nicely, the system turned out to be even more valuable as a tool for identifying anomalous drag conditions before they put a significant imprint on the mirror.
{"title":"Monitoring lap forces during final polishing of the MMT 6.5-m honeycomb mirror","authors":"R. Allen, L. Dettmann","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.oma.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.oma.4","url":null,"abstract":"The new 6.5-m honeycomb mirror for the Multiple Mirror Telescope Observatory on Mt. Hopkins was polished with a 1.2-m stress lap on the Large Optical Generator at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. Problems during the last few months of polishing led to the development of a system for monitoring the drag forces on this lap. Records of the drag forces during each stroke were then used to compute an effective drag coefficient as well as the frictional power dissipated per unit area of mirror as a function of radius. While the glass removal rate was found to track the observed distribution of expended frictional energy quite nicely, the system turned out to be even more valuable as a tool for identifying anomalous drag conditions before they put a significant imprint on the mirror.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125594775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of the micro-fabrication of structural components such as ceramics, optical glass, alloy steels etc., is increasingly required with the rapid growth of production in the recent years. The ELID (Electrolytic In-Process Dressing) grinding technique is a new grinding process using rigid metallic bond diamond wheels with the assistance of a special pulse electrolytic in-process dressing method.
{"title":"Cylindrical Micro-Fabrication for Optical Fiber Ferrules by ELID-Centerless Grinding","authors":"H. Ohmori, W. Li, S. Moriyasu","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.otue.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.otue.2","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the micro-fabrication of structural components such as ceramics, optical glass, alloy steels etc., is increasingly required with the rapid growth of production in the recent years. The ELID (Electrolytic In-Process Dressing) grinding technique is a new grinding process using rigid metallic bond diamond wheels with the assistance of a special pulse electrolytic in-process dressing method.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Moore Asphere Grinder was designed and built by Moore Tool (Bridgeport, CT) with inputs from the COM-led Machine Technical Advisory Board. The scope of this latest COM machine development project was to design and build a cost effective, high precision machine that would deterministically microgrind aspheric optical components in brittle optical glass materials. The ground surfaces had to be compatible with COM and QED-developed magnetorheological finishing processes. Moore Tool’s design goals were to design a machine dedicated to grinding aspheres up to 100mm in diameter in a production environment (see page 2 for machine specifications). With the new capabilities of this grinder and the magnetorheological finishing process, COM’s goal was to demonstrate a 10x reduction in the cost of asphere fabrication.
{"title":"Deterministic Microgrinding of Aspheres","authors":"E. Fess, J. Ruckman","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.owa.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.owa.3","url":null,"abstract":"The Moore Asphere Grinder was designed and built by Moore Tool (Bridgeport, CT) with inputs from the COM-led Machine Technical Advisory Board. The scope of this latest COM machine development project was to design and build a cost effective, high precision machine that would deterministically microgrind aspheric optical components in brittle optical glass materials. The ground surfaces had to be compatible with COM and QED-developed magnetorheological finishing processes. Moore Tool’s design goals were to design a machine dedicated to grinding aspheres up to 100mm in diameter in a production environment (see page 2 for machine specifications). With the new capabilities of this grinder and the magnetorheological finishing process, COM’s goal was to demonstrate a 10x reduction in the cost of asphere fabrication.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126022146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precisely molded Glass Spherical and Aspheric optical elements are a fairly recent development in optics manufacturing. This paper will describe the various techniques developed to mold glass lenses, with application examples given for each method. A worldwide survey of known commercial availability and very recent developments at Kodak to demonstrate the potential of the precision glass molding technology are reviewed. Precision Glass Molding (PGM) at Kodak has been extended from Spherical and Aspheric lens molding to non-symmetrical optics. Even more recently radiation hardened glasses, glass-based infrared materials, and laser glasses have been molded. Since the molded optic precisely replicates the tool, features on the optic can be utilized to more easily align aspheric and non-symmetrical optical elements into the optical system. Transmitted wavefronts of better than 0.05 waves rms are achieved with a single aspheric lens. Overall performance of the single element lens system is typically superior to a three-element spherical lens system when field performance, magnification control, and actual N.A. control are considered.
{"title":"Precision Glass Molded Optics","authors":"H. Pollicove","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.fb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.fb2","url":null,"abstract":"Precisely molded Glass Spherical and Aspheric optical elements are a fairly recent development in optics manufacturing. This paper will describe the various techniques developed to mold glass lenses, with application examples given for each method. A worldwide survey of known commercial availability and very recent developments at Kodak to demonstrate the potential of the precision glass molding technology are reviewed. Precision Glass Molding (PGM) at Kodak has been extended from Spherical and Aspheric lens molding to non-symmetrical optics. Even more recently radiation hardened glasses, glass-based infrared materials, and laser glasses have been molded. Since the molded optic precisely replicates the tool, features on the optic can be utilized to more easily align aspheric and non-symmetrical optical elements into the optical system. Transmitted wavefronts of better than 0.05 waves rms are achieved with a single aspheric lens. Overall performance of the single element lens system is typically superior to a three-element spherical lens system when field performance, magnification control, and actual N.A. control are considered.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121727573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Working Group 1 on optical glasses has been working on standards for the hardness of glass and its resistance to weathering and chemicals.
光学玻璃第一工作组一直在制定玻璃硬度及其耐风化和化学品的标准。
{"title":"ISO Standards for Optical Glasses","authors":"T. J. Loomis","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.fa6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.fa6","url":null,"abstract":"Working Group 1 on optical glasses has been working on standards for the hardness of glass and its resistance to weathering and chemicals.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134155240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interferometric surface testing of optical components such as spheres and flats can be performed quite routinely with conventional interferometry where high accuracy can be achieved by incorporating reference subtraction or more complicated absolute characterization techniques. Aspheric null lens tests suffer from an inability to use reference subtraction or absolute calibration techniques to separate rotationally symmetric aberrations that exist between the test setup and the aspheric surface. Furthermore, zonal positioning errors that exist when imaging from surface to camera can be accounted for with conventional tests, but the zonal location of irregularities is crucial in the correction of aspheric components during the fabrication process. The interferometric null test bench must be designed, built, and characterized with high precision to achieve accurate aspheric surfaces.
{"title":"Precision Interferometric Characterization to Accurately Test Aspheric Surfaces","authors":"S. Vankerkhove, Paul F. Michaloski","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owf.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owf.1","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometric surface testing of optical components such as spheres and flats can be performed quite routinely with conventional interferometry where high accuracy can be achieved by incorporating reference subtraction or more complicated absolute characterization techniques. Aspheric null lens tests suffer from an inability to use reference subtraction or absolute calibration techniques to separate rotationally symmetric aberrations that exist between the test setup and the aspheric surface. Furthermore, zonal positioning errors that exist when imaging from surface to camera can be accounted for with conventional tests, but the zonal location of irregularities is crucial in the correction of aspheric components during the fabrication process. The interferometric null test bench must be designed, built, and characterized with high precision to achieve accurate aspheric surfaces.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131010372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phase measuring interferometers have long been used as metrology systems in the manufacturing of precision optical elements and lens systems. Their computational power coupled with recent advances in rapid data taking permit users to perform complex analysis in a cost effective fashion. This paper will describe the use of a commercially available PMI Software System which was integrated with a specialized interferometer design to perform in process testing of a precision photolithographic objective lens.
{"title":"HeCd Phase Measuring Interferometer Used in Photolithographic Lens Manufacture","authors":"R. Mahany","doi":"10.1364/oft.1990.owa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1990.owa2","url":null,"abstract":"Phase measuring interferometers have long been used as metrology systems in the manufacturing of precision optical elements and lens systems. Their computational power coupled with recent advances in rapid data taking permit users to perform complex analysis in a cost effective fashion. This paper will describe the use of a commercially available PMI Software System which was integrated with a specialized interferometer design to perform in process testing of a precision photolithographic objective lens.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133190527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Usually, aspheric testing by CGH uses Twyman-Green interferometer setup. Then the accuracy is limited by the reference mirror and optical elements been used. We use the modified Fizeau interferometer setup. A second beam splitter is placed in the focal plane of a diverger lens. The reflection beam by this B.S. is regarded as reference wave. Then the setup will have three merits: (1) The two beams go through almost the same position at each optical element, so the quality of the optical elements such as the diverger lens and the first beam splitter can be neglected. (2) The second beam splitter (now the reference surface) is easily to be made high quality because of the region been used is very small. So we may consider the reference wave as perfect. (3) It is easily to control the diffraction order to obtain the interference pattern. Besides, we describe the real interference pattern by computer based on analytic equations and calculate the exact position of the interference fringes as in the conventional hologram. Therefore, the plot of the CGH is pure interferometric type.
{"title":"Testing of Aspheric Surfaces with Computer Generated Holograms","authors":"Yaw-Tzong Tang, M. Chang","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.thb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.thb3","url":null,"abstract":"Usually, aspheric testing by CGH uses Twyman-Green interferometer setup. Then the accuracy is limited by the reference mirror and optical elements been used. We use the modified Fizeau interferometer setup. A second beam splitter is placed in the focal plane of a diverger lens. The reflection beam by this B.S. is regarded as reference wave. Then the setup will have three merits: (1) The two beams go through almost the same position at each optical element, so the quality of the optical elements such as the diverger lens and the first beam splitter can be neglected. (2) The second beam splitter (now the reference surface) is easily to be made high quality because of the region been used is very small. So we may consider the reference wave as perfect. (3) It is easily to control the diffraction order to obtain the interference pattern. Besides, we describe the real interference pattern by computer based on analytic equations and calculate the exact position of the interference fringes as in the conventional hologram. Therefore, the plot of the CGH is pure interferometric type.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133825698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Fähnle, H. V. van Brug, C. van der Laan, H. Frankena
A novel fabrication technique for the generation of rotationally symmetric aspherical surfaces has been developed in a cooperation between the two upmentioned institutes at Delft. A machine tool based on this method is currently being prototyped. In this paper we will describe the characteristics of this method. FAUST (Fabrication of Aspherical Ultraprecise Surfaces using a Tube; Patent pending) is a line contact method for the generation of rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. It employs a selfcorrecting process and enables the use of loose abrasive ductile grinding [Gol91] and subsequent bowl-feed polishing [Win92] for the generation of both convex and concave aspherical surfaces of revolution.
{"title":"Fabrication of Aspherical Ultraprecise Surfaces using a Tube (FAUST)","authors":"O. Fähnle, H. V. van Brug, C. van der Laan, H. Frankena","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofc.3","url":null,"abstract":"A novel fabrication technique for the generation of rotationally symmetric aspherical surfaces has been developed in a cooperation between the two upmentioned institutes at Delft. A machine tool based on this method is currently being prototyped. In this paper we will describe the characteristics of this method. FAUST (Fabrication of Aspherical Ultraprecise Surfaces using a Tube; Patent pending) is a line contact method for the generation of rotationally symmetric optical surfaces. It employs a selfcorrecting process and enables the use of loose abrasive ductile grinding [Gol91] and subsequent bowl-feed polishing [Win92] for the generation of both convex and concave aspherical surfaces of revolution.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"134 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115462317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. J. Evans, Robert E. Parks, D. J. Roderick, B. A. Evans
A recent paper1 introduced the concept of the rapidly renewable lap2 and presented some preliminary results. Since then, the additional experience to be described in this presentation indicates that this lap design has advantages both for basic research into polishing mechanisms and in practical application.
{"title":"Experience with the rapidly renewable lap","authors":"C. J. Evans, Robert E. Parks, D. J. Roderick, B. A. Evans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofb.2","url":null,"abstract":"A recent paper1 introduced the concept of the rapidly renewable lap2 and presented some preliminary results. Since then, the additional experience to be described in this presentation indicates that this lap design has advantages both for basic research into polishing mechanisms and in practical application.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116154467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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