The depletion in fossil fuels usage requires a replacement to a sustainable bio-fuels source. This research investigated the yield of three kinds of products of the fast pyrolysis of desert date shell in a fabricated fixed bed reactor by varying the pyrolysis temperature from 500 to 800 °C. The purpose of the experiment was to produce briquettes from the bio-chars bonded with cassava starch and gum arabic. The physicochemical properties of briquettes were characterized using ASTM and DIN stan dards while the calorific values and the fuel properties such as ignition time, boiling time, cooking efficiency and fuel efficiency were determined. The maximum yield of pyrolysis liquid was obtained around 49.08 wt% as pyrolysis temperature reached 600 °C and the highest yield of gases was obtained at 23.20 wt% at 800 °C . Maximum yield of char was obtained at 500 °C around 48.20 wt% and started to decrease as temperature increases. All the properties investigated showed that starch bonded briquettes have better physicochemical and fuel qualities than the gum arabic bonded briquettes. It was observed that the best starch bonded briquettes were obtained at 800 o C temperature range while the best gum arabic bonded briquette was obtained at 800 °C temperature range. It was observed that the briquettes produced from pyrolysis derived biochar have great potential as an alternative solid fuel.
{"title":"Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Physicochemical and Combustion Properties of Desert Date (Balanite Aegyptiaca) Bio-Char Briquette","authors":"Ige, Ayodeji Rapheal, Adegoke, Idowu Abimbola, Bamisaye Abayomi, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Ogala, Harrison, Ige Victor Ayobami","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.174","url":null,"abstract":"The depletion in fossil fuels usage requires a replacement to a sustainable bio-fuels source. This research investigated the yield of three kinds of products of the fast pyrolysis of desert date shell in a fabricated fixed bed reactor by varying the pyrolysis temperature from 500 to\u0000 800 °C. The purpose of the experiment was to produce briquettes from the bio-chars bonded with cassava starch and gum arabic. The physicochemical properties of briquettes were characterized using ASTM and DIN stan dards while the calorific values and the fuel properties such as ignition\u0000 time, boiling time, cooking efficiency and fuel efficiency were determined. The maximum yield of pyrolysis liquid was obtained around 49.08 wt% as pyrolysis temperature reached 600 °C and the highest yield of gases was obtained at 23.20 wt% at 800 °C . Maximum yield of char was obtained\u0000 at 500 °C around 48.20 wt% and started to decrease as temperature increases. All the properties investigated showed that starch bonded briquettes have better physicochemical and fuel qualities than the gum arabic bonded briquettes. It was observed that the best starch bonded briquettes\u0000 were obtained at 800 o C temperature range while the best gum arabic bonded briquette was obtained at 800 °C temperature range. It was observed that the briquettes produced from pyrolysis derived biochar have great potential as an alternative solid fuel.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49478386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The management of urban solid waste (USWM) brings in its core, techniques, guidelines and standards to ensure the sustainability of the processes of generation, collection, reuse and disposal of waste. Since the 70s, the processes involving the USWM have undergone changes influenced by the behaviour of the generator, consumption patterns, impacts on the environment and by economic, political and social transformations. Although the need to reinsert waste into the production chain seems to be a consensus, scientific investigations point to clear regional differences in terms of management direction. As a result, this reveals a scenario composed of regions that managed to adhere to the principles of circular waste management, and others, especially those of medium and low income, which were able to neutralise problems inherent to the primary processes of management, such as collection and final disposal. Factors such as technical and financial capacity, legislation, regulation/inspection and the involvement of society in the discussions and deliberations related to the waste sector, have also been pointed out by the literature as determining the dimension of the advance or delay of the USWM. In this sense, the analysis of the different performances of the USWM of the countries, states, and/or municipalities and the identification of the factors that provoke this differentiation, are essential to point out, what the challenges and perspectives for promoting the advancement of the USWM are, according to the investigated local reality. The present research is descriptive and exploratory and has a general objective: to analyse the profile of the USWM of 786 Brazilian municipalities regarding the waste collection process and the adequacy of municipalities with the National Solid Waste Policy-NSWP (Law 12.305/ 2010), and discuss possible external factors of influence. The year evaluated corresponds to 2018 and the empirical analyses involved the municipalities which have all the model variables available in the National Sanitation Information System-SNIS base. For the optimisation of the investigation, the cities were classified into clusters according to the population, and the analyses were parameterised by 8 qualitative variables (Type of Management, Payment of the Generator, Municipal Waste Plan, Social Control, Regulation/Inspection Sector, Selective Collection, Cooperatives/Associations and Final Disposal System), and by 5 quantitative variables (Collection Expenses, Number of Employees, Number of Vehicles, Volume of Solid Urban Waste Collected and Population Served). To perceive possible influences of external factors in the USWM, analyses of the municipalities were carried out at regional level, using 8 socioeconomic indicators, called exogenous variables: Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), MHDI-Income, Population, Density Demographic, Gross Domestic Product per capita, Income per capita, Percentage of hospitalisations because of
城市固体废物管理（USWM）引入了其核心、技术、指南和标准，以确保废物产生、收集、再利用和处置过程的可持续性。自70年代以来，受生产者行为、消费模式、对环境的影响以及经济、政治和社会转型的影响，涉及USWM的过程发生了变化。尽管将废物重新纳入生产链的必要性似乎是一种共识，但科学调查表明，在管理方向方面存在明显的区域差异。因此，这揭示了一个由设法遵守循环废物管理原则的地区和其他地区组成的情景，特别是中低收入地区，这些地区能够解决收集和最终处置等主要管理过程中固有的问题。文献还指出，技术和财政能力、立法、监管/检查以及社会参与与废物部门有关的讨论和审议等因素决定了USWM的进展或延迟。从这个意义上说，根据调查的当地现实，分析各国、州和/或市的USWM的不同表现，并确定引发这种差异的因素，有必要指出促进USWM发展的挑战和前景。本研究具有描述性和探索性，具有总体目标：分析786个巴西城市的USWM关于废物收集过程的概况，以及城市是否符合国家固体废物政策NSWP（2010年12月30日第12号法律），并讨论可能的外部影响因素。所评估的年份对应于2018年，实证分析涉及城市，这些城市拥有国家卫生信息系统SNIS数据库中可用的所有模型变量。为了优化调查，根据人口将城市划分为集群，并通过8个定性变量（管理类型、生产者付款、城市废物计划、社会控制、监管/检查部门、选择性收集、合作社/协会和最终处置系统）对分析进行参数化，并通过5个定量变量（收集费用、员工人数、车辆数量、收集的城市固体废物量和服务人口）。为了了解外部因素在USWM中的可能影响，在地区层面上对各市镇进行了分析，使用了8个社会经济指标，称为外生变量：市人类发展指数（MHDI）、MHDI收入、人口、密度人口、人均国内生产总值、人均收入，因与卫生条件不足有关的疾病住院的百分比，以及25岁或以上拥有大学学历的人的百分比。市政当局的数据来自以下巴西电子平台：SNIS（2019）、Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE（2010；2017）和Atlas Brasil（20102017），其理论基础得到了国际科学参考文献和巴西人的支持。所进行的分析使实现以下具体目标成为可能：i.介绍城市固体废物收集过程的现状，以便为未来分析USWM效率提供投入；ii。核实市政当局是否遵守2010年12月30日第12.305/2010号法律的指导方针；iii.根据人口类别、管理类型和发电商的付款，推断市政当局中分析变量的大小；iv.介绍和讨论地区一级市政当局的概况；v.确定更遵守立法标准的市政当局，讨论外部因素的影响。聚类分析显示，在人口最多的城市中，更倾向于符合USWM：（100000至500000居民）和（>500000居民）。Autrarchy和混合经济社会是更倾向于充分性的管理模式，发电商的付款也被认为是USWM充分性的影响变量。在评估的城市总数中，只有5.6%或44个城市与NSWP指南更为一致，其特征如下：91%位于该国最发达的地区（南部和东南部）；平均国内生产总值高于全国平均水平；MHDI程度较高，是巴西MHDI最高的200个市镇之一；MHDI收入非常高，是MHDI最高的120个市镇之一。
{"title":"Analysis of the Solid Urban Waste Management Profile in Brazilian Municipalities","authors":"Isabel das Mercês Costa, M. F. Dias, M. Robaina","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.228","url":null,"abstract":"The management of urban solid waste (USWM) brings in its core, techniques, guidelines and standards to ensure the sustainability of the processes of generation, collection, reuse and disposal of waste. Since the 70s, the processes involving the USWM have undergone changes influenced\u0000 by the behaviour of the generator, consumption patterns, impacts on the environment and by economic, political and social transformations. Although the need to reinsert waste into the production chain seems to be a consensus, scientific investigations point to clear regional differences in\u0000 terms of management direction. As a result, this reveals a scenario composed of regions that managed to adhere to the principles of circular waste management, and others, especially those of medium and low income, which were able to neutralise problems inherent to the primary processes of\u0000 management, such as collection and final disposal. Factors such as technical and financial capacity, legislation, regulation/inspection and the involvement of society in the discussions and deliberations related to the waste sector, have also been pointed out by the literature as determining\u0000 the dimension of the advance or delay of the USWM. In this sense, the analysis of the different performances of the USWM of the countries, states, and/or municipalities and the identification of the factors that provoke this differentiation, are essential to point out, what the challenges\u0000 and perspectives for promoting the advancement of the USWM are, according to the investigated local reality. The present research is descriptive and exploratory and has a general objective: to analyse the profile of the USWM of 786 Brazilian municipalities regarding the waste collection process\u0000 and the adequacy of municipalities with the National Solid Waste Policy-NSWP (Law 12.305/ 2010), and discuss possible external factors of influence. The year evaluated corresponds to 2018 and the empirical analyses involved the municipalities which have all the model variables available in\u0000 the National Sanitation Information System-SNIS base. For the optimisation of the investigation, the cities were classified into clusters according to the population, and the analyses were parameterised by 8 qualitative variables (Type of Management, Payment of the Generator, Municipal\u0000 Waste Plan, Social Control, Regulation/Inspection Sector, Selective Collection, Cooperatives/Associations and Final Disposal System), and by 5 quantitative variables (Collection Expenses, Number of Employees, Number of Vehicles, Volume of Solid Urban Waste Collected and Population Served).\u0000 To perceive possible influences of external factors in the USWM, analyses of the municipalities were carried out at regional level, using 8 socioeconomic indicators, called exogenous variables: Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), MHDI-Income, Population, Density Demographic, Gross Domestic\u0000 Product per capita, Income per capita, Percentage of hospitalisations because of","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47972380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a type of special concrete which possess self packing and flowability to fill the formwork space completely by its own weight without any external vibration or compaction. Research studies on finding efficient, economical and eco-friendly materials to replace the conventional concrete materials are increasing day-by-day. An important constituent material of concrete is cement which contributes to the environmental hazardous problem of CO2 emission. In this view, the present study investigated the fresh and hardened properties of SCC in which cement is partially replaced by multi-cementitious materials namely fly ash, alccofine and Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP). Fly ash and alccofine are evident materials to replace cement in concrete. In addition to the substitution of cement by 20% replacement by fly ash and 10% replacement by alccofine, recycled concrete powder collected from construction wastes are also incorporated (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and investigated. Water/binder ratio is kept constant as 0.45. Polycarboxylate based super plasticizer (Conplast SP430) was used. The experimental program comprises testing the fresh stability by determination of flowability, passing ability and viscosity, mechanical strength testing including compressive strength, split-tensile strength and flexural strength and durability properties such as water absorption, sorptivity and acid-attack of SCC specimens. The test results showed that 10% recycled concrete powder exhibited better performance in fresh stability and satisfied performance mechanical strength. Increase in RCP content beyond a limited proportion possesses detrimental effects on the durability characteristics.
{"title":"Combined Effect of Ternary Blended Cementitious Materials in Self-compacting Concrete","authors":"N. Sakthieswaran, M. Renisha","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.253","url":null,"abstract":"Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a type of special concrete which possess self packing and flowability to fill the formwork space completely by its own weight without any external vibration or compaction. Research studies on finding efficient, economical and eco-friendly materials\u0000 to replace the conventional concrete materials are increasing day-by-day. An important constituent material of concrete is cement which contributes to the environmental hazardous problem of CO2 emission. In this view, the present study investigated the fresh and hardened properties\u0000 of SCC in which cement is partially replaced by multi-cementitious materials namely fly ash, alccofine and Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP). Fly ash and alccofine are evident materials to replace cement in concrete. In addition to the substitution of cement by 20% replacement by fly ash and\u0000 10% replacement by alccofine, recycled concrete powder collected from construction wastes are also incorporated (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and investigated. Water/binder ratio is kept constant as 0.45. Polycarboxylate based super plasticizer (Conplast SP430) was used. The experimental program comprises\u0000 testing the fresh stability by determination of flowability, passing ability and viscosity, mechanical strength testing including compressive strength, split-tensile strength and flexural strength and durability properties such as water absorption, sorptivity and acid-attack of SCC specimens.\u0000 The test results showed that 10% recycled concrete powder exhibited better performance in fresh stability and satisfied performance mechanical strength. Increase in RCP content beyond a limited proportion possesses detrimental effects on the durability characteristics.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44711391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaysian government recently implemented a compulsory waste separation program in Kuala Lumpur as an effort to reach the national target of 40% waste diversion from landfill and 22% recycling rate by 2020. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the program in the aspect of disposal and recycling trends. The results showed that the annual average daily generation rate was reduced by 105 tonnes/day or 5.5% after the implementation of the program. The collection amounts of recyclable materials were only about 1.3 tonnes/day. This low amount might be due to illegal collection by recycling vendors, poor enforcement by the authority and selling of the recyclable materials by residents directly to vendors.
{"title":"The Effect of Separation at Source (SAS) Program on Waste Generation Rate in Kuala Lumpur","authors":"M. Tahir, M. R. Taib, W. S. Ho","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.285","url":null,"abstract":"Malaysian government recently implemented a compulsory waste separation program in Kuala Lumpur as an effort to reach the national target of 40% waste diversion from landfill and 22% recycling rate by 2020. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the program in the aspect\u0000 of disposal and recycling trends. The results showed that the annual average daily generation rate was reduced by 105 tonnes/day or 5.5% after the implementation of the program. The collection amounts of recyclable materials were only about 1.3 tonnes/day. This low amount might be due to illegal\u0000 collection by recycling vendors, poor enforcement by the authority and selling of the recyclable materials by residents directly to vendors.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46118358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hina, Joseph G. Szmerekovsky, EunSu Lee, M. Amin, Syeda Arooj
The required skill sets for dealing with solid waste management are lacking in developing countries. Further, this issue is compounded by the rapid growth of waste generation in those countries. This study helps to address this problem by performing a landfill site selection for the Twin Cities of Pakistan. The study uses a multi-criteria decision model for siting a suitable landfill utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The use of geospatial technology provides network-based spatial analysis and assists in modeling practical network situations. In particular, this analysis accounts for proximity to urban/residential areas, road networks, water streams, and water reservoirs/lakes. It also accounts for land slope and land use/land cover. The results indicate that 96.3% of the Twin Cities area is unsuitable, 1.6% is moderately suitable, and 2.1% is most suitable. The results of the study identify appropriate sites for more detailed analysis based on current and future land use, population growth, and waste generation. As similar challenges of handling solid waste are common in developing countries, this study can serve as a guide in other developing countries.
{"title":"Identifying Suitable Solid Waste Landfill Sites Using Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis","authors":"S. Hina, Joseph G. Szmerekovsky, EunSu Lee, M. Amin, Syeda Arooj","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.196","url":null,"abstract":"The required skill sets for dealing with solid waste management are lacking in developing countries. Further, this issue is compounded by the rapid growth of waste generation in those countries. This study helps to address this problem by performing a landfill site selection for the\u0000 Twin Cities of Pakistan. The study uses a multi-criteria decision model for siting a suitable landfill utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The use of geospatial technology provides network-based spatial analysis and assists in modeling practical network situations. In particular,\u0000 this analysis accounts for proximity to urban/residential areas, road networks, water streams, and water reservoirs/lakes. It also accounts for land slope and land use/land cover. The results indicate that 96.3% of the Twin Cities area is unsuitable, 1.6% is moderately suitable, and 2.1% is\u0000 most suitable. The results of the study identify appropriate sites for more detailed analysis based on current and future land use, population growth, and waste generation. As similar challenges of handling solid waste are common in developing countries, this study can serve as a guide in\u0000 other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47519796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. F. Oyebanji, A. James, K. A. Olatunde, O. Aremu
This study assessed solid healthcare (SHC) waste management practices and levels of heavy metals in soils within four public healthcare facilities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Walkthrough observation and one-on-one interviews were used to elicit information on waste management practices. Topsoils of waste storage areas were collected and analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. SHC general waste is often burnt and buried at the general hospitals while licensed private operators collect it at the Clinics and Specialist hospitals. The Specialist Hospitals generate the highest weight of all the waste categories and in the order; general > infectious > sharps > pathological > pharmaceutical, with the clinic having the highest rate of waste generated/patient (0.8kg/day). Heavy metal concentration (mg/kg) ranges are 5321.46 – 9356.49 (Fe), 96.72 – 314.49 (Zn) and 8.58 – 20.77 (Cr), with an indication of potential non-carcinogenic risks for all exposure routes for both adults and children. Mixed storage of all waste types is still being practised in some healthcare facilities, which portends the risk of infection transmission and environmental pollution. Hence, there is a need to improve the segregation and special handling of SHCW to avoid environmental contamination and negative health-related impacts.
{"title":"Solid Waste Management Practices and Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils Within Public Healthcare Facilities in Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria","authors":"F. F. Oyebanji, A. James, K. A. Olatunde, O. Aremu","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.165","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed solid healthcare (SHC) waste management practices and levels of heavy metals in soils within four public healthcare facilities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Walkthrough observation and one-on-one interviews were used to elicit information on waste management practices. Topsoils\u0000 of waste storage areas were collected and analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. SHC general waste is often burnt and buried at the general hospitals while licensed private operators collect it at the Clinics and Specialist hospitals. The Specialist Hospitals generate\u0000 the highest weight of all the waste categories and in the order; general > infectious > sharps > pathological > pharmaceutical, with the clinic having the highest rate of waste generated/patient (0.8kg/day). Heavy metal concentration (mg/kg) ranges are 5321.46 – 9356.49 (Fe),\u0000 96.72 – 314.49 (Zn) and 8.58 – 20.77 (Cr), with an indication of potential non-carcinogenic risks for all exposure routes for both adults and children. Mixed storage of all waste types is still being practised in some healthcare facilities, which portends the risk of infection\u0000 transmission and environmental pollution. Hence, there is a need to improve the segregation and special handling of SHCW to avoid environmental contamination and negative health-related impacts.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43099496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The uncontrolled decomposition of waste from agro industrial sources can result in large-scale contamination of land, water, and air. Therefore recycling of agro-industrial waste for developing value added products is established as a solution to this problem. Agricultural industry is boosted by smart polymeric materials because of their high water and mineral retention capacity. Therefore hydrogels made from plant wastes like dead dry leaves and industrial cotton waste act as smart immobilising system, due to their day-to-day applications in modern waste management system. METHODS: The hydrogels were extracted from leaf and cotton waste using acid alkali hydrolysis followed by gel formation using dry cellulose, N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), potassium per sulfate (KPS), and neutralized acrylic acid (AA). The hydrogels obtained were checked for physical parameters like water retention capacity, absorbency and optical parameters like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. FINDING and CONCLUSION: This experimental study mainly focused on how to increase the productivity of hydrogels from agro-industrial waste. The hydrogels were characterized by NMR, XRD and FESEM -EDX. This research also discussed the application of novel and advanced hydrogels with their applications in sanitary and irrigation industries.
{"title":"Preparation of Hydrogel from Agriculture Waste For the Improvement of Soil Irrigation System","authors":"R. Vijayaraghavan, G. Unnikrishnan","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.208","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The uncontrolled decomposition of waste from agro industrial sources can result in large-scale contamination of land, water, and air. Therefore recycling of agro-industrial waste for developing value added products is established as a solution to this problem.\u0000 Agricultural industry is boosted by smart polymeric materials because of their high water and mineral retention capacity. Therefore hydrogels made from plant wastes like dead dry leaves and industrial cotton waste act as smart immobilising system, due to their day-to-day applications in modern\u0000 waste management system. METHODS: The hydrogels were extracted from leaf and cotton waste using acid alkali hydrolysis followed by gel formation using dry cellulose, N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), potassium per sulfate (KPS), and neutralized acrylic acid (AA). The hydrogels obtained were\u0000 checked for physical parameters like water retention capacity, absorbency and optical parameters like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. FINDING and CONCLUSION: This experimental study mainly focused on how to increase the productivity of hydrogels\u0000 from agro-industrial waste. The hydrogels were characterized by NMR, XRD and FESEM -EDX. This research also discussed the application of novel and advanced hydrogels with their applications in sanitary and irrigation industries.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41332565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing interest in geopolymer materials. One of its advantages is the possibility of reusing a wide range of industrial waste. This paper aims to study the effect of the molar ratio H2O/Na2O(t) on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of industrial slurry-based geopolymers mortars and to evaluate the behavior of the synthesized mortar, which has the shortest setting time, in aggressive mediums. Structural changes in geopolymer mortars were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of the samples was monitored by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM micrographs of geopolymer mortars show an intimate bond between sand grains and geopolymer cement. The compressive strength of geopolymer mortars varies significantly with the molar ratio H2O/Na2O(t). The mass loss of geopolymer mortars immersed in hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid is more than that immersed in other solutions but lower than that of Portland cement-based mortars immersed in the same solutions.
{"title":"The Behavior of Geopolymer Mortars Based on Industrial Sludge Exposed to Aggressive Mediums","authors":"N. Belmokhtar, I. Frar, M. Ammari, L. Allal","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.313","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in geopolymer materials. One of its advantages is the possibility of reusing a wide range of industrial waste. This paper aims to study the effect of the molar ratio H2O/Na2O(t) on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties\u0000 of industrial slurry-based geopolymers mortars and to evaluate the behavior of the synthesized mortar, which has the shortest setting time, in aggressive mediums. Structural changes in geopolymer mortars were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The morphology of the\u0000 samples was monitored by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM micrographs of geopolymer mortars show an intimate bond between sand grains and geopolymer cement. The compressive strength of geopolymer mortars varies significantly with the molar ratio H2O/Na2O(t).\u0000 The mass loss of geopolymer mortars immersed in hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid is more than that immersed in other solutions but lower than that of Portland cement-based mortars immersed in the same solutions.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44907158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Rutman-Halili, Tehila Zvulun, Natali Elgabsi, Revaya Cohen, S. Sarig
Active sand dunes (ASD) may cause significant damage to field crops and livelihood, and therefore, it is necessary to find a treatment that would enhance ADS soil stability. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) contain microorganisms on the soil surface. Metabolic polysaccharides secreted by biocrust cyanobacteria glue the soil particles into aggregates, thereby stabilizing the soil surface. Filter cake powder (FCP) is a waste by-product in the final stages of the production of sugar from sugarcane, and its disposal causes significant environmental pollution. FCP contains high concentrations of polysaccharides, and has recently been shown to be a soil stability enhancing agent in ASD. It has been reported that adding FCP to the ASD soil surface by dispersal significantly increases the level of penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) nine weeks after a single treatment. However, it was not known whether a similar effect could be obtained by administering the FCP in liquid form by means of spraying. It has now been found that spraying a water solution of FCP onto the ASD soil surface significantly increased the level of penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) three weeks after a single treatment. These results suggest that FCP spraying can be used as a short-term soil stability-enhancing agent for ASD, while administration by dispersal might be more efficient over the long term. Finally, an additional benefit of using FCP as a soil stabilizer, either by dispersal, or by spraying, is the reduction in environmental pollution that would otherwise result from the disposal of FCP solid waste.
{"title":"The Short and Long-term Effects on Soil Stability of Active Sand Dunes from Filter Cake Powder Administered by Dispersal and Spraying Methods","authors":"I. Rutman-Halili, Tehila Zvulun, Natali Elgabsi, Revaya Cohen, S. Sarig","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.309","url":null,"abstract":"Active sand dunes (ASD) may cause significant damage to field crops and livelihood, and therefore, it is necessary to find a treatment that would enhance ADS soil stability. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) contain microorganisms on the soil surface. Metabolic polysaccharides secreted\u0000 by biocrust cyanobacteria glue the soil particles into aggregates, thereby stabilizing the soil surface. Filter cake powder (FCP) is a waste by-product in the final stages of the production of sugar from sugarcane, and its disposal causes significant environmental pollution. FCP\u0000 contains high concentrations of polysaccharides, and has recently been shown to be a soil stability enhancing agent in ASD. It has been reported that adding FCP to the ASD soil surface by dispersal significantly increases the level of penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) nine weeks\u0000 after a single treatment. However, it was not known whether a similar effect could be obtained by administering the FCP in liquid form by means of spraying. It has now been found that spraying a water solution of FCP onto the ASD soil surface significantly increased the level of\u0000 penetration resistance of soil biocrust (PRSB) three weeks after a single treatment. These results suggest that FCP spraying can be used as a short-term soil stability-enhancing agent for ASD, while administration by dispersal might be more efficient over the long term.\u0000 Finally, an additional benefit of using FCP as a soil stabilizer, either by dispersal, or by spraying, is the reduction in environmental pollution that would otherwise result from the disposal of FCP solid waste.","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41449466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted to examine the effects of cinnamon powder as additive in diets containing maize cobs and sugarcane pulps/peels on in-vitro methane production and performance of goats using a completely randomized design. The basal and each of the supplementary diets that were used in a ratio of 60: 40 in treatment diets D1, D2, D3 and D4 contained 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% on dry matter basis of cinnamon powder inclusion respectively in the study. About 200mg of each of the diets in three replicates with a mixture of medium solution and rumen liquor (2:1) were used for in-vitro methane emission. Thirty-two West African dwarf goats of about 7 to 8 months of age with average body weight of 7.00 ± 0.80kg were randomly assigned to the four treatment diets. The experiment lasted for 84 days. Data obtained on in-vitro gas production, live-weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen retention variables were analysed using inferential statistics that was one-way analysis of variance. Results showed that gas production, methane emission, substrate degraded, neutral detergent fibre degradation, ether extract digestibility, nitrogen intake, faecal with urinary nitrogen output and feed conversion ratio were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet D1 than other diets. Feed intake, live weight gain, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre with nitrogen free extract and nitrogen retention were significantly (p<0.05) better in diet D3 as compared with diets D1, D2 and D4. Reduction in methane gas production was best in D3. In conclusion, the use of 2% cinnamon powder as additive to diet containing 22% maize cobs and 19% sugarcane pulps/peels enhanced performance in goats
{"title":"Effect of Cinnamon Powder Supplementation with Diets Containing Maize Cobs and Sugarcane Pulps/Peels on In-Vitro Methane Emission and Performance of Goats","authors":"M. Okoruwa, F. Bamigboye","doi":"10.5276/jswtm/2022.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.262","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to examine the effects of cinnamon powder as additive in diets containing maize cobs and sugarcane pulps/peels on in-vitro methane production and performance of goats using a completely randomized design. The basal and each of the supplementary diets\u0000 that were used in a ratio of 60: 40 in treatment diets D1, D2, D3 and D4 contained 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% on dry matter basis of cinnamon powder inclusion respectively in the study. About 200mg of each of the diets in three replicates with a mixture of\u0000 medium solution and rumen liquor (2:1) were used for in-vitro methane emission. Thirty-two West African dwarf goats of about 7 to 8 months of age with average body weight of 7.00 ± 0.80kg were randomly assigned to the four treatment diets. The experiment lasted for 84 days. Data\u0000 obtained on in-vitro gas production, live-weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen retention variables were analysed using inferential statistics that was one-way analysis of variance. Results showed that gas production, methane emission, substrate degraded, neutral detergent fibre degradation,\u0000 ether extract digestibility, nitrogen intake, faecal with urinary nitrogen output and feed conversion ratio were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet D1 than other diets. Feed intake, live weight gain, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre with nitrogen free\u0000 extract and nitrogen retention were significantly (p<0.05) better in diet D3 as compared with diets D1, D2 and D4. Reduction in methane gas production was best in D3. In conclusion, the use of 2% cinnamon powder as additive to diet\u0000 containing 22% maize cobs and 19% sugarcane pulps/peels enhanced performance in goats","PeriodicalId":35783,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46804979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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