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LOW VELOCITY IMPACTS AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY OF AUTOMOTIVE WINDSHIELDS 低速碰撞与汽车挡风玻璃的温度敏感性
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1971-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/710869
R. Rieser, J. Chabal, C. W. Lewis
HEADFORM IMPACTS AT 5.5-7.7 MPH USING THE 22 LB AIR- STABILIZED MISSILE WERE RUN ON GLASS PANELS THAT DID NOT FRACTURE TO MEASURE DECELERATION PULSES AND OBTAIN SEVERITY INDEX (SI) VALUES. THESE TESTS SHOW LOW SI VALUES FOR THIS RANGE OF IMPACT VELOCITIES. DUMMY- WINDSHIELD TESTS WERE RUN AT SPEEDS OF 8.7-21.9 MPH TO MEASURE SI AND LACERATION. IN ALL CASES, LACERATION IS LOW AND SI VALUES DO NOT INDICATE CONCUSSIVE HAZARD BELOW APPROXIMATELY 15 MPH IMPACT VELOCITY, EVEN WHEN THE GLASS DOES NOT FRACTURE. THESE DATA ARE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST FOR THOSE ACCIDENT SITUATIONS BELOW THE PROBABLE VELOCITY FOR DEPLOYMENT OF A PASSIVE RESTRAINT SUCH AS THE AIR BAG. THE CURRENTLY USED HPR INTERLAYER FOR AUTOMOTIVE WINDSHIELDS SHOWS EXCELLENT SAFETY PERFORMANCE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE BUT IS LESS EFFECTIVE AT OTHER TEMPERATURES. IMPACT STUDIES OF SEVERAL GLASS STRUCTURES AT 30-110 F ARE PRESENTED FOR 0.03 AND 0.037 IN THICKNESS HPR NTERLAYERS. A SIMULATED DASHBOARD IS INCLUDED IN TEN DUMMY-WINDSHIELD IMPACT TESTS. EXTENSIVE HPR INTERLAYER RUPTURE OCCURS AT 30 AND 110 F, PRODUCING GREATER LACERATION HAZARD. /SAE/
使用22磅的空气稳定导弹,在5.5-7.7 MPH的速度下对未破裂的玻璃板进行顶形冲击,以测量减速脉冲并获得严重性指数(si)值。这些测试表明,在这个冲击速度范围内,si值很低。假人挡风玻璃测试在8.7-21.9英里/小时的速度下进行,以测量si和撕裂。在所有情况下,撕裂伤都很低,即使玻璃没有破裂,si值也不表明在大约15英里/小时的冲击速度下有脑震荡的危险。这些数据对于那些低于部署被动约束(如安全气囊)的可能速度的事故情况特别感兴趣。目前应用于汽车挡风玻璃的HPR夹层在室温下具有良好的安全性能,但在其他温度下效果较差。对厚度为0.03和0.037的HPR夹层在30-110华氏度下的几种玻璃结构进行了影响研究。模拟仪表盘包含在10个模拟挡风玻璃冲击试验中。在30华氏度和110华氏度时,广泛的HPR层间破裂,产生更大的撕裂危险。/ SAE /
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引用次数: 3
DEVELOPMENT OF VAN DRIVER EYE ELLIPSES 货车司机眼椭圆的研制
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1971-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/710541
J. Hromi, J. Versace, C. Smith
THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT THE PASSENGER CAR EYE ELLIPSES HAVE APPLLICABILITY IN VAN-TYPE TRUCK PACKAGE DESIGN AND TO PRODUCE A NEW PRACTICAL DESIGN TOOL, IF NECESSARY. EYE POSITIONS OF VAN DRIVERS WERE FOUND TO BE DISTRIBUTED DIFFERENTLY FROM THOSE FOR PASSENGER CAR DRIVERS AND FROM THOSE OBTAINED BY THE PROCEDURE OUTLINED IN SAE J941B, MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVER'S EYE RANGE. THERE WERE PRODUCED IN THIS STUDY, TABLES OF PARAMETER VALUES THAT A VANPACKAGE DESIGNER CAN USE READILY TO POSITION EYE-LOCATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN SPACE AS A FUNCTION OF THE AZIMUTH AND ELEVATION ANGLES OF MANY TARGETS IN THE FORWARD FIELD OF VIEW. /AUTHOR/
本研究旨在确定乘用车眼椭圆在厢式货车包装设计中的适用程度,并在必要时提供一种新的实用设计工具。面包车司机的眼睛位置分布与乘用车司机的眼睛位置分布不同,也与sae j941b中概述的程序所获得的眼睛位置分布不同。在这项研究中产生了参数值表,面包车设计师可以很容易地使用这些参数值表来定位眼位分布在空间中的位置,作为许多目标在前视野中的方位角和仰角的函数。/作者/
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引用次数: 1
The Effects of Convex Exterior Mirrors on Lane-Changing and Passing Performance of Drivers 凸面镜对驾驶员变道及超车性能的影响
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1971-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/710543
R. Mortimer
DRIVERS CARRIED OUT A LANE-CHANGING AND PASSING MANEUVER USING CONVEX AND PLANE EXTERIOR MIRRORS ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH A PLANE INTERIOR MIRROR. THE DATA SHOWED THAT THE ADDITION OF THE PLANE INTERIOR MIRROR COMPENSATED FOR JUDGMENTAL ERRORS FOUND WHEN CONVEX MIRRORS WERE USED ALONE. WHEN THE SPEED DIFFERENCE WAS 15 MPH BETWEEN THE OVERTAKING CAR AND THE SUBJECT'S CAR, SUBJECTS ACCEPTED GAPS THAT WERE TOO SPORT IRRESPECTIVE OF THE EXTERIOR MIRROR TYPE. THE DATA SUGGESTED THAT EXTERIOR CONVEX MIRRORS OF RADII GREATER THAN 30 INCHES MAY BE USED REASONABLY SAFETY BY DRIVERS AND WOULD HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF PROVIDING A CONSIDERABLY INCREASED FIELD-OF-VIEW COMPARED TO CURRENTLY USED EXTERIOR MIRRORS. /AUTHOR/
驾驶员使用凸面镜和平面外镜单独或与平面内镜组合进行变道和超车操作。数据表明,平面内反射镜的加入弥补了单独使用凸面镜时的判断误差。当超车和被试的车之间的速度差为每小时15英里时,不管外镜的类型如何,被试都接受了太运动的间隙。数据表明,半径大于30英寸的外凸面镜可以被驾驶员合理地安全使用,并且与目前使用的外凸面镜相比,具有提供显着增加的视野的优势。/作者/
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引用次数: 18
DRIVER EVALUATION STUDY OF REAR VIEW MIRROR REFLECTANCE LEVELS 后视镜反射水平的驾驶员评价研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1971-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/710542
T. M. Mansour
THERE HAS BEEN A LACK OF INFORMATION ON IMAGE BRIGHTNESS IN AUTOMOTIVE REAR VISION SYSTEMS AS RELATED TO THE DRIVER'S NEEDS. THIS PAPER PRESENTS DATA ON DRIVER EVALUATION OF BRIGHTNESS, IN THE FORM OF VISIBILITY AND GLARE RATINGS OF REAR VIEW MIRROR REFLECTANCE LEVELS, BASED UPON ACTUAL DRIVING EXPERIENCES. THE EFFECTS OF ROADWAY TYPES AND VARIOUS AMBIENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS ARE DISCUSSED, AND RANGES OF ACCEPTABLE REFLECTANCE LEVELS ARE RECOMMENDED. THIS STUDY WAS A TASK GROUP EFFORT PERFORMED BY THE SAE REAR VISION SUBCOMMITTEE. /AE/
在汽车后视系统中,缺乏与驾驶员需求相关的图像亮度信息。本文以实际驾驶经验为基础,以能见度和后视镜反射等级的眩光等级的形式提供了驾驶员评估亮度的数据。讨论了道路类型和各种环境照明条件的影响,并建议了可接受的反射率水平范围。这项研究是由sae后视小组委员会进行的一项任务小组努力。/ AE /
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引用次数: 5
Safe Highway Transportation of Bulk Liquids 散装液体安全公路运输
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700872
L. A. Botkin
BULK TRANSPORTATION OF LIQUIDS IS UNIQUE IN THAT DYNAMIC ACTION OF THE LIQUID WHILE THE VEHICLE IS IN MOTION AFFECTS ITS ROADABILITY. SEVERAL PARAMETERS OF THE DESIGN INFLUENCE THE EFFECT OF THIS ACTION, AS DOCUMENTED BY ROAD TESTS AND A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS. MANY LIQUIDS ARE HAZARDOUS, REQUIRING ATTENTION TO VARIOUS TYPES OF ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT TO COMPLY WITH VARIOUS GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS. THE RESUTLING HIGHWAY TANKER IS A RELATIVELY COMPLEX WELDED STRUCTURE OF LOW ALLOY STEEL, ALUMINUM OR STAINLESS STEEL. /AE/
液体散装运输的独特之处在于,当车辆在运动时,液体的动态作用会影响其可行驶性。道路试验和理论分析证明,设计的几个参数会影响这种作用的效果。许多液体都是危险的,需要注意各种类型的附属设备,以符合各种政府法规。由此产生的公路罐车是一种相对复杂的低合金钢、铝或不锈钢焊接结构。/ AE /
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引用次数: 6
Chrysler Energy Absorbing, Anti-Theft Steering Column 克莱斯勒能量吸收,防盗转向柱
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700001
D. Adams, R. S. Cassle
CHRYSLER CORPORATION HAS INTRODUCED TWO NEW FEATURES ON THEIR 1970 STEERING COLUMNS: AN ENERGY ABSORBING STEERING WHEEL WHICH APPEARS ON THE BARRACUDA AND CHALLENGER MODELS; AND AN ANTITHEFT STEERING COLUMN WHICH IS STANDARD ON ALL CAR LINES. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE TWO ENGINEERING PROGRAMS. /SAE/
克莱斯勒公司在其1970年的转向柱上引入了两个新功能:一个吸收能量的方向盘,出现在barracuda和挑战者车型上;防盗转向柱是所有车型的标配。本文介绍了这两个工程方案。/ SAE /
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引用次数: 3
Second Generation Energy Absorbing Column with Locking Feature 第二代锁紧吸能柱
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700002
D. P. Marquis
THE 1969 GENERAL MOTORS STEERING COLUMN INVOLVES A NEW SYSTEM FOR ABSORBING ENERGY FROM THE BODY OF THE DRIVER IN EVENT OF A FRONTAL COLLISION. THIS STEERING COLUMN ALSO CONTAINS A LOCKING SYSTEM WHICH PERMITS THE LOCKING OF STEERING SHAFT AND GEAR SHIFT AS WELL AS THE IGNITION SWITCH. A COMPARISON OF THE 1969 BALL TYPE ENERGY ABSORBER WITH THE 1967 MESH TYPE ABSORBER SHOWS GAINS IN RIGIDITY, CONSISTENCY OF LOAD, AND EASE OF CHANGING DESIGN LOAD. THE DISCUSSION OF THE LOCKING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF STEERING COLUMNS INCLUDES A DESCRIPTION OF THE INHIBITING SYSTEM. /SAE/
1969年通用汽车公司的转向柱采用了一种新系统,用于在发生正面碰撞时吸收驾驶员身体的能量。这个转向柱还包含一个锁定系统,允许锁定转向轴和齿轮换挡以及点火开关。1969年的球型吸能器与1967年的网格型吸能器的比较表明,在刚性、负载一致性和易于改变设计负载方面有所提高。讨论了各种类型转向柱的锁紧系统的发展,包括对抑制系统的描述。/ SAE /
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引用次数: 2
Lincoln Tunnel Traffic Control Experiment 林肯隧道交通控制实验
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700192
D. Gazis, B. T. Bennett
AN EXPERIMENT TO DEVELOP COMPUTER METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH LINCOLN TUNNEL IS DESCRIBED. SOME REMARKS ARE GIVEN ON THE POTENTIAL SPINOFFS FROM THIS EXPERIMENT WHICH MAY INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. RESULTS SHOWED A MEASURABLE INCREASE IN THROUGHPUT, HIGHER SPEEDS WITH LOWER DENSITIES DURING THE CONTROL PERIOD. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HIGH FLOWS COULD BE MAINTAINED AT MODERATELY HIGH SPEED IF DENSITIES DID NOT REACH CONGESTION LEVELS. THE EXPERIMENT HAD BENEFITS IN PROVIDING ACCURATE TRAFFIC DATA, CALIBRATION AND CORRECTION OF MAGNETIC LOOP DETECTORS. /HSL/
本文描述了一项开发计算机方法以改善林肯隧道交通流量的实验。本文还就该实验可能产生的影响其他交通控制系统发展的潜在后果作了一些评论。结果表明,在控制期间,产量显著增加,速度更快,密度更低。结论是,如果密度不达到拥堵水平,高流量可以保持在中等高速。该实验在提供准确的交通数据、磁回路探测器的校准和校正方面具有一定的优势。/奥软
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引用次数: 0
MAKE THE TRUCKS STOP, TOO 让卡车也停下来
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700114
Michael J. Denholm, F. E. Lueck, John W. Bush
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE BRAKE PERFORMANCE OF AIR-BRAKED TRUCKS AND COMBINATION VEHICLE RELATIVE TO DECELERATION AND STABILITY. THE AVAILABLE MEANS FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE ARE COVERED, INCLUDING RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON MAXIMUM COST EFFECTIVENESS. METHODS DISCUSSED ARE THE USE OF LOAD-SENSITIVE PROPORTIONING VALVES AND SKID CONTROL, WITH THE STUDY OF TRACTOR INSTALLATIONS AS A PRELUDE TO MORE WIDESPREAD USAGE OF EITHER DEVICE. RELATED AREAS OF INTEREST ARE ALSO CONSIDERED, SUCH AS THE VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS THAT MAY BE REQUIRED TO PERMIT THE USE OF THESE BRAKE CONTROLS, THE BENEFITS OF TRACTOR INSTALLATIONS ON INTERCHANGE VEHICLES, AND THE RELATIVE MERITS OF LOAD-SENSITIVE PROPORTIONING VALVES AND SKID CONTROL WHEN SO APPLIED. /SAE/
本文从减速度和稳定性两个方面讨论了空气制动卡车和组合车辆的制动性能。本文介绍了改进性能的可用方法,包括基于最大成本效益的建议。讨论的方法是使用负载敏感比例阀和打滑控制,拖拉机装置的研究是更广泛使用这两种装置的前奏。相关领域的兴趣也被考虑,如车辆改装可能需要允许使用这些制动控制,拖拉机安装在交换车辆的好处,以及负载敏感比例阀和打滑控制的相对优点,当这样应用。/ SAE /
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引用次数: 0
Seat Belt Users: An Analysis of Who They Are and Why 安全带使用者:分析他们是谁和为什么
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 1970-02-01 DOI: 10.4271/700451
R. H. Dobson
SURVEYS CONDUCTED BY DU PONT REVEAL THE MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN SEAL BELT USAGE. RESULTS OF QUESTIONS PUT TO DU PONT EMPLOYEES AND OTHERS REVEAL THAT PRESSURE GENERATED WITHIN SMALL GROUPS, FOR EXAMPLE, FELLOW WORKERS, IS NEEDED TO MAKE SEAT BELT USAGE PSYCHOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE. THEREFORE, PROMOTIONAL AND EDUCATION CAMPAIGNS DIRECTED TOWARD THE INDIVIDUAL AS A MEMBER OF A LARGE GROUP (HIS COMMUNITY) ARE NOT EFFECTIVE. OVERALL SEAT USAGE LEVELS WILL BE INCREASED ONLY BY THE PIECEMEAL METHOD OF REACHING ONE SMALL GROUP AND THEN ANOTHER, UNTIL ALL DRIVERS ARE TOUCHED. /SAE/
杜邦公司进行的调查揭示了密封带使用中涉及的激励因素。杜邦公司的员工和其他人所接受的问题的结果显示,需要在小团体(例如同事)内部产生压力,才能使人们在心理上接受安全带的使用。因此,将个人作为一个大群体(他的社区)的一员而进行的宣传和教育活动是无效的。总的座位使用水平只会通过零碎的方法来增加,即到达一个小群体,然后是另一个群体,直到所有司机都被触及。/ SAE /
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引用次数: 4
期刊
汽车工程
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