THE GEOMETRY AND BEHAVIOR OF SEVERAL FRONT-SEAT PASSIVE BELT CONFIGURATONS HAVE BEEN STUDIED AND EVALUATED AND GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA ARE DISCUSSED. THE PREFERRED SOLUTION IS A THREE-POINT BELT WITH TWO ENDS ATTACHED TO THE DOOR. THE BELT STRAPS AUTOMATICALLY, AND FOR COMFORTABLE EXIT, THE OCCUPANT MAY MAKE A SLIGHT MANUAL OPERATION. CRASH TESTS INDICATE THAT THE BELT PERFORMS APPROXIMATELY AS A STANDARD THREE-POINT BELT. DOOR STRENGTH, RETRACTOR STRENGTH, STRAP STRENGTH AND TENSION, AND SEAT INFLUENCE HAVE BEEN TESTED. CURVES ARE GIVEN FOR RECORDED AND COMPUTED DATA, INCLUDING OLD AND NEW SEVERITY INDEX.
{"title":"A PASSIVE SAFETY BELT SYSTEM","authors":"S. Pilhall, N. Bohlin","doi":"10.4271/720440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/720440","url":null,"abstract":"THE GEOMETRY AND BEHAVIOR OF SEVERAL FRONT-SEAT PASSIVE BELT CONFIGURATONS HAVE BEEN STUDIED AND EVALUATED AND GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA ARE DISCUSSED. THE PREFERRED SOLUTION IS A THREE-POINT BELT WITH TWO ENDS ATTACHED TO THE DOOR. THE BELT STRAPS AUTOMATICALLY, AND FOR COMFORTABLE EXIT, THE OCCUPANT MAY MAKE A SLIGHT MANUAL OPERATION. CRASH TESTS INDICATE THAT THE BELT PERFORMS APPROXIMATELY AS A STANDARD THREE-POINT BELT. DOOR STRENGTH, RETRACTOR STRENGTH, STRAP STRENGTH AND TENSION, AND SEAT INFLUENCE HAVE BEEN TESTED. CURVES ARE GIVEN FOR RECORDED AND COMPUTED DATA, INCLUDING OLD AND NEW SEVERITY INDEX.","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78015097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN ANALYSIS OF BRAKING SYSTEM TEMPERATURES AND TORQUES AND VEHICLE SPEEDS AND DECELERATIONS THAT WERE MEASURED DURING THE TRIP. SIMILAR MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING SAE FADE AND RECOVERY TESTS ARE ALSO PRESENTED AND A COMPARISON OF SEVERITY LEVELS IS GIVEN. REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFYING BRAKING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AT TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN THOSE CURRENTLY CONSIDERED ARE DISCUSSED. THE NEED FOR A NEW TEST TO INSURE THAT VEHICLES WILL PERFORM SATISFACTORILY IN SERVICE WITH APPROVED BRAKE FLUIDS IS SHOWN. /SAE/
{"title":"Evaluation of the Use of Automotive Braking Systems During a 7300 Mile Cross-Country Trip","authors":"R. Radlinski","doi":"10.4271/720032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/720032","url":null,"abstract":"THIS PAPER PRESENTS AN ANALYSIS OF BRAKING SYSTEM TEMPERATURES AND TORQUES AND VEHICLE SPEEDS AND DECELERATIONS THAT WERE MEASURED DURING THE TRIP. SIMILAR MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING SAE FADE AND RECOVERY TESTS ARE ALSO PRESENTED AND A COMPARISON OF SEVERITY LEVELS IS GIVEN. REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFYING BRAKING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AT TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN THOSE CURRENTLY CONSIDERED ARE DISCUSSED. THE NEED FOR A NEW TEST TO INSURE THAT VEHICLES WILL PERFORM SATISFACTORILY IN SERVICE WITH APPROVED BRAKE FLUIDS IS SHOWN. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75680903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE PROBLEM OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN SEVERE REAR END COLLISIONS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE SEAT STRUCTURES AND HEAD RESTRAINTS. CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO BOTH FIXED HEAD RESTRAINTS AND TO DEPLOYABLE HEAD RESTRAINTS. TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN A VARIETY OF REAREND COLLISIONS ARE UTILIZED TO PROVIDE INITIAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR HEAD RESTRAINT DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS. THE RESULTING PROTOTYPE SYSTEM UNDERWENT A TEST AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON AN IMPACT SLED. THE RESULTS OF THE VARIOUS PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCES AND GENERAL CRITERIA FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE HEAD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED. /SAE/
{"title":"OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN REAR END COLLISIONS","authors":"J. Melvin, J. Mcelhaney","doi":"10.4271/720033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/720033","url":null,"abstract":"THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE PROBLEM OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN SEVERE REAR END COLLISIONS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE SEAT STRUCTURES AND HEAD RESTRAINTS. CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO BOTH FIXED HEAD RESTRAINTS AND TO DEPLOYABLE HEAD RESTRAINTS. TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN A VARIETY OF REAREND COLLISIONS ARE UTILIZED TO PROVIDE INITIAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR HEAD RESTRAINT DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS. THE RESULTING PROTOTYPE SYSTEM UNDERWENT A TEST AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON AN IMPACT SLED. THE RESULTS OF THE VARIOUS PROTOTYPE PERFORMANCES AND GENERAL CRITERIA FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE HEAD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86633470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DRIVER RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE CAN BE QUANTIFIED BY OBSERVING THE STIMULUS-RESPONSE ENVIRONMENT. YET THE DRIVER'S INHERENT ADAPTABILITY ALLOWS HIM TO HAVE SEEMINGLY ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE IN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS DRIVING SITUATIONS EVEN THOUGH HE MAY BE OPERATING NEAR THE ACCEPTABLE SAFETY LIMITS. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF THE DRIVER'S INTERNAL STATE CAN PROVIDE FURTHER QUANTIFICATION OF HIS PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND CAN GIVE A MEASURE OF HIS WORKLOAD OR SAFETY PERFORMANCE MARGIN. MEASURES OF DRIVER PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CONTROL RESPONSE HAVE BEEN MADE UNDER GUST DISTURBANCE CONDITIONS WITH THE SUBJECT'S CAR OPERATING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS. THE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND DATA ARE DESCRIBED, AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SITUATIONAL PARAMETERS AND DRIVER STRESS AND CONTROL RESPONSE ARE SHOWN. /SAE/
{"title":"PHYSIOLOGICAL AND RESPONSE MEASUREMENTS IN DRIVING TASKS","authors":"D. H. Weir, R. Allen","doi":"10.4271/720139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/720139","url":null,"abstract":"DRIVER RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE CAN BE QUANTIFIED BY OBSERVING THE STIMULUS-RESPONSE ENVIRONMENT. YET THE DRIVER'S INHERENT ADAPTABILITY ALLOWS HIM TO HAVE SEEMINGLY ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE IN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS DRIVING SITUATIONS EVEN THOUGH HE MAY BE OPERATING NEAR THE ACCEPTABLE SAFETY LIMITS. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF THE DRIVER'S INTERNAL STATE CAN PROVIDE FURTHER QUANTIFICATION OF HIS PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND CAN GIVE A MEASURE OF HIS WORKLOAD OR SAFETY PERFORMANCE MARGIN. MEASURES OF DRIVER PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CONTROL RESPONSE HAVE BEEN MADE UNDER GUST DISTURBANCE CONDITIONS WITH THE SUBJECT'S CAR OPERATING AT VARIOUS SPEEDS. THE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND DATA ARE DESCRIBED, AND CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SITUATIONAL PARAMETERS AND DRIVER STRESS AND CONTROL RESPONSE ARE SHOWN. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78842004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INSTRUMENTATION HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO TRACK AND RECORD DYNAMICALLY AN AUTOMOBILE DRIVER'S VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY EYE MOTIONS WITH NO ENCUMBRANCE TO THE DRIVER'S HEAD OR EYE. THIS PORTABLE EYE-TRACKING SYSTEM MAKES POSSIBLE FIELD STUDIES OF THE DRIVER'S: (1) ANGLE OF GAZE REFERENCED TO THE SCENE; (2) INVOLUNTARY EYE MOTIONS AS POSSIBLE INDICATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE (FATIGUE, INTOXICATION, ETC); AND (3) PUPIL RESPONSE. /SAE/
{"title":"Nonencumbering Visual Performance Measurements","authors":"P. Davis, J. S. Lutz, A. Warner","doi":"10.4271/720140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/720140","url":null,"abstract":"INSTRUMENTATION HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO TRACK AND RECORD DYNAMICALLY AN AUTOMOBILE DRIVER'S VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY EYE MOTIONS WITH NO ENCUMBRANCE TO THE DRIVER'S HEAD OR EYE. THIS PORTABLE EYE-TRACKING SYSTEM MAKES POSSIBLE FIELD STUDIES OF THE DRIVER'S: (1) ANGLE OF GAZE REFERENCED TO THE SCENE; (2) INVOLUNTARY EYE MOTIONS AS POSSIBLE INDICATIONS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE (FATIGUE, INTOXICATION, ETC); AND (3) PUPIL RESPONSE. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1972-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72840065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THIS STUDY IS PART OF A RESEARCH PROGRAM WHICH AIMS TO DEVELOP A LAMINATED GLASS WINDSHIELD WHOSE LACERATION POTENTIAL IS VERY WEAK AND EVEN ALMOST NONEXISTENT. TWO TYPES OF NEW SAFETY WINDSHIELDS ARE TESTED. THEY DIFFER ONLY BY THE STRENGTHENING LEVEL OF THE V. H. R..GLASS WHICH IS USED. IN BOTH CASES, THE VERY THIN 0.050 IN. (1.2 MM) THICK INNER SHEET AND THE 0.110 IN. (2.8 MM) THICK OUTER SHEET ARE MADE OF V. H. R. GLASS. NEVERTHELESS, THE GLASS OF THE OUTER PLY HAS A DELIBERATELY LIMITED TENSILE STRENGTH. THE POLYVINYLBUTYRAL PLASTIC INTERLAYER IS 0.030 IN (0.76 MM) THICK. THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THESE WINDSHIELDS IS MADE IN DIFFERENT WAYS, AMONG THEM A LABORATORY STUDY WHICH INCLUDES IMPACT TESTS WITH A HEADFORM FREE FALLING ON POSITIONED SAMPLES. THE EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS PARTICULARLY STUDIED ARE: TEMPERATURE, IMPACT VELOCITY, IMPACT LOCATION, INCREASE OF THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF THE SHEETS. /SAE/
这项研究是一个研究项目的一部分，该项目旨在开发一种夹层玻璃挡风玻璃，这种玻璃的撕裂潜力非常弱，甚至几乎不存在。测试了两种新型安全挡风玻璃。它们的区别仅仅在于所使用的v. h. r .玻璃的强化程度不同。在这两种情况下，非常薄的0.050英寸。(1.2毫米)厚的内板和0.110英寸。(2.8毫米)厚的外层由v. h. r.玻璃制成。然而，外层的玻璃有一个故意限制的抗拉强度。聚乙烯丁醛塑料夹层厚度为0.030英寸(0.76毫米)。对这些挡风玻璃的生物力学行为进行了不同方式的评估，其中包括实验室研究，其中包括头部自由落体对定位样品的冲击试验。重点研究了温度、冲击速度、冲击位置、板材机械强度的增加等实验参数。/ SAE /
{"title":"NONLACERATING GLASS WINDSHIELDS-A NEW IMPROVED APPROACH","authors":"E. Plumat, R. Laethem, P. Baudin","doi":"10.4271/710867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/710867","url":null,"abstract":"THIS STUDY IS PART OF A RESEARCH PROGRAM WHICH AIMS TO DEVELOP A LAMINATED GLASS WINDSHIELD WHOSE LACERATION POTENTIAL IS VERY WEAK AND EVEN ALMOST NONEXISTENT. TWO TYPES OF NEW SAFETY WINDSHIELDS ARE TESTED. THEY DIFFER ONLY BY THE STRENGTHENING LEVEL OF THE V. H. R..GLASS WHICH IS USED. IN BOTH CASES, THE VERY THIN 0.050 IN. (1.2 MM) THICK INNER SHEET AND THE 0.110 IN. (2.8 MM) THICK OUTER SHEET ARE MADE OF V. H. R. GLASS. NEVERTHELESS, THE GLASS OF THE OUTER PLY HAS A DELIBERATELY LIMITED TENSILE STRENGTH. THE POLYVINYLBUTYRAL PLASTIC INTERLAYER IS 0.030 IN (0.76 MM) THICK. THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THESE WINDSHIELDS IS MADE IN DIFFERENT WAYS, AMONG THEM A LABORATORY STUDY WHICH INCLUDES IMPACT TESTS WITH A HEADFORM FREE FALLING ON POSITIONED SAMPLES. THE EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS PARTICULARLY STUDIED ARE: TEMPERATURE, IMPACT VELOCITY, IMPACT LOCATION, INCREASE OF THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF THE SHEETS. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74921581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
STARTING WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF FRONT SEAT OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN REAR-END COLLISIONS, INITIAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR DEPLOYMENT TIMES, AND RESTRAINT CONFIGURATIONS WERE DETERMINED FOR VARIOUS IMPACT VELOCITIES. BASED ON THESE CRITERIA, TWO TYPES OF DEPLOYABLE SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED, ONE AN INFLATABLE SYSTEM AND THE OTHER A RIGID SLIDING SYSTEM. THESE PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS THEN UNDERWENT A TEST AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM USING ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMIES AND AN IMPACT SLED. THE TEST PROGRAM EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE HEAD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS UNDER HIGH- AND LOW-SPEED CRASH SIMULATIONS. IN ADDITION, TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESTRAINT DEPLOYMENT ON THE MALPOSITIONED OCCUPANT. THE RESULTS OF THE TEST PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED AND COMPARISONS ARE MADE BETWEEN THE TWO PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS AND EXISTING HEAD RESTRAINT DESIGNS. /SAE/
{"title":"DEPLOYABLE HEAD RESTRAINTS-A FEASIBILITY STUDY","authors":"J. Melvin, J. Mcelhaney, V. Roberts, H. Portnoy","doi":"10.4271/710853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/710853","url":null,"abstract":"STARTING WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF FRONT SEAT OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN REAR-END COLLISIONS, INITIAL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR DEPLOYMENT TIMES, AND RESTRAINT CONFIGURATIONS WERE DETERMINED FOR VARIOUS IMPACT VELOCITIES. BASED ON THESE CRITERIA, TWO TYPES OF DEPLOYABLE SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED, ONE AN INFLATABLE SYSTEM AND THE OTHER A RIGID SLIDING SYSTEM. THESE PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS THEN UNDERWENT A TEST AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM USING ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMIES AND AN IMPACT SLED. THE TEST PROGRAM EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE HEAD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS UNDER HIGH- AND LOW-SPEED CRASH SIMULATIONS. IN ADDITION, TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESTRAINT DEPLOYMENT ON THE MALPOSITIONED OCCUPANT. THE RESULTS OF THE TEST PROGRAM ARE DISCUSSED AND COMPARISONS ARE MADE BETWEEN THE TWO PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS AND EXISTING HEAD RESTRAINT DESIGNS. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81595468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE LARGER VEHICLE WEIGHED FROM 1.5-4 TIMES AS MUCH AS THE SMALL VEHICLE. THE STRUCTURE-OVERRIDING TENDENCIES OF LARGER VEHICLES IN A PARTICULAR COLLISION WAS FOUND TO GREATLY INFLUENCE THE SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE TO INJURY FOR OCCUPANTS OF THE SMALLER VEHICLE; RELATIVE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURES WAS SIMILARLY IMPORTANT. THE CRASH SAFETY OF A MOTORIST IS SHOWN TO DEPEND MORE ON THE USE OF ADEQUATE RESTRAINING DEVICES THAN ON THE SMALLNESS OF HIS CAR. MISMATCHED SIZES OF VEHICLES WERE CRASHED HEAD-ON, AS WELL AS IN REAR-END AND INTERSETION-TYPE EXPOSURES. ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POST-IMPACT DISPLACEMENTS AS WELL AS TRANSDUCER AND PHTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTATION DATA ARE PRESENTED. ACTUAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED WHICH PROVIDED BACKGROUND PREPARATION FOR THIS SERIES OF CRASH TESTS. RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL FINDINGS RELATIVE TO THE SMALL VERSUS LARGER VEHICLE COLLISION INJURY PROBLEM. /SAE/
{"title":"Smaller Vehicle versus Larger Vehicle Collisions","authors":"D. Severy, H. Brink, D. M. Blaisdell","doi":"10.4271/710861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/710861","url":null,"abstract":"THE LARGER VEHICLE WEIGHED FROM 1.5-4 TIMES AS MUCH AS THE SMALL VEHICLE. THE STRUCTURE-OVERRIDING TENDENCIES OF LARGER VEHICLES IN A PARTICULAR COLLISION WAS FOUND TO GREATLY INFLUENCE THE SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE TO INJURY FOR OCCUPANTS OF THE SMALLER VEHICLE; RELATIVE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURES WAS SIMILARLY IMPORTANT. THE CRASH SAFETY OF A MOTORIST IS SHOWN TO DEPEND MORE ON THE USE OF ADEQUATE RESTRAINING DEVICES THAN ON THE SMALLNESS OF HIS CAR. MISMATCHED SIZES OF VEHICLES WERE CRASHED HEAD-ON, AS WELL AS IN REAR-END AND INTERSETION-TYPE EXPOSURES. ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POST-IMPACT DISPLACEMENTS AS WELL AS TRANSDUCER AND PHTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTATION DATA ARE PRESENTED. ACTUAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED WHICH PROVIDED BACKGROUND PREPARATION FOR THIS SERIES OF CRASH TESTS. RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL FINDINGS RELATIVE TO THE SMALL VERSUS LARGER VEHICLE COLLISION INJURY PROBLEM. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83725184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. States, H. A. Fenner, E. Flamboe, W. D. Nelson, L. Hames
THE ABREVIATED INJURY SCALE (AIS); INTRODUCED IN JANUARY, 1968; HAS BEEN WIDELY USE BY THE MEDICAL ENGINEERING ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS OF THE NHTSA, BY THE GENERAL MOTORS ADAP, BY THE NATO COUNTRY TEAMS IN EUROPE, AND BY THE AMA PHYSICIAN-POLICE TEAMS. THE EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS IN USE OF THE AIS ARE REVIEWED. AN EXTENDED AND REVISED AIS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. VALIDATION STUDIES REVEALED BETTER THAN 80% ACCURACY BY MULTIPLE USERS. THE COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH INJURY SCALE (CRIS) HAS BEEN COMPLETED FOR ALL MAJOR MEDICAL SPECIALTIES. THE CRIS SEPARATES THE VARIOUS CRITERIA (ENERGY DISSIPATION-ED, THREAT TO LIFE-TL, PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT-PI, TREATMENT PERIOD-TP, INCIDENCE-IN) USED WITH VARIABLE QUANTITIES AND FREQUENCIES IN THE AIS. THE CRIS IDENTIFIES AND QUANTITATES EACH SCALING CRITERIA PERMITTING MORE MEANINGFUL AND DETAILED APPLICATION OF THE AIS. /AUTHOR/
{"title":"FIELD APPLICATION AND RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABBREVIATED INJURY SCALE","authors":"J. States, H. A. Fenner, E. Flamboe, W. D. Nelson, L. Hames","doi":"10.4271/710873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/710873","url":null,"abstract":"THE ABREVIATED INJURY SCALE (AIS); INTRODUCED IN JANUARY, 1968; HAS BEEN WIDELY USE BY THE MEDICAL ENGINEERING ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS OF THE NHTSA, BY THE GENERAL MOTORS ADAP, BY THE NATO COUNTRY TEAMS IN EUROPE, AND BY THE AMA PHYSICIAN-POLICE TEAMS. THE EXPERIENCE AND PROBLEMS IN USE OF THE AIS ARE REVIEWED. AN EXTENDED AND REVISED AIS HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. VALIDATION STUDIES REVEALED BETTER THAN 80% ACCURACY BY MULTIPLE USERS. THE COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH INJURY SCALE (CRIS) HAS BEEN COMPLETED FOR ALL MAJOR MEDICAL SPECIALTIES. THE CRIS SEPARATES THE VARIOUS CRITERIA (ENERGY DISSIPATION-ED, THREAT TO LIFE-TL, PERMANENT IMPAIRMENT-PI, TREATMENT PERIOD-TP, INCIDENCE-IN) USED WITH VARIABLE QUANTITIES AND FREQUENCIES IN THE AIS. THE CRIS IDENTIFIES AND QUANTITATES EACH SCALING CRITERIA PERMITTING MORE MEANINGFUL AND DETAILED APPLICATION OF THE AIS. /AUTHOR/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90697788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
THE OBJECT HAS BEEN TO DEVELOP A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MOBILITY OF THE HUMAN TORSO, INCLUDING THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, NECK, THORACIC AND LUMBAR VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND PELVIS. THIS HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED BY A SYSTEMATIC MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION INVOLVING TECHNIQUES OF CADAVER DISSECTION AND MEASUREMENT, UTILIZING CINERADIOFLUOROSCOPY FOR JOINT CENTER OF ROTATION LOCATION, ANTHROPOMETRY, RADIOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR SELECTED POSITIONS AND MOTIONS OF LIVING SUBJECTS, AND COMPUTER ANALYSIS. THE MAJOR RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE PREDICTION EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS DESCRIBING HOW THE BASE OF THE SPINE REFERENCE POINT (FIFTH LUMBAR SPINAL SURFACE MARKER) MOVES IN RELATION TO DEFINED SEATED AND STANDING REFERENCE POINTS FOR GIVEN REACHES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES BY WHICH THE LENGTHS AND EXCURSIONS OF TORSO AND LIMB LINKS MAY BE ESTIMTED AND LOCATED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE SURFACE LANDMARKS SELECTED COULD PREDICT PRECISE LOCATION OF THE UNDERLYING ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS. THE RESULTS PROVIDE INITIAL BASIC DATA REGARDING HUMAN TORSO MOTION, JOINT CENTER OF MOTION, AND LINK RELATIONSHIPS. /SAE/
{"title":"JOINT RANGE OF MOTION AND MOBILITY OF THE HUMAN TORSO","authors":"R. Snyder, D. Chaffin, Rodney K. Schutz","doi":"10.4271/710848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/710848","url":null,"abstract":"THE OBJECT HAS BEEN TO DEVELOP A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MOBILITY OF THE HUMAN TORSO, INCLUDING THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, NECK, THORACIC AND LUMBAR VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND PELVIS. THIS HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED BY A SYSTEMATIC MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION INVOLVING TECHNIQUES OF CADAVER DISSECTION AND MEASUREMENT, UTILIZING CINERADIOFLUOROSCOPY FOR JOINT CENTER OF ROTATION LOCATION, ANTHROPOMETRY, RADIOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR SELECTED POSITIONS AND MOTIONS OF LIVING SUBJECTS, AND COMPUTER ANALYSIS. THE MAJOR RESULTS OF THE STUDY ARE PREDICTION EQUATIONS AND GRAPHS DESCRIBING HOW THE BASE OF THE SPINE REFERENCE POINT (FIFTH LUMBAR SPINAL SURFACE MARKER) MOVES IN RELATION TO DEFINED SEATED AND STANDING REFERENCE POINTS FOR GIVEN REACHES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES BY WHICH THE LENGTHS AND EXCURSIONS OF TORSO AND LIMB LINKS MAY BE ESTIMTED AND LOCATED. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE SURFACE LANDMARKS SELECTED COULD PREDICT PRECISE LOCATION OF THE UNDERLYING ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS. THE RESULTS PROVIDE INITIAL BASIC DATA REGARDING HUMAN TORSO MOTION, JOINT CENTER OF MOTION, AND LINK RELATIONSHIPS. /SAE/","PeriodicalId":35781,"journal":{"name":"Qiche Gongcheng/Automotive Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77158400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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