Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IPP.411-431
H. Hemmer
The author offers an historical appraisal of the causes of rapid population growth in developing countries, then discusses the need for and the ethical basis of population policy. He explains the existence of high birth rates in the Third World, suggests measures to be taken as part of population policy, identifies the target groups of population policy, and comments on development policy. Fertility levels have remained high in most developing countries over the past 30 years while mortality has declined. As such, populations have grown rapidly and significantly. Young people of reproductive age now populate most of the developing world. They engage in both premarital and marital sexual intercourse, fueling overall world population growth. Even the most successful of population policies will therefore not bring about marked declines in fertility. The vast number of reproductive-age people, the slow manner in which people adjust their fertility in response to a changing demographic framework, and non-economic factors will combine to ensure that birth rates remain high for a long time. Birth rates will decline over time only when fertility declines in keeping with low and declining rates of mortality.
{"title":"A successful population policy: potentials and constraints.","authors":"H. Hemmer","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IPP.411-431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IPP.411-431","url":null,"abstract":"The author offers an historical appraisal of the causes of rapid population growth in developing countries, then discusses the need for and the ethical basis of population policy. He explains the existence of high birth rates in the Third World, suggests measures to be taken as part of population policy, identifies the target groups of population policy, and comments on development policy. Fertility levels have remained high in most developing countries over the past 30 years while mortality has declined. As such, populations have grown rapidly and significantly. Young people of reproductive age now populate most of the developing world. They engage in both premarital and marital sexual intercourse, fueling overall world population growth. Even the most successful of population policies will therefore not bring about marked declines in fertility. The vast number of reproductive-age people, the slow manner in which people adjust their fertility in response to a changing demographic framework, and non-economic factors will combine to ensure that birth rates remain high for a long time. Birth rates will decline over time only when fertility declines in keeping with low and declining rates of mortality.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt. 1 1","pages":"411-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uneducated and unhealthy: the plight of women in Pakistan.","authors":"T S Ibraz, A Fatima","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2","pages":"905-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"Complementarity and Conflict among Population and Other Policies: Specifying an Economic-Demographic Model for a Developing Country\".","authors":"H R Hemmer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 1","pages":"535-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22017297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.639-649
S. Sahibzada
Environmental degradation in urban Pakistan is described and solutions offered for policy changes and changes in design of development projects. Government intervention should involve the development of institutional and legal structures for implementing effective pollution control laws and ordinances, the development of skills for evaluation of environmental consequences of development projects, and training in the aforementioned areas. Past development policies have ignored environmental consequences. The policy of incorporation of protectionists practices is feared as a strategy that would result in a decline in income and standard of living. The Report of the World Commission in 1987 revealed that environmental pollution would increase with rising urbanization. 52% of the urban population reside in the cities of Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Hyderabad, Multan, and Gujranwala. Environmental degradation due to industrialization results in waste dumped into rivers and canals. In Karachi, industrial waste water is contaminated with toxic chemicals, which disrupts marine life, reduces quantities of fish for harvesting, and creates a health hazard for polluted fish that are eaten. The pollution in the Peshawar Vale and the Kabul River is threatening not only the water fishery industry but also irrigation of farmland. Transportation discharges due to leaded fuels are a major source of air pollution, with concomitant effects of lung cancer and mental retardation. Air emission standards established by the World Health Organization have not been met. Energy consumption is costly even without including the costs of pollution. Environmental degradation leads to poverty. Environmental problems must be included as externalities in market analyses. Command and control approaches need to be directed to industrial polluters. Public environmental education is needed. Policy should be directed to changing the residential energy consumptions patterns, and waste should be recycled. Policy should be directed to improving living conditions in poor areas. Environmental Impact Assessment would be helpful in identifying physical, biological, and social consequences of environmental pollution. Trained personnel able to prepare these assessments are lacking. The introduction of new technologies should meet environmental tests.
{"title":"Urbanisation and environmental degradation in Pakistan.","authors":"S. Sahibzada","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.639-649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.639-649","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental degradation in urban Pakistan is described and solutions offered for policy changes and changes in design of development projects. Government intervention should involve the development of institutional and legal structures for implementing effective pollution control laws and ordinances, the development of skills for evaluation of environmental consequences of development projects, and training in the aforementioned areas. Past development policies have ignored environmental consequences. The policy of incorporation of protectionists practices is feared as a strategy that would result in a decline in income and standard of living. The Report of the World Commission in 1987 revealed that environmental pollution would increase with rising urbanization. 52% of the urban population reside in the cities of Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Hyderabad, Multan, and Gujranwala. Environmental degradation due to industrialization results in waste dumped into rivers and canals. In Karachi, industrial waste water is contaminated with toxic chemicals, which disrupts marine life, reduces quantities of fish for harvesting, and creates a health hazard for polluted fish that are eaten. The pollution in the Peshawar Vale and the Kabul River is threatening not only the water fishery industry but also irrigation of farmland. Transportation discharges due to leaded fuels are a major source of air pollution, with concomitant effects of lung cancer and mental retardation. Air emission standards established by the World Health Organization have not been met. Energy consumption is costly even without including the costs of pollution. Environmental degradation leads to poverty. Environmental problems must be included as externalities in market analyses. Command and control approaches need to be directed to industrial polluters. Public environmental education is needed. Policy should be directed to changing the residential energy consumptions patterns, and waste should be recycled. Policy should be directed to improving living conditions in poor areas. Environmental Impact Assessment would be helpful in identifying physical, biological, and social consequences of environmental pollution. Trained personnel able to prepare these assessments are lacking. The introduction of new technologies should meet environmental tests.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2 1","pages":"639-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"An Indirect View of the Fertility Changes in Pakistan\".","authors":"S S Hashmi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2","pages":"1094-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IPP.523-540
R. Mariano
The demographic and economic model illustrates the links between demographic and socioeconomic factors and government policy for developing countries. The operating model attempts to balance practical realities with manageability. The Philippines was used to show how the model operates. Demographic planners should be involved in the early development stages of policy development. The sociodemographic and economic framework by Orbeta has identified population outcomes affecting the economic system and the population system (fertility, mortality, and migration), both of which affect economic outcomes. The Economic system is comprised of consumption, investments, fiscal budgets, money supply, international trade and finance, labor use, and land use, which interact with private and public expenditures, employment, educational status, health status, housing, and environmental quality. A two way interrelationship exists between the demographic and socioeconomic variables. The model assumes that development outcomes affect the number, composition, and location of individuals. The application of the model to the Philippines used ordinary least squares and two stage least squares for estimation pertaining to the real sector, the fiscal sector, the financial sector, the external sector, and the price-wage-employment sector. The model combines classical, Keynesian, structuralist, and monetarist approaches. Domestic production is composed of agriculture, industry, and services in supply and demand equations. Expenditures are composed of personal consumption, gross domestic capital formation, exports, imports, and government expenditures. Further details of the model are described by Klein et al. and Mariano and Constantino.
{"title":"Complementarity and conflict among population and other policies: specifying an economic-demographic model for a developing country.","authors":"R. Mariano","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IPP.523-540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IPP.523-540","url":null,"abstract":"The demographic and economic model illustrates the links between demographic and socioeconomic factors and government policy for developing countries. The operating model attempts to balance practical realities with manageability. The Philippines was used to show how the model operates. Demographic planners should be involved in the early development stages of policy development. The sociodemographic and economic framework by Orbeta has identified population outcomes affecting the economic system and the population system (fertility, mortality, and migration), both of which affect economic outcomes. The Economic system is comprised of consumption, investments, fiscal budgets, money supply, international trade and finance, labor use, and land use, which interact with private and public expenditures, employment, educational status, health status, housing, and environmental quality. A two way interrelationship exists between the demographic and socioeconomic variables. The model assumes that development outcomes affect the number, composition, and location of individuals. The application of the model to the Philippines used ordinary least squares and two stage least squares for estimation pertaining to the real sector, the fiscal sector, the financial sector, the external sector, and the price-wage-employment sector. The model combines classical, Keynesian, structuralist, and monetarist approaches. Domestic production is composed of agriculture, industry, and services in supply and demand equations. Expenditures are composed of personal consumption, gross domestic capital formation, exports, imports, and government expenditures. Further details of the model are described by Klein et al. and Mariano and Constantino.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 1 1","pages":"523-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"An Attempt to Measure Female Status in Pakistan and its Impact on Reproductive Behaviour\".","authors":"N Mahmood","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2","pages":"928-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Informalisation of women's work: consequence for fertility and child schooling in urban Pakistan.","authors":"S Kazi, Z A Sathar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2","pages":"887-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I3PP.269-284
Z. Khan, G. Y. Soomro
This exercise in examining the proximate determinants of birth intervals in Pakistan showed that significant bias in estimates was introduced when data of births were restricted to the last closed and open birth intervals. The reason for the bias was a sample restricted to a small number of births in the past 40 months. Analysis of socioeconomic determinants would be most greatly affected by the selection bias. Intermediate variables may be less biased due to a closer association with fertility. Data were obtained from the fertility portion of the 1979-80 Population, Labor Force, and Migration Survey in Pakistan and the Pakistan World Fertility Survey (WFS), which had half the number of reproductive histories. The data reflected a pattern whereby the proportions of births were smaller the farther away from the survey date. Logit regression methodology was adopted as modeled by Rindfuss, Bumpass, and Palmore and pertained to three durations of birth intervals spanning 2-12 years before the survey: 2-6 years, 2-5 years, and 2-4 years preceding the survey and 2, 3, and 4-8 birth orders. Models estimates were obtained for 96 logistic regressions for 3 sets of birth order intervals, 4 sets of birth segments (17-22, 23-28, 29-34, and 35-40 months), 4 sets of time periods, and 2 sets of restrictions (imposing WFS restrictions or not). The 96 estimates were compared to estimates based on two birth intervals 2-12 years prior to the survey without WFS restrictions. A higher proportion of unbiased results was obtained with the longer period preceding the interview and an unrestricted sample. For example, 95% of the betas are within the confidence interval for the period 2-6 years preceding the survey compared to 87% for 2-5 years and 80% for 2-4 years. Restrictions to the last closed and open birth intervals yielded 26-52% of betas falling in the confidence intervals. 57% of the betas for proximate intervals fell within confidence intervals, compared to only 48% for socioeconomic factors.
{"title":"Estimates of birth intervals in Pakistan, with and without the WFS restrictions.","authors":"Z. Khan, G. Y. Soomro","doi":"10.30541/V32I3PP.269-284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I3PP.269-284","url":null,"abstract":"This exercise in examining the proximate determinants of birth intervals in Pakistan showed that significant bias in estimates was introduced when data of births were restricted to the last closed and open birth intervals. The reason for the bias was a sample restricted to a small number of births in the past 40 months. Analysis of socioeconomic determinants would be most greatly affected by the selection bias. Intermediate variables may be less biased due to a closer association with fertility. Data were obtained from the fertility portion of the 1979-80 Population, Labor Force, and Migration Survey in Pakistan and the Pakistan World Fertility Survey (WFS), which had half the number of reproductive histories. The data reflected a pattern whereby the proportions of births were smaller the farther away from the survey date. Logit regression methodology was adopted as modeled by Rindfuss, Bumpass, and Palmore and pertained to three durations of birth intervals spanning 2-12 years before the survey: 2-6 years, 2-5 years, and 2-4 years preceding the survey and 2, 3, and 4-8 birth orders. Models estimates were obtained for 96 logistic regressions for 3 sets of birth order intervals, 4 sets of birth segments (17-22, 23-28, 29-34, and 35-40 months), 4 sets of time periods, and 2 sets of restrictions (imposing WFS restrictions or not). The 96 estimates were compared to estimates based on two birth intervals 2-12 years prior to the survey without WFS restrictions. A higher proportion of unbiased results was obtained with the longer period preceding the interview and an unrestricted sample. For example, 95% of the betas are within the confidence interval for the period 2-6 years preceding the survey compared to 87% for 2-5 years and 80% for 2-4 years. Restrictions to the last closed and open birth intervals yielded 26-52% of betas falling in the confidence intervals. 57% of the betas for proximate intervals fell within confidence intervals, compared to only 48% for socioeconomic factors.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 3 1","pages":"269-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1993-01-01DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.725-735
A. Perveen
The objectives of this paper are: "(1) To estimate the volume of net inter-provincial migration in Pakistan between 1971-1981 with the use of the census survival ratio method; and (2) to estimate selected demographic characteristics (age and sex) of the migrants."
{"title":"Inter-provincial migration in Pakistan, 1971-1981.","authors":"A. Perveen","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.725-735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.725-735","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this paper are: \"(1) To estimate the volume of net inter-provincial migration in Pakistan between 1971-1981 with the use of the census survival ratio method; and (2) to estimate selected demographic characteristics (age and sex) of the migrants.\"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt. 2 1","pages":"725-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：