Pub Date : 2021-04-21DOI: 10.1177/00346446211006152
Dennis H. Sullivan, A. Ziegert
Advances in poverty measurement have opened new opportunities for investigating differences in poverty among racial and ethnic groups. Some researchers have attributed differences in poverty to differences in group characteristics, such as marital status or educational attainment, whereas others have focused on labor market differences or to differential benefits from taxes and transfer payments. This paper brings together all of these approaches to investigate the history of Black–White poverty differentials for families with children from 1980 to 2014. We break the history of the Black–White poverty differential into three “eras”: 1980 to 1992, when the racial differential was largely driven by the business cycle; 1992 to 2002, when the racial differential was reduced substantially; and 2002 to 2014, when the differential could have been strongly influenced by the Great Recession, but was not. For each era, we examine the extent to which the changes in the poverty differential were influenced by changes in tax and transfer payment policy and by changes in family demographic and labor market characteristics. We find that labor market changes and changes in tax credits and transfer payments have strongly influenced the differential, though racial differences in marital structure, family work effort, and heads’ educational attainment also continue to play a role.
{"title":"Family Poverty in Black and White: Results From a New Poverty Measure","authors":"Dennis H. Sullivan, A. Ziegert","doi":"10.1177/00346446211006152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446211006152","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in poverty measurement have opened new opportunities for investigating differences in poverty among racial and ethnic groups. Some researchers have attributed differences in poverty to differences in group characteristics, such as marital status or educational attainment, whereas others have focused on labor market differences or to differential benefits from taxes and transfer payments. This paper brings together all of these approaches to investigate the history of Black–White poverty differentials for families with children from 1980 to 2014. We break the history of the Black–White poverty differential into three “eras”: 1980 to 1992, when the racial differential was largely driven by the business cycle; 1992 to 2002, when the racial differential was reduced substantially; and 2002 to 2014, when the differential could have been strongly influenced by the Great Recession, but was not. For each era, we examine the extent to which the changes in the poverty differential were influenced by changes in tax and transfer payment policy and by changes in family demographic and labor market characteristics. We find that labor market changes and changes in tax credits and transfer payments have strongly influenced the differential, though racial differences in marital structure, family work effort, and heads’ educational attainment also continue to play a role.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"354 1","pages":"410 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74852000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.1177/0034644621996008
Diego Ayala‐McCormick
It has become common to compare racial inequality in the United States with a “Latin American” pattern of racial inequality in which egalitarian racial ideologies mask stark socioeconomic inequalities along racial lines. However, relatively few comparative studies exist attempting to analyze variations in degrees of racial inequality in the Americas. To stimulate further research in this area, the following study analyzes census data on racial inequality in unemployment rates, educational attainment, homeownership rates, and income in Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the United States. The results suggest that while Brazil is similar to the United States in displaying large levels of racial inequality in the areas measured, Cuba and Puerto Rico display significantly lower levels of racial inequality and Colombia falls in between, undermining conceptions of a monolithic Latin American racial system.
{"title":"The Myth of the Latin American Race Monolith: Notes for Future Comparative Research on Racial Inequality in the Americas","authors":"Diego Ayala‐McCormick","doi":"10.1177/0034644621996008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644621996008","url":null,"abstract":"It has become common to compare racial inequality in the United States with a “Latin American” pattern of racial inequality in which egalitarian racial ideologies mask stark socioeconomic inequalities along racial lines. However, relatively few comparative studies exist attempting to analyze variations in degrees of racial inequality in the Americas. To stimulate further research in this area, the following study analyzes census data on racial inequality in unemployment rates, educational attainment, homeownership rates, and income in Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the United States. The results suggest that while Brazil is similar to the United States in displaying large levels of racial inequality in the areas measured, Cuba and Puerto Rico display significantly lower levels of racial inequality and Colombia falls in between, undermining conceptions of a monolithic Latin American racial system.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"21 1","pages":"381 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87640764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.1177/00346446211000821
Robert B. Williams
Since its inception, the U.S. government has strongly promoted the expansion of White wealth. These past policies have created the current wealth gaps in which White households typically hold >10 times the wealth held by Black or Latinx households. The tradition continues today. Using nine tax deductions, the federal government currently supports household wealth accumulation by nearly $640 billion annually. Although they make no overt mention of race, these tax exemptions are designed specifically to help wealthier households. Using evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, this article estimates the racial shares of these tax benefits and shows a clear pattern of racial favoritism. In addition, repeated efforts to eliminate the estate and gift taxes mean more intergenerational wealth is tax-exempted. As in the past, our current federal wealth policies are promoting White supremacy.
{"title":"Federal Wealth Policy and the Perpetuation of White Supremacy","authors":"Robert B. Williams","doi":"10.1177/00346446211000821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446211000821","url":null,"abstract":"Since its inception, the U.S. government has strongly promoted the expansion of White wealth. These past policies have created the current wealth gaps in which White households typically hold >10 times the wealth held by Black or Latinx households. The tradition continues today. Using nine tax deductions, the federal government currently supports household wealth accumulation by nearly $640 billion annually. Although they make no overt mention of race, these tax exemptions are designed specifically to help wealthier households. Using evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, this article estimates the racial shares of these tax benefits and shows a clear pattern of racial favoritism. In addition, repeated efforts to eliminate the estate and gift taxes mean more intergenerational wealth is tax-exempted. As in the past, our current federal wealth policies are promoting White supremacy.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"20 1","pages":"130 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89801106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1177/0034644620986882
Crystal R. Hudson, Marlissa Phillips, Tonya D. W. Smalls, John H. Young
The wealth of African Americans has lagged behind that of the general US population. The key to understanding this may lie in African American women’s money management abilities and feelings relating to money because they are often the household’s money manager. This study answers the question, “If African American women had greater confidence in their ability to manage money, or had a positive attitude towards money, would they invest in the stock market more often and ultimately increase their net worth in this way?” Researchers studied a cross-section of African American women, using three logistic regression models and found that African American women who were sure of their ability to manage their finances and felt in control of their money were more likely to be investors. A higher number of younger African American women were investors, compared to older African American women. In addition, younger African American women had greater confidence in their money management ability than their older counterparts.
{"title":"Investment Behavior: Factors that Impact African American Women’s Investment Behavior","authors":"Crystal R. Hudson, Marlissa Phillips, Tonya D. W. Smalls, John H. Young","doi":"10.1177/0034644620986882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620986882","url":null,"abstract":"The wealth of African Americans has lagged behind that of the general US population. The key to understanding this may lie in African American women’s money management abilities and feelings relating to money because they are often the household’s money manager. This study answers the question, “If African American women had greater confidence in their ability to manage money, or had a positive attitude towards money, would they invest in the stock market more often and ultimately increase their net worth in this way?” Researchers studied a cross-section of African American women, using three logistic regression models and found that African American women who were sure of their ability to manage their finances and felt in control of their money were more likely to be investors. A higher number of younger African American women were investors, compared to older African American women. In addition, younger African American women had greater confidence in their money management ability than their older counterparts.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"87 1","pages":"349 - 367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77570808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.1177/0034644621992687
Anwar Ouassini, M. Amini, Nabil Ouassini
One of the consequences of the emergence of COVID-19 has been the glaring racial and ethnic disparities that have defined the course of the spread of the virus. As a recent migrant-minority community in China, the Black community’s experience has been defined by vulgar racism, exploitation, and stigmatization. In the context of COVID-19, the Black community in China was again a target of multiple racial projects which sought to label their bodies as diseased and physical presence as a threat to the viability and safety of the Han majority. The global response was to mobilize online to expose how the Chinese government is systematically facilitating discriminatory policies against Black migrants in China. In the present paper, we explore how Twitter was utilized to mobilize awareness about anti-Black racism in China. We first present a brief history of African migration to China and then discuss the Han racial ideologies that are inspiring the anti-Black racism. We then use latent Dirichlet allocation as a topic modeling algorithm to extract underlying themes to discuss how anti-Black racism in the COVID-19 context was framed and subsequently challenged by the global community. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion on COVID-19 and the future of the Black community in China.
{"title":"#ChinaMustexplain: Global Tweets, COVID-19, and Anti-Black Racism in China","authors":"Anwar Ouassini, M. Amini, Nabil Ouassini","doi":"10.1177/0034644621992687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644621992687","url":null,"abstract":"One of the consequences of the emergence of COVID-19 has been the glaring racial and ethnic disparities that have defined the course of the spread of the virus. As a recent migrant-minority community in China, the Black community’s experience has been defined by vulgar racism, exploitation, and stigmatization. In the context of COVID-19, the Black community in China was again a target of multiple racial projects which sought to label their bodies as diseased and physical presence as a threat to the viability and safety of the Han majority. The global response was to mobilize online to expose how the Chinese government is systematically facilitating discriminatory policies against Black migrants in China. In the present paper, we explore how Twitter was utilized to mobilize awareness about anti-Black racism in China. We first present a brief history of African migration to China and then discuss the Han racial ideologies that are inspiring the anti-Black racism. We then use latent Dirichlet allocation as a topic modeling algorithm to extract underlying themes to discuss how anti-Black racism in the COVID-19 context was framed and subsequently challenged by the global community. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion on COVID-19 and the future of the Black community in China.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"49 1","pages":"61 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0034644621992687","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45506321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1177/0034644620973928
S. Carson
A population’s weight conditioned on height reflects its current net nutrition and demonstrates health variation during economic development. This study builds on the use of weight as a measure for current net nutrition and uses a difference-in-decompositions technique as it relates to institutional change to illustrate how Black and White current net nutrition varied with the transition to free-labor. Adult Black age-related weight gain was greater with the transition to free-labor yet was not as large as the adult White age-related weight gain. Agricultural worker’s current net nutrition was better than workers in other occupations, but was worse-off with the transition to free labor. Birth place within the United States had the greatest effect with across and within-group weight changes and the transition to free-labor. Within-group weight variation was greater than across-group variation.
{"title":"Weight as a Measure for the Net Nutritional Transition From Bound to Free Labor: A Difference-in-Decompositions Approach","authors":"S. Carson","doi":"10.1177/0034644620973928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620973928","url":null,"abstract":"A population’s weight conditioned on height reflects its current net nutrition and demonstrates health variation during economic development. This study builds on the use of weight as a measure for current net nutrition and uses a difference-in-decompositions technique as it relates to institutional change to illustrate how Black and White current net nutrition varied with the transition to free-labor. Adult Black age-related weight gain was greater with the transition to free-labor yet was not as large as the adult White age-related weight gain. Agricultural worker’s current net nutrition was better than workers in other occupations, but was worse-off with the transition to free labor. Birth place within the United States had the greatest effect with across and within-group weight changes and the transition to free-labor. Within-group weight variation was greater than across-group variation.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":"286 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79014017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1177/0034644620973931
Colin Cannonier, Monica Galloway Burke, E. Mitchell
In this article, we explore the impact of a reentry and aftercare service program on the likelihood of returning to prison by ex-offenders. Using administrative data within a difference-in-differences design, we find that this social program is associated with a reduction in recidivism rates. Benchmark estimates show that the program was associated with estimated reductions in the probability of recidivating of 6.0 to 8.7 percentage points. The estimate appears to be economically significant as it implies an estimated treated effect in the 15.8% to 19.2% range. We consider the heterogeneous effects of the program on reducing recidivism according to race, age group, and program type. The program helped to reduce recidivism among Whites but not Blacks; older participants were the main beneficiaries while the effectiveness of the program was observed among older participants. Back-of-the-envelope cost-savings analysis is incorporated to estimate the potential savings to the state arising from the reduction in recidivism rates likely attributable to the program. The findings are robust to sample selection bias, alternative specifications, and estimation techniques. Our results offer some implications for the role of faith-based social programs within the context of criminal justice reform to combat reentry of former inmates. They also provide a cautionary tale about the need to evaluate programs not just based on their overall effect.
{"title":"The Impact of a Reentry and Aftercare Program on Recidivism","authors":"Colin Cannonier, Monica Galloway Burke, E. Mitchell","doi":"10.1177/0034644620973931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620973931","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we explore the impact of a reentry and aftercare service program on the likelihood of returning to prison by ex-offenders. Using administrative data within a difference-in-differences design, we find that this social program is associated with a reduction in recidivism rates. Benchmark estimates show that the program was associated with estimated reductions in the probability of recidivating of 6.0 to 8.7 percentage points. The estimate appears to be economically significant as it implies an estimated treated effect in the 15.8% to 19.2% range. We consider the heterogeneous effects of the program on reducing recidivism according to race, age group, and program type. The program helped to reduce recidivism among Whites but not Blacks; older participants were the main beneficiaries while the effectiveness of the program was observed among older participants. Back-of-the-envelope cost-savings analysis is incorporated to estimate the potential savings to the state arising from the reduction in recidivism rates likely attributable to the program. The findings are robust to sample selection bias, alternative specifications, and estimation techniques. Our results offer some implications for the role of faith-based social programs within the context of criminal justice reform to combat reentry of former inmates. They also provide a cautionary tale about the need to evaluate programs not just based on their overall effect.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"80 1","pages":"93 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89631679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1177/0034644620972168
Jamein P. Cunningham
This article uses newly collected data on communities who received legal services grants between 1965 and 1975 to evaluate the effectiveness of the federal antirioting program. Results indicate a 4.8% reduction in the number of riots and a 4.7% reduction in the duration of riots due to legal services programs. Additional analysis identifies a positive relationship between riot propensity and legal services funding. Therefore, the estimates provide a lower bound for the possible causal relationship between the legal service program and riot propensities. Further analysis reveals communities implementing legal services programs earlier report better community–police relations in 1970. Together these results are consistent with the historical narrative that legal service lawyers’ involvement in community empowerment and advocacy mitigated the damage of riots that occurred in the 1960s.
{"title":"The Language of the Unheard: Legal Services and the 1960s Race Riots","authors":"Jamein P. Cunningham","doi":"10.1177/0034644620972168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620972168","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses newly collected data on communities who received legal services grants between 1965 and 1975 to evaluate the effectiveness of the federal antirioting program. Results indicate a 4.8% reduction in the number of riots and a 4.7% reduction in the duration of riots due to legal services programs. Additional analysis identifies a positive relationship between riot propensity and legal services funding. Therefore, the estimates provide a lower bound for the possible causal relationship between the legal service program and riot propensities. Further analysis reveals communities implementing legal services programs earlier report better community–police relations in 1970. Together these results are consistent with the historical narrative that legal service lawyers’ involvement in community empowerment and advocacy mitigated the damage of riots that occurred in the 1960s.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"9 1","pages":"255 - 285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76207173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-02DOI: 10.1177/0034644620973930
S. Myers
A reflection on the changes in research on race and crime in the economics profession.
对经济学界种族与犯罪研究变化的反思。
{"title":"Bringing Research on Race and Crime Into the 21st Century: Reflections From Over the Years","authors":"S. Myers","doi":"10.1177/0034644620973930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620973930","url":null,"abstract":"A reflection on the changes in research on race and crime in the economics profession.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"47 1","pages":"123 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83689340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1177/0034644620972843
Sadie T. M. Alexander
The National Economic Association will commemorate the 100th anniversary of when Sadie T.M. Alexander received the doctorate degree in economics beginning with the 2021 ASSA sessions. Our conference theme is 100 Years of African American Economics. Three sessions will focus on the history of African Americans in the economics profession from the 1920s to 1970s. The NEA hopes that you will attend our virtual discussion of this history and other topics of importance to Black communities by registering for the ASSA meetings. The NEA also plans to commemorate the 100year milestone with events throughout the 2021 year.
{"title":"NEA 100 Years of African American Economics","authors":"Sadie T. M. Alexander","doi":"10.1177/0034644620972843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0034644620972843","url":null,"abstract":"The National Economic Association will commemorate the 100th anniversary of when Sadie T.M. Alexander received the doctorate degree in economics beginning with the 2021 ASSA sessions. Our conference theme is 100 Years of African American Economics. Three sessions will focus on the history of African Americans in the economics profession from the 1920s to 1970s. The NEA hopes that you will attend our virtual discussion of this history and other topics of importance to Black communities by registering for the ASSA meetings. The NEA also plans to commemorate the 100year milestone with events throughout the 2021 year.","PeriodicalId":35867,"journal":{"name":"Review of Black Political Economy","volume":"49 1","pages":"323 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75076148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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