A lightweight mirror (gas-fusion bonding process) was fabricated. Blank fabrication, curve generation, grinding, polishing, tools, handling, coating and cleaning will be discussed.
{"title":"Fabrication of 32\" F/3.8 Lightweight Mirror","authors":"D. Janeczko, Rod Chapman","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.wc8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.wc8","url":null,"abstract":"A lightweight mirror (gas-fusion bonding process) was fabricated. Blank fabrication, curve generation, grinding, polishing, tools, handling, coating and cleaning will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129459034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before 1940, glass optics were generated by loose abrasive grinding. During World War II this started to be replaced by fixed abrasive grinding. Afterwards, in Europe, a typical supplier-driven market situation emerged. The booming post-war market for binoculars, camera lenses and eyeglasses provided the driving force behind the progress made in optical manufacturing. Therefore, from the mid-1950s onward, production sequences such as surface generation by fixed abrasive grinding, followed by labor intensive loose abrasive grinding and pitch polishing, had to be reorganized. These slow production cycles were replaced by multi-step, fixed abrasive grinding utilizing diamonds as abrasives, and by fast polishing methods.
{"title":"Technical Developments for the Next Decade of Optical Fabrication","authors":"K. H. Fiedler","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.owa.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.owa.1","url":null,"abstract":"Before 1940, glass optics were generated by loose abrasive grinding. During World War II this started to be replaced by fixed abrasive grinding. Afterwards, in Europe, a typical supplier-driven market situation emerged. The booming post-war market for binoculars, camera lenses and eyeglasses provided the driving force behind the progress made in optical manufacturing. Therefore, from the mid-1950s onward, production sequences such as surface generation by fixed abrasive grinding, followed by labor intensive loose abrasive grinding and pitch polishing, had to be reorganized. These slow production cycles were replaced by multi-step, fixed abrasive grinding utilizing diamonds as abrasives, and by fast polishing methods.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128506545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephan R. Clark, Michael B. North-Morris, J. Greivenkamp
Three-dimensional or x-y-z stylus profilometers are a well-established method for measuring non-rotationally symmetric aspheric surfaces.1 In this paper, the design of a three-dimensional stylus profilometer that uses an optical reference surface is presented. The benefits of using this reference structure are also discussed.
{"title":"Stylus Profilometer with an Optical Reference","authors":"Stephan R. Clark, Michael B. North-Morris, J. Greivenkamp","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.owb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.owb.2","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional or x-y-z stylus profilometers are a well-established method for measuring non-rotationally symmetric aspheric surfaces.1 In this paper, the design of a three-dimensional stylus profilometer that uses an optical reference surface is presented. The benefits of using this reference structure are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130543783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has traditionally been a barrier between optical designers and fabricators that has impeded progress towards efficient overall engineering/production teams. The reason for the barrier is quite understandable: each group typically faces problems best solved by art rather than science. The fabricator is subject to the uncertainties that go along with processes that require highly skilled craftsmen, while the designer often does not know how the design works, or what the best tolerances are for a particular design. Current efforts to develop deterministic fabrication processes, along with increases in the computational power available to designers, hold promise of improving the situation and reducing the barrier between the two groups.
{"title":"Software to link optical design and manufacturing","authors":"D. Sinclair","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.otua.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.otua.3","url":null,"abstract":"There has traditionally been a barrier between optical designers and fabricators that has impeded progress towards efficient overall engineering/production teams. The reason for the barrier is quite understandable: each group typically faces problems best solved by art rather than science. The fabricator is subject to the uncertainties that go along with processes that require highly skilled craftsmen, while the designer often does not know how the design works, or what the best tolerances are for a particular design. Current efforts to develop deterministic fabrication processes, along with increases in the computational power available to designers, hold promise of improving the situation and reducing the barrier between the two groups.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131126822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What are the minimum uncertainties the metrologist can associate with the measurement of aspheric surface? Some limits are independent of, and others specific to, the measurement approach. Both are discussed.
{"title":"Limits in Aspheric Metrology","authors":"C. Evans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.jthb.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.jthb.1","url":null,"abstract":"What are the minimum uncertainties the metrologist can associate with the measurement of aspheric surface? Some limits are independent of, and others specific to, the measurement approach. Both are discussed.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126995250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review paper will examine the current state of optical testing for surface figure metrology. We will look at recent trends in commercial instruments as well as new developments in the technology of optical testing. This discussion will include topics such as software versatility and processing speed, high-speed data collection, new processing algorithms, long-trace optical profilers, larger data arrays, interfaces between interferometers and design programs, and aspheric testing. We will include our most recent results from our work in sub-Nyquist interferometry for measuring aspheric surfaces. The talk will conclude with a brief discussion of the current and future challenges that are facing the optical testing community.
{"title":"Current Developments in Surface Figure Metrology","authors":"J. Greivenkamp, Russell J. Palum","doi":"10.1364/oft.1990.otha1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1990.otha1","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper will examine the current state of optical testing for surface figure metrology. We will look at recent trends in commercial instruments as well as new developments in the technology of optical testing. This discussion will include topics such as software versatility and processing speed, high-speed data collection, new processing algorithms, long-trace optical profilers, larger data arrays, interfaces between interferometers and design programs, and aspheric testing. We will include our most recent results from our work in sub-Nyquist interferometry for measuring aspheric surfaces. The talk will conclude with a brief discussion of the current and future challenges that are facing the optical testing community.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125265736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The typical lens or mirror requirement to control surface roughness is Rq (Geometric Average Roughness, Root-Mean-Square Roughness, RMS Roughness, etc.). It has been reviewed and found to have several serious flaws. These flaws result from the concept that requirements placed on an optical element should not be arbitrary but be based on form, fit or function and be complete.
{"title":"Power Spectrum Standard for Surface Roughness","authors":"D. Janeczko","doi":"10.1364/oft.1988.tha6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1988.tha6","url":null,"abstract":"The typical lens or mirror requirement to control surface roughness is Rq (Geometric Average Roughness, Root-Mean-Square Roughness, RMS Roughness, etc.). It has been reviewed and found to have several serious flaws. These flaws result from the concept that requirements placed on an optical element should not be arbitrary but be based on form, fit or function and be complete.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131217075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultraprecision surface grinder1) having a glass-ceramic spindle of extremely-low thermal expansion has been developed, and very smooth surfaces better than conventional optically-polished surfaces can be obtained2) on various optical materials by cup-typed resinoid-bonded diamond wheels and the ultraprecision surface grinder. There are 3 grinding modes in grinding of optical glasses, such as the fracture mode, ductile & fracture mode and ductile mode3). The ductile mode grinding of NbF1 optical glass can be obtained by using a resinoid-bonded wheel having diamond grains less than 20 μm in grain size. There is no micro-crack observed under the surface ground in the ductile mode. The ground surface roughness less than 0.2nm rms or 2nm Rmax has been obtained on BSC7(BK7) glass sample with a SD3000-75-B wheel. So, there is big possibility of actualization that optical glasses will be finished into optical components by the ultraprecision grinding without polishing.
{"title":"Surface Roughness Generation Mechanism of Ultraprecision Grinding with Cup-Typed Resinoid-Bonded Diamond Wheels","authors":"Y. Namba, M. Shiokawa","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.ofa.2","url":null,"abstract":"The ultraprecision surface grinder1) having a glass-ceramic spindle of extremely-low thermal expansion has been developed, and very smooth surfaces better than conventional optically-polished surfaces can be obtained2) on various optical materials by cup-typed resinoid-bonded diamond wheels and the ultraprecision surface grinder. There are 3 grinding modes in grinding of optical glasses, such as the fracture mode, ductile & fracture mode and ductile mode3). The ductile mode grinding of NbF1 optical glass can be obtained by using a resinoid-bonded wheel having diamond grains less than 20 μm in grain size. There is no micro-crack observed under the surface ground in the ductile mode. The ground surface roughness less than 0.2nm rms or 2nm Rmax has been obtained on BSC7(BK7) glass sample with a SD3000-75-B wheel. So, there is big possibility of actualization that optical glasses will be finished into optical components by the ultraprecision grinding without polishing.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134113811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dynamics of grinding is less well investigated than other machining processes. In particular, the cylindrical cup grinding process used in optical manufacturing has received little attention. Our interest in this arises from the observation of rose-petal shaped marks called cutter marks during microgrinding glass lenses. Since microgrinding is a finish grinding process supposed to reduce greatly the amount of material to be removed in the polishing stage, it is important to find the cause of, and to eliminate, these cutter marks.
{"title":"Adaptation of Traditional Grinding Force Models to Cylindrical Cup Grinding","authors":"Natarajan Venkataraman, R. Gans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1996.othb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1996.othb.2","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamics of grinding is less well investigated than other machining processes. In particular, the cylindrical cup grinding process used in optical manufacturing has received little attention. Our interest in this arises from the observation of rose-petal shaped marks called cutter marks during microgrinding glass lenses. Since microgrinding is a finish grinding process supposed to reduce greatly the amount of material to be removed in the polishing stage, it is important to find the cause of, and to eliminate, these cutter marks.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the University of Arizona, Steward Observatory Mirror Lab (SOML), we have developed a method to make the convex aspheric surfaces for secondary mirrors. These mirrors are large, up to 1.7 meter in diameter, and depart from the best fit sphere by as much as 300 microns. The techniques proven on these large mirrors can be used with equal effectiveness on convex optics that are much smaller.
{"title":"Laps and Metrology for large fast aspheric convex mirrors","authors":"Bryan K. Smith, J. Burge","doi":"10.1364/oft.1998.owa.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1998.owa.2","url":null,"abstract":"At the University of Arizona, Steward Observatory Mirror Lab (SOML), we have developed a method to make the convex aspheric surfaces for secondary mirrors. These mirrors are large, up to 1.7 meter in diameter, and depart from the best fit sphere by as much as 300 microns. The techniques proven on these large mirrors can be used with equal effectiveness on convex optics that are much smaller.","PeriodicalId":354934,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122892515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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