Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher levels of military aid led to an increased likelihood of the recipient country to produce anti-American terrorism. For our preferred instrumental-variable specification, doubling U.S. military aid increases the risk of anti-American terrorism by 4.4 percentage points. Examining potential transmission channels, we find that more U.S. military aid leads to more corruption and exclusionary policies in recipient countries. Consistent with a theoretical argument developed in this paper, these results indicate that the inflow of military aid induces rent-seeking behavior, which in turn encourages terrorism by groups that suffer from reduced economic and political participation as a consequence of rent-seeking. These groups direct their dissatisfaction against the United States as the perceived linchpin of an unfavorable status quo in the recipient country.
{"title":"Paying Them to Hate US: The Effect of U.S. Military Aid on Anti-American Terrorism, 1968-2014","authors":"Eugen Dimant, Tim Krieger, Daniel Meierrieks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3639277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3639277","url":null,"abstract":"Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher levels of military aid led to an increased likelihood of the recipient country to produce anti-American terrorism. For our preferred instrumental-variable specification, doubling U.S. military aid increases the risk of anti-American terrorism by 4.4 percentage points. Examining potential transmission channels, we find that more U.S. military aid leads to more corruption and exclusionary policies in recipient countries. Consistent with a theoretical argument developed in this paper, these results indicate that the inflow of military aid induces rent-seeking behavior, which in turn encourages terrorism by groups that suffer from reduced economic and political participation as a consequence of rent-seeking. These groups direct their dissatisfaction against the United States as the perceived linchpin of an unfavorable status quo in the recipient country.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116329092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Avraamova, T. Klyachko, Dmitriy Loginov, Elena Semionova, Irina Yakovleva
Russian Abstract: Система образования формирует человеческий потенциал, являющийся одним из важнейших ресурсов социально-экономического развития, на использовании которого должна опираться реализация стратегий развития субъектов Российской Федерации, отдельных отраслей и комплексов экономики. Поставленные в Указе Президента Российской Федерации от 7 мая 2018 г. No 204 цели и задачи определили содержание национальных проектов в социальной сфере и науке, государственном строительстве, обеспечении экологической безопасности страны, пространственном развитии и других отраслях и сферах деятельности. Указ задает вектор развития России на среднесрочную перспективу. Вместе с тем те процессы и реформы, которые будут запущены в данный период, во многом определят развитие страны и на более длительный срок. Актуальность проблемы определения места и роли системы образования в решении стратегических задач в социально-экономическом развитии Российской Федерации, в том числе связи Национального проекта «Образования» с остальными национальными проектами, является очевидной. В настоящей работе рассмотрены вопросы, раскрывающие связь развития образования с борьбой с бедностью.
English Abstract: The education system forms human potential, which is one of the most important resources for social and economic development, on the use of which the implementation of development strategies for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual sectors and complexes of the economy should be based. The goals and objectives set in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2018 No. 204 determined the content of national projects in the social sphere and science, state construction, ensuring the country's environmental security, spatial development and other industries and spheres of activity. The decree sets the vector for Russia's development in the medium term. At the same time, the processes and reforms that will be launched in this period will largely determine the development of the country for a longer period. The relevance of the problem of determining the place and role of the education system in solving strategic problems in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, including the relationship of the National Project "Education" with other national projects, is obvious. This work examines the issues that reveal the relationship between the development of education and the fight against poverty.
{"title":"Развитие образования и борьба с бедностью (Developing Education and Fighting Poverty)","authors":"E. Avraamova, T. Klyachko, Dmitriy Loginov, Elena Semionova, Irina Yakovleva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3710599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3710599","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Система образования формирует человеческий потенциал, являющийся одним из важнейших ресурсов социально-экономического развития, на использовании которого должна опираться реализация стратегий развития субъектов Российской Федерации, отдельных отраслей и комплексов экономики. Поставленные в Указе Президента Российской Федерации от 7 мая 2018 г. No 204 цели и задачи определили содержание национальных проектов в социальной сфере и науке, государственном строительстве, обеспечении экологической безопасности страны, пространственном развитии и других отраслях и сферах деятельности. Указ задает вектор развития России на среднесрочную перспективу. Вместе с тем те процессы и реформы, которые будут запущены в данный период, во многом определят развитие страны и на более длительный срок. Актуальность проблемы определения места и роли системы образования в решении стратегических задач в социально-экономическом развитии Российской Федерации, в том числе связи Национального проекта «Образования» с остальными национальными проектами, является очевидной. В настоящей работе рассмотрены вопросы, раскрывающие связь развития образования с борьбой с бедностью.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The education system forms human potential, which is one of the most important resources for social and economic development, on the use of which the implementation of development strategies for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual sectors and complexes of the economy should be based. The goals and objectives set in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2018 No. 204 determined the content of national projects in the social sphere and science, state construction, ensuring the country's environmental security, spatial development and other industries and spheres of activity. The decree sets the vector for Russia's development in the medium term. At the same time, the processes and reforms that will be launched in this period will largely determine the development of the country for a longer period. The relevance of the problem of determining the place and role of the education system in solving strategic problems in the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, including the relationship of the National Project \"Education\" with other national projects, is obvious. This work examines the issues that reveal the relationship between the development of education and the fight against poverty.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122160938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В статье анализируется сложная политическая и экономическая ситуация, в которой оказался СССР накануне II Мировой войны. Незавершённая индустриализация, потребность в перевооружении армии и подготовка тыла к войне требовали колоссальных финансовых ресурсов. Источником средств стало сельское хозяйство. Показана безальтернативность жёсткой внутригосударственной политики. Проводится опасная аналогия событий конца 1930-х гг. с современностью
English Abstract: This article analyzes the difficult political and economic situation in the USSR on the eve of the World War II. Uncompleted industrialization, the need of rearming the army and preparation of the rear for the war required enormous financial resources. The agriculture became the source of all of this. The article demonstrates a lack of alternatives of harsh domestic policy. A dangerous analogy of the events of the late 1930s is being drawn with nowadays time
{"title":"Хочешь мира – готовься к войне: война и «хлебная проблема» (If You Want Peace- Prepare for War: War and the 'Bread Problem')","authors":"V. Kuzin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3607764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607764","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В статье анализируется сложная политическая и экономическая ситуация, в которой оказался СССР накануне II Мировой войны. Незавершённая индустриализация, потребность в перевооружении армии и подготовка тыла к войне требовали колоссальных финансовых ресурсов. Источником средств стало сельское хозяйство. Показана безальтернативность жёсткой внутригосударственной политики. Проводится опасная аналогия событий конца 1930-х гг. с современностью<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This article analyzes the difficult political and economic situation in the USSR on the eve of the World War II. Uncompleted industrialization, the need of rearming the army and preparation of the rear for the war required enormous financial resources. The agriculture became the source of all of this. The article demonstrates a lack of alternatives of harsh domestic policy. A dangerous analogy of the events of the late 1930s is being drawn with nowadays time<br>","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125321175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infrastructure is an important sector wherein all the countries need to work a lot to achieve overall development. India being developing country is working rigorously in the field of infrastructural advancement. However, lots of recourses are required to full fill the wants of individuals residing in any country and due to inadequate way outs sometimes targets are not achieved by the governments. To resort this setback various countries are adopting the innovative practices by adopting Public - Private Partnerships which is also called as PPP model or P3 model. Public - Private Partnerships is a novel idea through which public and private come together to develop infrastructural projects. Private sectors not only contribute their skills and experience but also finance the public sectors in infrastructural development projects. India has also followed this practice and adopted PPP model in sectors like road, transports, logistics hubs, Health Care and Education Sector. This research paper will focus on the study the role of Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure Projects in India. Further, the study will also focus on advantages and disadvantages PPP model in infrastructural development projects.
{"title":"Role of Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructural Development Projects: An Indian Perspective","authors":"Prashant Rahangdale","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3606900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606900","url":null,"abstract":"Infrastructure is an important sector wherein all the countries need to work a lot to achieve overall development. India being developing country is working rigorously in the field of infrastructural advancement. However, lots of recourses are required to full fill the wants of individuals residing in any country and due to inadequate way outs sometimes targets are not achieved by the governments. To resort this setback various countries are adopting the innovative practices by adopting Public - Private Partnerships which is also called as PPP model or P3 model. Public - Private Partnerships is a novel idea through which public and private come together to develop infrastructural projects. Private sectors not only contribute their skills and experience but also finance the public sectors in infrastructural development projects. India has also followed this practice and adopted PPP model in sectors like road, transports, logistics hubs, Health Care and Education Sector. This research paper will focus on the study the role of Public-Private Partnership in Infrastructure Projects in India. Further, the study will also focus on advantages and disadvantages PPP model in infrastructural development projects.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"289 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131846346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The recent outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing infectious disease COVID-19, has shown that government (non-pharmaceutical) intervention can have a significant impact on the rate at which a virus spreads. It has been deemed imperative to reduce and delay the peak ("flattening the curve"). Flattening the curve is especially important when considering the impact of an outbreak on the health care system. Delaying the peak gives hospitals and (local) governments more time to prepare for later outbreaks and the (anticipated) influx of patients, but, more importantly, when the peak number of people requiring care simultaneously is reduced, there is a lower risk of the healthcare system being overwhelmed. It remains unclear, though, under what circumstances non-pharmaceutical intervention is optimal and perhaps even more importantly, once measures are in place, when to stop non-pharmaceutical interventions. When measures are lifted too early a second outbreak could appear. Intervention lasting too long could lead to unnecessary long term economic consequences. This paper uses a continuous-time Markov chain model to study the value and optimal exercise decision of two (sequential) options: the option to intervene and, after intervention has started, the option to end it.
{"title":"Optimal Timing of Interventions during an Epidemic","authors":"N. Huberts, J. Thijssen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3607048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3607048","url":null,"abstract":"The recent outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing infectious disease COVID-19, has shown that government (non-pharmaceutical) intervention can have a significant impact on the rate at which a virus spreads. It has been deemed imperative to reduce and delay the peak (\"flattening the curve\"). Flattening the curve is especially important when considering the impact of an outbreak on the health care system. Delaying the peak gives hospitals and (local) governments more time to prepare for later outbreaks and the (anticipated) influx of patients, but, more importantly, when the peak number of people requiring care simultaneously is reduced, there is a lower risk of the healthcare system being overwhelmed. It remains unclear, though, under what circumstances non-pharmaceutical intervention is optimal and perhaps even more importantly, once measures are in place, when to stop non-pharmaceutical interventions. When measures are lifted too early a second outbreak could appear. Intervention lasting too long could lead to unnecessary long term economic consequences. This paper uses a continuous-time Markov chain model to study the value and optimal exercise decision of two (sequential) options: the option to intervene and, after intervention has started, the option to end it.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122060501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Debates about the relative merits of defined-benefit (DB) and defined-contribution (DC) pension plans have been a prominent part of pension discourse over the past forty years. The intensity of the debate has ebbed and flowed over the years but has been more intense in recent years as there has been a shift from DB to DC plans in Canada. This shift has left the remaining members of DB plans feeling threatened and, for many, the sense of threat has been compounded by the emergence of target-benefit (TB) plans. Discussions of DB, TB and DC in the abstract tend to obscure basic issues related to the similarities and differences among these plans that should be taken into account. My hope is to provoke an examination of some of these issues free from the hyperbole that is widely invoked in partisan debates about DB and DC. In both the private and public sectors, I hope this would lead to the exploration of ways to limit the financial risks of a workplace pension plan (WPP) without going to pure DC. I will also note some measures that will help make DB plans more transparent. Basically, I will argue that: 1) There is so much diversity in the design of DB and DC plans that generalizing about the merits of DB versus DC has little precise meaning. 2) While DB plans generally go further than DC plans in achieving a predictable gross replacement rate (the ratio of retirement income to pre-retirement earnings), they will give rise to a variety of net replacement rates (taking into account factors like taxes and mortgage payments) and may push pre-retirement living standards below post-retirement levels. Net replacement rates come closer to defining living standards than do gross rates. 3) The financial and economic circumstances of the early 21st century have been difficult for all types of pension and retirement savings plans and I will focus on the impacts on DB plans that explain the changes noted above. 4) The relative advantage of DB plans in providing predictable benefits stems from cross-subsidies among the members. These are not inherently problematic but transparency problems may arise because cross-subsidies are not identified and measured. 5) There are measures that plan governors can adopt that can help reconcile the (un)predictability of contributions and benefits and make DB plans more transparent. Finally, I argue that regulatory and tax policy can be adapted to facilitate more flexibility in plan designs.
{"title":"The Shifting Ground of Pension Design: Reflections on Risks and Reporting","authors":"R. D. Baldwin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3606651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606651","url":null,"abstract":"Debates about the relative merits of defined-benefit (DB) and defined-contribution (DC) pension plans have been a prominent part of pension discourse over the past forty years. The intensity of the debate has ebbed and flowed over the years but has been more intense in recent years as there has been a shift from DB to DC plans in Canada. This shift has left the remaining members of DB plans feeling threatened and, for many, the sense of threat has been compounded by the emergence of target-benefit (TB) plans. Discussions of DB, TB and DC in the abstract tend to obscure basic issues related to the similarities and differences among these plans that should be taken into account. My hope is to provoke an examination of some of these issues free from the hyperbole that is widely invoked in partisan debates about DB and DC. In both the private and public sectors, I hope this would lead to the exploration of ways to limit the financial risks of a workplace pension plan (WPP) without going to pure DC. I will also note some measures that will help make DB plans more transparent. Basically, I will argue that: 1) There is so much diversity in the design of DB and DC plans that generalizing about the merits of DB versus DC has little precise meaning. 2) While DB plans generally go further than DC plans in achieving a predictable gross replacement rate (the ratio of retirement income to pre-retirement earnings), they will give rise to a variety of net replacement rates (taking into account factors like taxes and mortgage payments) and may push pre-retirement living standards below post-retirement levels. Net replacement rates come closer to defining living standards than do gross rates. 3) The financial and economic circumstances of the early 21st century have been difficult for all types of pension and retirement savings plans and I will focus on the impacts on DB plans that explain the changes noted above. 4) The relative advantage of DB plans in providing predictable benefits stems from cross-subsidies among the members. These are not inherently problematic but transparency problems may arise because cross-subsidies are not identified and measured. 5) There are measures that plan governors can adopt that can help reconcile the (un)predictability of contributions and benefits and make DB plans more transparent. Finally, I argue that regulatory and tax policy can be adapted to facilitate more flexibility in plan designs.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129781955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public efforts to battle COVID-19 have been portrayed as a trade-off between health and the economy. We investigate how the U.S. general public prioritizes the health and the income dimensions amid COVID-19 using an incentivized instrument with real monetary consequences. Specifically, participants have to divide monetary contributions between two charitable organizations representing either the health or the income dimension. An overwhelming majority of participants supports both dimensions, with higher monetary contributions to the health dimension (56%) compared to income (44%), but the difference is not large. Only a small fraction of respondents contributes exclusively to the health (10%) or income (5%) dimensions. This finding is important since the course of COVID-19 will be shaped by the policies governments implement and how the general public reacts to these policies.
{"title":"Health Versus the Economy Amid COVID-19: What Do People Value More?","authors":"M. Palma, S. Huseynov, R. Nayga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3601325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3601325","url":null,"abstract":"Public efforts to battle COVID-19 have been portrayed as a trade-off between health and the economy. We investigate how the U.S. general public prioritizes the health and the income dimensions amid COVID-19 using an incentivized instrument with real monetary consequences. Specifically, participants have to divide monetary contributions between two charitable organizations representing either the health or the income dimension. An overwhelming majority of participants supports both dimensions, with higher monetary contributions to the health dimension (56%) compared to income (44%), but the difference is not large. Only a small fraction of respondents contributes exclusively to the health (10%) or income (5%) dimensions. This finding is important since the course of COVID-19 will be shaped by the policies governments implement and how the general public reacts to these policies.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115103102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-12DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.03.02.180
I. Agbor
Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It is therefore an important component of health which serves as a precondition for human development as well as a central determinant of quality life. Since the 1980s’ there has been increasing awareness on the need to pay special attention on the reproductive health of women by the government. Access to the reproductive health services has long been undermined, which can be viewed as an infringement on women’s rights and compounded by other factors such as inadequate health facilities, economic, socio-cultural, belief systems and demographic factors. The study therefore sought to examine the impact of access to reproductive healthcare services on the health of women in Guma LGA of Benue State. Data was collected using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The findings of the study indicated that a significant proportion of the population fall within the age bracket of 26-35, which represents 82 persons (41%). One hundred and twenty are married (61.5%), while 90 (45%) are farmers. Sixty nine persons (34.5) have at least secondary education. Majority of the respondents were Christians 150 (75%) while 120 (60%) live in rural areas. The fundamental challenges of reproductive healthcare services in Guma local government area stems from economic status/poverty. This fact was indicated by majority of (189; 94.5%) of respondents. The study observes that the real panacea for solving reproductive health challenges in the area is for the government to accelerate the pace of development. Development in this context consists of creating an economy with relevant social, economic and physical infrastructure for the well-being of women, in order for women to have full access to reproductive healthcare services, there is also the need for the government to make provision for adequate reproductive healthcare facilities and services, fund public health institutions and subsidized the cost of reproductive healthcare services for the women in Guma LGA.
{"title":"Access to Reproductive Health-Care Services and Its Impact on the Health of Women in Guma Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Agbor","doi":"10.31014/aior.1991.03.02.180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1991.03.02.180","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It is therefore an important component of health which serves as a precondition for human development as well as a central determinant of quality life. Since the 1980s’ there has been increasing awareness on the need to pay special attention on the reproductive health of women by the government. Access to the reproductive health services has long been undermined, which can be viewed as an infringement on women’s rights and compounded by other factors such as inadequate health facilities, economic, socio-cultural, belief systems and demographic factors. The study therefore sought to examine the impact of access to reproductive healthcare services on the health of women in Guma LGA of Benue State. Data was collected using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. The findings of the study indicated that a significant proportion of the population fall within the age bracket of 26-35, which represents 82 persons (41%). One hundred and twenty are married (61.5%), while 90 (45%) are farmers. Sixty nine persons (34.5) have at least secondary education. Majority of the respondents were Christians 150 (75%) while 120 (60%) live in rural areas. The fundamental challenges of reproductive healthcare services in Guma local government area stems from economic status/poverty. This fact was indicated by majority of (189; 94.5%) of respondents. The study observes that the real panacea for solving reproductive health challenges in the area is for the government to accelerate the pace of development. Development in this context consists of creating an economy with relevant social, economic and physical infrastructure for the well-being of women, in order for women to have full access to reproductive healthcare services, there is also the need for the government to make provision for adequate reproductive healthcare facilities and services, fund public health institutions and subsidized the cost of reproductive healthcare services for the women in Guma LGA.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131322873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid economic development of Japan between the 1970s and 1980s attracted millions of migrant workers from third world countries. On the other hand, the dwindling and aging Japanese population necessitates migrant labor. These two are the reasons why the Japan Social Security services for workers had to be restructured. This study examined the labor policies and practices of Social Security services available to Filipinos in Japan. It analyzed how this can enhance the living and work conditions of Filipino workers in Japan, at the same time benefit Japan as a migrant labor receiving country. Descriptive research methods of survey, interview and document analysis were employed. Triangulation of results was conducted to verify and compare the data gathered from different sources. This study found that the Social Security services that are highly availed of by Filipinos are medical assistance, pension or retirement allowance, access to general hospitals, clinics with out-patient services, dental clinics, training for employed workers, National Health Insurance, and food safety provisions. Those services that have low access should be given attention through awareness campaign, online dissemination and orientation in Filipino language. This includes (a) Social Welfare: Housing assistance, Support to the balance between work and family life, In-house child-care facilities, Short-time work options, Minimum living expense, Flexible working styles; (b) Employment security: Employment Counseling, and Career development promotion subsidy; (c) Employees Insurance: Pharmaceutical and Medical devices; and (d) Policies on radioactive materials, poison and contaminants in food. By virtue of their membership to the Social Security system, they are able to avail the services for foreign workers. Social Security in Japan enhances the living and work conditions of Filipino workers and enables them to save and invest the money that otherwise would be spent for health and other necessities. Providing effective Social Security to migrant workers also benefits Japan as a migrant worker receiving country. Japan’s strong Social Security system that can be availed by registered migrant workers, including Filipinos, is a model to other Asian countries that receive migrant workers. This is not only because the services that are enjoyed by the Japanese workers are likewise enjoyed by migrant workers but more importantly, they respond to the needs of workers, enhance their living and work conditions at the same time, contribute to the socio-economic development of Japan by filling in the need for laborers in different industries. Since not all Filipinos in Japan are aware of the Social Security services and how they can be availed of, it is recommended that information dissemination be done electronically, through the community or their workplace, in both English and Filipino. The 2017 Agreement between the governments of Japan and the Philippines can be expan
{"title":"Forms of Social Security Services for Filipino Workers in Japan: Implications to Migrant Labor Policy and Practices","authors":"Veronica Ramirez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3709539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3709539","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid economic development of Japan between the 1970s and 1980s attracted millions of migrant workers from third world countries. On the other hand, the dwindling and aging Japanese population necessitates migrant labor. These two are the reasons why the Japan Social Security services for workers had to be restructured. \u0000 \u0000This study examined the labor policies and practices of Social Security services available to Filipinos in Japan. It analyzed how this can enhance the living and work conditions of Filipino workers in Japan, at the same time benefit Japan as a migrant labor receiving country. Descriptive research methods of survey, interview and document analysis were employed. Triangulation of results was conducted to verify and compare the data gathered from different sources. \u0000 \u0000This study found that the Social Security services that are highly availed of by Filipinos are medical assistance, pension or retirement allowance, access to general hospitals, clinics with out-patient services, dental clinics, training for employed workers, National Health Insurance, and food safety provisions. Those services that have low access should be given attention through awareness campaign, online dissemination and orientation in Filipino language. This includes (a) Social Welfare: Housing assistance, Support to the balance between work and family life, In-house child-care facilities, Short-time work options, Minimum living expense, Flexible working styles; (b) Employment security: Employment Counseling, and Career development promotion subsidy; (c) Employees Insurance: Pharmaceutical and Medical devices; and (d) Policies on radioactive materials, poison and contaminants in food. \u0000 \u0000By virtue of their membership to the Social Security system, they are able to avail the services for foreign workers. Social Security in Japan enhances the living and work conditions of Filipino workers and enables them to save and invest the money that otherwise would be spent for health and other necessities. Providing effective Social Security to migrant workers also benefits Japan as a migrant worker receiving country. Japan’s strong Social Security system that can be availed by registered migrant workers, including Filipinos, is a model to other Asian countries that receive migrant workers. This is not only because the services that are enjoyed by the Japanese workers are likewise enjoyed by migrant workers but more importantly, they respond to the needs of workers, enhance their living and work conditions at the same time, contribute to the socio-economic development of Japan by filling in the need for laborers in different industries. \u0000 \u0000Since not all Filipinos in Japan are aware of the Social Security services and how they can be availed of, it is recommended that information dissemination be done electronically, through the community or their workplace, in both English and Filipino. The 2017 Agreement between the governments of Japan and the Philippines can be expan","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124686284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В данной работе представлен анализ текущей ситуации в сфере социального обслуживания пожилых граждан, включая как работу государственной системы учреждений социального обслуживания, так и негосударственных организаций социального обслуживания пожилых.
English Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the current situation in the field of social services for senior citizens, including both the work of the state system of social services and non-governmental organizations of social services for the elderly.
{"title":"Развитие рынка социальных услуг для пожилых в условиях роста продолжительности жизни (The Development of the Market of Social Services for the Elderly with Increasing Life Expectancy)","authors":"E. Grishina, Elena Tsatsura (Kovalenko)","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3596033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596033","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В данной работе представлен анализ текущей ситуации в сфере социального обслуживания пожилых граждан, включая как работу государственной системы учреждений социального обслуживания, так и негосударственных организаций социального обслуживания пожилых.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This paper presents an analysis of the current situation in the field of social services for senior citizens, including both the work of the state system of social services and non-governmental organizations of social services for the elderly.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122452599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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