Russell J. Funk, Britta Glennon, J. Lane, Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Matt Ross
In 2017, the federal government invested over $40 billion on university research; another $16 billion came from private sector sources. The expectation is that these investments will bear varied fruits, including outputs like more economic growth, more scientific advances, the training and development of future scientists, and a more diverse pipeline of STEM researchers; an expectation that is supported by the work of recent Nobel Laureate in Economics, Paul Romer. Yet volatility in federal funding, highlighted by a 35 day federal shutdown in early 2019, has resulted in an increased interest on the part of scientists in finding other sources of funding. Understanding the effect of such different funding streams on research outputs is thus of more than academic importance, particularly because there are likely to be tradeoffs, both in terms of the structure of research and in terms of research outputs. For example, federal funding is often intended to affect the structure of research, with explicit goals of training the next generation of scientists and promoting diversity; those goals are less salient for non-federal funding. On the output side, federally funded research may be more likely to emphasize producing purely scientific outputs, like publications, rather than commercial outputs, like patents. The contribution of this paper is to use new data to examine how different sources of financial support – which we refer to as "braided" funding – affect both the structure of scientific research and the subsequent outputs.
{"title":"Money for Something: Braided Funding and the Structure and Output of Research Groups","authors":"Russell J. Funk, Britta Glennon, J. Lane, Raviv Murciano-Goroff, Matt Ross","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3488189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3488189","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the federal government invested over $40 billion on university research; another $16 billion came from private sector sources. The expectation is that these investments will bear varied fruits, including outputs like more economic growth, more scientific advances, the training and development of future scientists, and a more diverse pipeline of STEM researchers; an expectation that is supported by the work of recent Nobel Laureate in Economics, Paul Romer. Yet volatility in federal funding, highlighted by a 35 day federal shutdown in early 2019, has resulted in an increased interest on the part of scientists in finding other sources of funding. Understanding the effect of such different funding streams on research outputs is thus of more than academic importance, particularly because there are likely to be tradeoffs, both in terms of the structure of research and in terms of research outputs. For example, federal funding is often intended to affect the structure of research, with explicit goals of training the next generation of scientists and promoting diversity; those goals are less salient for non-federal funding. On the output side, federally funded research may be more likely to emphasize producing purely scientific outputs, like publications, rather than commercial outputs, like patents. The contribution of this paper is to use new data to examine how different sources of financial support – which we refer to as \"braided\" funding – affect both the structure of scientific research and the subsequent outputs.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"122 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134278070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health Institutions in Rwanda are facing with various difficulties related to the responses they must reserve the needs of the population’s health. Infrastructures and equipment does not meet the needs of population, insufficiency of health staff and staffs no motivated and low motivation, the decrease of performance, etc. Hence the introduction of Contractual Approach (AC) or Performance Based Financing (PBF) policy was taken as a solution of the problem. The PBF was designed to improve health services performance. It seems that the performance goal is not yet effectively achieved because the complaints are still raising, rewashing and are felt in different health centers (HC) in Rwanda. Thus, the present study of the effects of the Performance Based Financing (PBF) on health institutions performance in Rwanda, case Rwamagana District Health Centers, period 2007-2010, seems valuable. The objectives of the study were to determine the level of staffs satisfaction and motivation by PBF; to identify the factors of motivation and measure the increasing performance increasing. The research adopted the descriptive design and the sample were 6 in 11 heath centers and a total 86 respondents in 172 staffs were selected randomly. The data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS v21, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and ANOVA Model were used. The study findings were revealed that the PBF is applied in Rwamagana District Health Centers, the PBF has the remarkable positive effects on Health Centers Performance, the staffs were good satisfied and motivated by PBF as the most factor of staffs motivation among others, the correlation between variables was the most significant and motivated (r = 0.771, P < 0.01).
卢旺达的保健机构面临着与应对措施有关的各种困难，它们必须保留人口保健的需要。基础设施和设备不能满足人口需求，卫生人员不足，工作人员缺乏积极性和积极性低，绩效下降等。因此，引入合同方法(AC)或基于绩效的融资(PBF)政策被视为解决问题的一种方法。PBF旨在改善保健服务绩效。绩效目标似乎尚未有效实现，因为卢旺达不同的保健中心仍在不断提出、更新和感受到投诉。因此，目前关于基于绩效的融资对卢旺达卫生机构绩效影响的研究，以2007-2010年期间卢马加纳地区卫生中心为例，似乎很有价值。本研究的目的是通过PBF来确定员工的满意度和激励水平;识别激励因素并衡量绩效增长。本研究采用描述性设计，样本为11个卫生中心的6个，随机抽取172名工作人员中的86名。采用问卷调查的方式收集数据，采用SPSS v21进行分析，采用描述性统计、相关分析和方差分析模型。研究结果表明:在鲁马加纳区卫生院实施了PBF, PBF对卫生院绩效有显著的正向影响，员工对PBF的满意度和积极性是影响员工积极性的最主要因素，各变量之间的相关关系最为显著(r = 0.771, P <0.01)。
{"title":"The Effects of the Performance Based Financing (PBF) on Health Institutions Performance in Rwanda","authors":"Jean Damascene Nkundabatware","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3487413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3487413","url":null,"abstract":"Health Institutions in Rwanda are facing with various difficulties related to the responses they must reserve the needs of the population’s health. Infrastructures and equipment does not meet the needs of population, insufficiency of health staff and staffs no motivated and low motivation, the decrease of performance, etc. Hence the introduction of Contractual Approach (AC) or Performance Based Financing (PBF) policy was taken as a solution of the problem. The PBF was designed to improve health services performance. It seems that the performance goal is not yet effectively achieved because the complaints are still raising, rewashing and are felt in different health centers (HC) in Rwanda. Thus, the present study of the effects of the Performance Based Financing (PBF) on health institutions performance in Rwanda, case Rwamagana District Health Centers, period 2007-2010, seems valuable. The objectives of the study were to determine the level of staffs satisfaction and motivation by PBF; to identify the factors of motivation and measure the increasing performance increasing. The research adopted the descriptive design and the sample were 6 in 11 heath centers and a total 86 respondents in 172 staffs were selected randomly. The data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS v21, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and ANOVA Model were used. The study findings were revealed that the PBF is applied in Rwamagana District Health Centers, the PBF has the remarkable positive effects on Health Centers Performance, the staffs were good satisfied and motivated by PBF as the most factor of staffs motivation among others, the correlation between variables was the most significant and motivated (r = 0.771, P < 0.01).","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128143608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this short paper, I reflect on the way in which digitalisation can foster more sustainable procurement in the EU context. I stress the sine qua non importance of building an enabling data architecture and point at areas for further research.
{"title":"Digital Technologies, Public Procurement and Sustainability: Some Exploratory Thoughts","authors":"A. Sanchez-Graells","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3482341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3482341","url":null,"abstract":"In this short paper, I reflect on the way in which digitalisation can foster more sustainable procurement in the EU context. I stress the sine qua non importance of building an enabling data architecture and point at areas for further research.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115863656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A growing number of governments are persuading private firms to build and operate infrastructure projects for them. Since the initial contract between the government and firm is based on forecasted demand, the government can renegotiate to adjust it after demand is realized. We use stylized modelling to study whether the government should offer the firm a flexible contract that allows ex post renegotiation or a rigid contract when the private firm is loss-averse. Our model results show that the government’s decision depends on two key factors: demand uncertainty and the firm’s loss aversion. We further investigate whether the government should renegotiate the subsidy or concession period. We find that such a decision depends on the improvement in social welfare after the project transfer. To offer operational insights into the mitigation of the social welfare loss by promoting renegotiation, we discuss three strategies that the government can use: imposing a tax rate, running a competing domestic project, and offering a dollar-based subsidy. We describe the conditions under which these three strategies are conducive to renegotiation as well as their effects on the initial contract.
{"title":"Procurement Contract Design in Global Infrastructure Projects: The Impact of Loss Aversion","authors":"Zhuo Feng, Qiaochu He, Yiwen Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3583286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3583286","url":null,"abstract":"A growing number of governments are persuading private firms to build and operate infrastructure projects for them. Since the initial contract between the government and firm is based on forecasted demand, the government can renegotiate to adjust it after demand is realized. We use stylized modelling to study whether the government should offer the firm a flexible contract that allows ex post renegotiation or a rigid contract when the private firm is loss-averse. Our model results show that the government’s decision depends on two key factors: demand uncertainty and the firm’s loss aversion. We further investigate whether the government should renegotiate the subsidy or concession period. We find that such a decision depends on the improvement in social welfare after the project transfer. To offer operational insights into the mitigation of the social welfare loss by promoting renegotiation, we discuss three strategies that the government can use: imposing a tax rate, running a competing domestic project, and offering a dollar-based subsidy. We describe the conditions under which these three strategies are conducive to renegotiation as well as their effects on the initial contract.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130610910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide new evidence on the relationship between inflation and its uncertainty in the United States on an historical basis, covering the period from 1775 to 2014. First, we use a bounded approach for measuring inflation uncertainty, as proposed by Chan et al. (2013), and compare the results with the Stock and Watson (2007) and Chan (2015) methods. Second, we employ the wavelet methodology to analyze the comovements and causal effects between the two series. Our results provide evidence of a relationship between inflation and its uncertainty that varies across time and frequency. First, we show that in the medium and long runs, the Freidman–Ball hypothesis holds with a bounded measure of uncertainty, while if the Stock and Watson (2007) measure of uncertainty is used, the Cukierman–Meltzer reasoning prevails. Therefore, the findings are sensitive to the way inflation uncertainty is computed. Second, we discover mixed evidence about the inflation–uncertainty nexus in the short run, findings that explain the mixed results reported to date in the empirical literature.
{"title":"Time–Frequency Relationship between Us Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty: Evidence from Historical Data","authors":"C. Albulescu, A. Tiwari, S. Miller, Rangan Gupta","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12207","url":null,"abstract":"We provide new evidence on the relationship between inflation and its uncertainty in the United States on an historical basis, covering the period from 1775 to 2014. First, we use a bounded approach for measuring inflation uncertainty, as proposed by Chan et al. (2013), and compare the results with the Stock and Watson (2007) and Chan (2015) methods. Second, we employ the wavelet methodology to analyze the comovements and causal effects between the two series. Our results provide evidence of a relationship between inflation and its uncertainty that varies across time and frequency. First, we show that in the medium and long runs, the Freidman–Ball hypothesis holds with a bounded measure of uncertainty, while if the Stock and Watson (2007) measure of uncertainty is used, the Cukierman–Meltzer reasoning prevails. Therefore, the findings are sensitive to the way inflation uncertainty is computed. Second, we discover mixed evidence about the inflation–uncertainty nexus in the short run, findings that explain the mixed results reported to date in the empirical literature.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121609480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Affordable Care Act requires insurers to offer cost sharing reductions (CSRs) to low-income consumers on the Marketplaces. We link 2013-2015 All-Payer Claims Data to 2004-2013 administrative hospital discharge data from Utah and exploit policy-driven differences in the actuarial value of CSR plans that are solely determined by income. This allows us to examine the effect of cost sharing on medical spending among low-income individuals. We find that enrollees facing lower levels of cost sharing have higher levels of health care spending, controlling for past health care use. We estimate demand elasticities of total health care spending among this low-income population of approximately -0.12, suggesting that demand-side price mechanisms in health insurance design work similarly for low-income and higher-income individuals. We also find that cost sharing subsidies substantially lower out-of-pocket medical care spending, showing that the CSR program is a key mechanism for making health care affordable to low-income individuals.
{"title":"How Do Low-Income Enrollees in the Affordable Care Act Marketplaces Respond to Cost-Sharing?","authors":"Kurt Lavetti, T. DeLeire, Nicolas R. Ziebarth","doi":"10.3386/W26430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W26430","url":null,"abstract":"The Affordable Care Act requires insurers to offer cost sharing reductions (CSRs) to low-income consumers on the Marketplaces. We link 2013-2015 All-Payer Claims Data to 2004-2013 administrative hospital discharge data from Utah and exploit policy-driven differences in the actuarial value of CSR plans that are solely determined by income. This allows us to examine the effect of cost sharing on medical spending among low-income individuals. We find that enrollees facing lower levels of cost sharing have higher levels of health care spending, controlling for past health care use. We estimate demand elasticities of total health care spending among this low-income population of approximately -0.12, suggesting that demand-side price mechanisms in health insurance design work similarly for low-income and higher-income individuals. We also find that cost sharing subsidies substantially lower out-of-pocket medical care spending, showing that the CSR program is a key mechanism for making health care affordable to low-income individuals.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121412505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the relationship among health expenditure, health outcomes and economic growth in Nigeria for the period between 1981 and 2017. This study adopted the Toda-Yamamoto causality framework to examine these relationships. The Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test was used to check for maximum order of integration of the variables used in the study and the result was one while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test approach to cointegration was used to investigate if a long-run relationship exists among the macroeconomic variables used in the study and the result was in the affirmative. The results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality tests showed a unidirectional causality running from health expenditure to infant mortality while there is no causality between real GDP and infant mortality; a unidirectional causal relationship running from health expenditure and real GDP to life expectancy and maternal mortality; and a unidirectional causal relationship running from real GDP to health expenditure. This study therefore recommended that the Nigerian government should make concerted efforts geared towards increasing the health expenditure at least to meet up with the WHO’s recommendation that all countries should allocate at least 13 per cent of their annual budget to the health sector for effective funding as this would bring desired health outcomes and employ the use of modern technology and the services of professional health personnel should be sought to combat the high incidence of maternal and infant mortality in the health sector in Nigeria.
{"title":"Health Expenditure, Health Outcomes and Economic Growth in Nigeria","authors":"J. Ogunjimi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3479072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3479072","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the relationship among health expenditure, health outcomes and economic growth in Nigeria for the period between 1981 and 2017. This study adopted the Toda-Yamamoto causality framework to examine these relationships. The Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test was used to check for maximum order of integration of the variables used in the study and the result was one while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test approach to cointegration was used to investigate if a long-run relationship exists among the macroeconomic variables used in the study and the result was in the affirmative. The results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality tests showed a unidirectional causality running from health expenditure to infant mortality while there is no causality between real GDP and infant mortality; a unidirectional causal relationship running from health expenditure and real GDP to life expectancy and maternal mortality; and a unidirectional causal relationship running from real GDP to health expenditure. This study therefore recommended that the Nigerian government should make concerted efforts geared towards increasing the health expenditure at least to meet up with the WHO’s recommendation that all countries should allocate at least 13 per cent of their annual budget to the health sector for effective funding as this would bring desired health outcomes and employ the use of modern technology and the services of professional health personnel should be sought to combat the high incidence of maternal and infant mortality in the health sector in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"44 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120908870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diego F. Angel-Urdinola, Juan Bedoya, Victor Javier Prado
This paper assesses the efficiency of spending in basic education among school districts in Ecuador using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The analysis presented here uses administrative data on educational inputs and per-pupil spending to quantify how much school districts in Ecuador can generate, with these inputs, education outputs; notably, student learning and progression rates. Results indicate that school districts in Ecuador are quite efficient at maintaining children in the education system, but not so much at ensuring their learning. Indeed, results indicate that school districts in Ecuador could improve their capacity to assure student learning (as proxied by results from their national learning assessment) by 10 to 15 percent without investing additional resources. These results are particularly relevant since fiscal savings in Ecuador started to deplete quickly since 2015, making it hard for the country to sustain its levels of social expenditure.
{"title":"The Efficiency of Public Spending in Basic Education in School Districts in Ecuador","authors":"Diego F. Angel-Urdinola, Juan Bedoya, Victor Javier Prado","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3478817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3478817","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the efficiency of spending in basic education among school districts in Ecuador using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The analysis presented here uses administrative data on educational inputs and per-pupil spending to quantify how much school districts in Ecuador can generate, with these inputs, education outputs; notably, student learning and progression rates. Results indicate that school districts in Ecuador are quite efficient at maintaining children in the education system, but not so much at ensuring their learning. Indeed, results indicate that school districts in Ecuador could improve their capacity to assure student learning (as proxied by results from their national learning assessment) by 10 to 15 percent without investing additional resources. These results are particularly relevant since fiscal savings in Ecuador started to deplete quickly since 2015, making it hard for the country to sustain its levels of social expenditure.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133407142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-30DOI: 10.11575/SPPP.V12I0.68129
Anessa L. Kimball
Despite providing European stability through collective defence and crisis management in an exclusive club, NATO faces persistent challenges from strategic insecurities complicated by recent institutional uncertainties. The club’s structure permits several goods-producing schemes, depending on how individual contributions combine, the qualities associated with a good’s publicness (i.e., its possible substitutes or how it excludes benefits from non-members) and partner differences in capacity and willingness. NATO faces challenges from Russia ranging from cybersecurity and media manipulation to overt and covert military pressures. Recent deployments sink costs and tie hands, reassuring commitment credibility, and are essential given the uncertainty generated from U.S. President Donald Trump’s ambiguous commitment to Article 5, compounded with the effects of Brexit on alliance politics and burden-sharing. Given the conjunction of strategic insecurities and institutional uncertainties, it is convenient to knock NATO, but rational institutionalist theory (RIT) is optimistic. RIT argues that the club’s design permits strategic adaptation to new contexts and insecurities, but partners must signal commitment credibly to prevent uncertainties about cohesion. RIT favoured enlargement to shift burdens, and data confirm that the Americans, British and Germans shifted burdens to others, including Canada. Moreover, any alternative to NATO is costly for less-endowed partners facing direct defence pressures. Canada’s role as a broker of compromise and its willingness to make its commitments credible places it in future missions, regardless. Canadian leadership in reassuring and socializing new partners in Operation Reassurance offers an opportunity to retain its objective and subjective position as a key partner.
{"title":"Knocking NATO: Strategic and Institutional Challenges Risk the Future of Europe’s Seven-Decade Long Cold Peace","authors":"Anessa L. Kimball","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V12I0.68129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V12I0.68129","url":null,"abstract":"Despite providing European stability through collective defence and crisis management in an exclusive club, NATO faces persistent challenges from strategic insecurities complicated by recent institutional uncertainties. The club’s structure permits several goods-producing schemes, depending on how individual contributions combine, the qualities associated with a good’s publicness (i.e., its possible substitutes or how it excludes benefits from non-members) and partner differences in capacity and willingness. NATO faces challenges from Russia ranging from cybersecurity and media manipulation to overt and covert military pressures. Recent deployments sink costs and tie hands, reassuring commitment credibility, and are essential given the uncertainty generated from U.S. President Donald Trump’s ambiguous commitment to Article 5, compounded with the effects of Brexit on alliance politics and burden-sharing. Given the conjunction of strategic insecurities and institutional uncertainties, it is convenient to knock NATO, but rational institutionalist theory (RIT) is optimistic. RIT argues that the club’s design permits strategic adaptation to new contexts and insecurities, but partners must signal commitment credibly to prevent uncertainties about cohesion. RIT favoured enlargement to shift burdens, and data confirm that the Americans, British and Germans shifted burdens to others, including Canada. Moreover, any alternative to NATO is costly for less-endowed partners facing direct defence pressures. Canada’s role as a broker of compromise and its willingness to make its commitments credible places it in future missions, regardless. Canadian leadership in reassuring and socializing new partners in Operation Reassurance offers an opportunity to retain its objective and subjective position as a key partner.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130754648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the areas of healthcare and public health the implementation of mobile computer and communication technologies is quickly growing. This systematic evaluation will sum up the proof for mobile technology measures in order to improve health and health (M-health) results worldwide.
{"title":"The Efficacy of Health and Healthcare M-Health Techniques: Protocol for Systemic Review","authors":"Masood Khan, A. Ahmad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3478749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3478749","url":null,"abstract":"In the areas of healthcare and public health the implementation of mobile computer and communication technologies is quickly growing. This systematic evaluation will sum up the proof for mobile technology measures in order to improve health and health (M-health) results worldwide.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122183635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：